The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
RANDOLPH ARMSTEAD CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS NO. 17-5947
KEITH DEVILLE, WARDEN SECTION “G”(4)
ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court are Petitioner Randolph Armstead’s (“Petitioner”) objections to the
second Report and Recommendation of the United States Magistrate Judge assigned to the case.1
Petitioner, a Louisiana state prisoner, filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254.2 The Magistrate Judge initially recommended that the Court dismiss the petition
without prejudice for failure to exhaust state court remedies.3 In objection, Petitioner presented
evidence showing that his state court remedies had been exhausted after the first Report and
Recommendation was issued.4 Accordingly, the Court rejected the first Report and
Recommendation, and referred the matter back to the Magistrate Judge to prepare a second Report
and Recommendation on the remaining claims.5 In the second Report and Recommendation, the
Magistrate Judge recommended that Plaintiff’s claims be dismissed on the merits.6 Petitioner
objects to the second Report and Recommendation.7 After reviewing the petition, the State’s
1 Rec. Doc. 19.
2 Rec. Doc. 1.
3 Rec. Doc. 13.
4 Rec. Doc. 14.
5 Rec. Doc. 17.
6 Rec. Doc. 18.
7 Rec. Doc. 19.
response, the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, Petitioner’s objections, the record,
and the applicable law, the Court overrules Petitioner’s objections, adopts the Magistrate Judge’s
recommendation, and dismisses this action with prejudice.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
On December 16, 2010, Petitioner was charged by Indictment in the Orleans Parish
Criminal District Court with one count of aggravated rape of T.B. and one count of second-degree
kidnapping of T.B.8 On September 2, 2012, the first count was amended to felony carnal
knowledge of a juvenile.9 The State later entered a nolle prosequi as to the second count.10
Petitioner was tried before a jury on March 26, 2013, and he was found guilty of the
amended charge of felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile.11 At a May 3, 2013 hearing, the state
trial court denied Petitioner’s motion for new trial, which was based on a recanting affidavit and
testimony from the victim.12 The same day, the state trial court sentenced Petitioner to serve 10
years in prison.13
On June 4, 2014, the Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal reversed Petitioner’s
conviction, finding that the state trial court initially granted a motion to quash the indictment which
divested the trial court of jurisdiction to reverse its own decision and conduct the trial.14 The
8 State Rec., Vol. I of VII, Indictment, Dec. 16, 2010.
9 State Rec., Vol. I of VII, Amended Indictment, Sept. 2, 2012.
10 State Rec., Vol. I of VII, Minute Entry, Feb. 23, 2017.
11 State Rec., Vol. I of VII, Trial Minutes, Mar. 26, 2013.
12 State Rec., Vol. I of VII, Hearing Minutes, May 3, 2013.
13 State Rec., Vol. I of VII, Sentencing Minutes, May 3, 2013.
14 State v. Armstead, 2014-KA-36 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/4/14); 144 So. 3d 66.
Louisiana Supreme Court granted the State’s related writ application, reversed the appellate court,
and reinstated Petitioner’s conviction and sentence.15 The matter was later remanded to the
Louisiana Fourth Circuit to consider Armstead’s remaining claims on appeal.16
On January 28, 2015, the Louisiana Fourth Circuit issued a second opinion and affirmed
Plaintiff’s conviction and sentence, finding that the claim challenging the lack of testimony from
the original DNA analyst was not preserved for appeal by timely objection and finding the rest of
Petitioner’s claims to be meritless.17
Petitioner filed a writ application before the Louisiana Supreme Court raising four issues:
(1) the trial court erred by allowing the trial to proceed without the testimony of the victim; (2) the
trial court erred by excluding the statements of the victim’s mother which were exceptions to the
hearsay rule; (3) the trial court erred by denying the motion for new trial where the victim testified
that she was told by someone in the District Attorney’s office not to come to court on the day of
trial because there would be jury selection all day; and (4) the evidence was insufficient to support
the conviction.18 The Louisiana Supreme Court denied the writ application without stated reasons
on January 8, 2016.19
On May 6, 2016, Petitioner submitted an application for post-conviction relief to the state
trial court asserting two grounds for relief: (1) his counsel was ineffective when she did not appeal
the trial court’s reversal of its ruling on the motion to quash; and (2) the trial court was without
15 State v. Armstead, 2014-K-1365 (La. 9/12/14); 147 So. 3d 162.
16 State v. Armstead, 2014-K-1365 (La. 11/21/14), 153 So. 3d 998.
17 State v. Armstead, 2014-0036 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/28/15); 159 So. 3d 502.
18 State Rec., Vol. VI of VII, La. S. Ct. Writ Application, Feb. 26, 2015.
19 State v. Armstead, 2015-K-392 (La. 1/8/16); 184 So. 3d 692 (La. 2016).
jurisdiction to grant the State’s request to appeal the granting of the motion to quash.20 The state
trial court summarily denied relief on September 9, 2016.21
The Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal denied Petitioner’s related writ application
without stated reasons on February 3, 2017.22 On February 10, 2017, Petitioner submitted a writ
application to the Louisiana Supreme Court seeking review of the appellate decision.23 On May
18, 2018, the Louisiana Supreme Court denied Petitioner’s writ application finding that he failed
to show ineffective assistance under the standards of Strickland v. Washington,24 and his other
claim was repetitive under Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 930.4.25
On June 20, 2017, while the Louisiana Supreme Court proceeding was pending, Petitioner
filed a federal habeas corpus relief application in this Court.26 The petition raises the following
claims for relief: (1) the state trial court erred in allowing trial to proceed without the testimony of
the victim; (2) the state trial court erred by excluding the statements of the victim’s mother which
were exceptions to the hearsay rule; (3) the state trial court erred by denying the motion for a new
trial when the victim testified that she was told by someone in the District Attorney’s office not to
come to court on the day of trial because there would be jury selection all day; (4) the evidence
was insufficient to support the conviction; (5) counsel was ineffective because she did not appeal
the state trial court’s reversal of its ruling on the motion to quash; and (6) the state trial court had
20 State Rec., Vol. VII of VII, Application for Post-Conviction Relief, May 6, 2016.
21 State Rec., Vol. VII of VII, Trial Court Order, Sept. 9, 2016.
22 State ex rel. Armstead v. State, 2017-K-83 (La. App. 4 Cir. 2/3/17); State Rec., Vol. VII of VII.
23 State Rec., Vol. VII of VII, La. S. Ct. Writ Application Feb. 10, 2017 (filed Mar. 1, 2017).
24 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
25 State ex rel. Armstead v. State, 2017-KH-367 (La. 5/18/18); 242 So. 3d 1221.
26 Rec. Doc. 1.
no jurisdiction to proceed with the case after it initially granted the motion to quash the
indictment.27
On September 27, 2017, the State filed a response asserting that the petition should be
dismissed for failure to exhaust state court remedies because Petitioner’s post-conviction relief
writ application was pending before the Louisiana Supreme Court.28 On May 16, 2018, the
Magistrate Judge recommended that the petition be dismissed without prejudice for failure to
exhaust state court remedies.29 On January 14, 2019, this Court rejected the recommendation
because the Louisiana Supreme Court had ruled on the writ application on May 18, 2018, and
therefore Petitioner had exhausted state court remedies.30
On May 21, 2019, the Magistrate Judge issued a second Report and Recommendation,
recommending that the petition be dismissed with prejudice on the merits.31 On June 3, 2019,
Petitioner filed objections to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation.32
B. Report and Recommendation Findings
The Magistrate Judge recommends that the petition be dismissed with prejudice on the
merits.33 First, the Magistrate Judge considered Petitioner’s claim that the state trial court erred
when it allowed trial to proceed without the victim, T.B., present to testify.34 Because the victim’s
27 Id.
28 Rec. Doc. 8.
29 Rec. Doc. 13.
30 Rec. Doc. 17.
31 Rec. Doc. 18.
32 Rec. Doc. 19.
33 Rec. Doc. 18.
34 Id. at 9–11.
statements were not presented at trial, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner’s confrontation
rights were not implicated or violated by the victim’s absence.35 Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge
determined that Petitioner was not entitled to relief on this claim.36
Second, the Magistrate Judge considered Petitioner’s claim that the state trial court erred
by excluding the statements of T.B.’s mother which could have been admitted as exceptions to the
hearsay rule.37 Petitioner argued that T.B.’s mother told Detective Neely that T.B. told her that she
lied about the alleged rape to cover-up how she contracted a sexually transmitted disease.38 On
direct appeal, the Louisiana Fourth Circuit held that Petitioner failed to prove T.B.’s mother was
unavailable to testify to invoke the exception to Louisiana’s hearsay rule, and Petitioner did not
establish that corroborating circumstances indicated the trustworthiness of the mother’s
statement.39 The Magistrate Judge found that the admissibility of testimony is a matter of state law
that is not subject to re-examination on habeas review.40 Because Petitioner had not shown an error
under state law, the Magistrate Judge found no basis for any alleged due process violation.41
Furthermore, even if due process is considered under federal law, the Magistrate Judge determined
that Petitioner had not established that the exclusion of the specifics of the mother’s statement had
an injurious effect on the verdict.42 The Magistrate Judge noted that the jury heard testimony from
35 Id. at 11.
36 Id.
37 Id. at 12–15.
38 Id. at 12.
39 Id.
40 Id.
41 Id. at 14.
42 Id.
Detective Neely that he originally closed the case as unfounded based on discussions with T.B.’s
mother.43 Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge concluded that the state court’s denial of relief on
this issue was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of federal law.44
Third, the Magistrate Judge considered Petitioner’s claim that the state trial court erred by
denying the motion for new trial when the victim testified at the post-conviction hearing that she
was told not to come to court on the day of trial because there would be jury selection all day.45
The Magistrate Judge found Petitioner’s argument that the state trial court erred when it denied
the motion for a new trial did not involve questions of federal or constitutional law, and therefore,
review of such claims was not proper on habeas review.46 The Magistrate Judge determined that
Petitioner failed to prove a constitutional violation in the failure of the victim to appear or testify
at his trial.47 Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner was not entitled to relief on
this issue.48
Fourth, the Magistrate Judge addressed Petitioner’s claim that the evidence was insufficient
to support the conviction because: (1) the jury should not have believed that he was the perpetrator
when the victim named two other people whom she said went to her school; (2) Detective Neely
initially closed the case as unfounded; and (3) the DNA evidence and the testing were unreliable.49
The Magistrate Judge found that the jury was well-within the ambit of its authority to resolve and
43 Id.
44 Id. at 15.
45 Id. at 15–16.
46 Id. at 15.
47 Id. at 16.
48 Id.
49 Id. at 16–20.
consider the amount of evidence brought before it to prove that Petitioner had sexual intercourse
with T.B.50 Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner was not entitled to relief on
this issue.51
Fifth, the Magistrate Judge considered Petitioner’s claim that his counsel was ineffective
because she did not file a pretrial appeal after the state trial court reversed itself and denied the
motion to quash the indictment.52 The Magistrate Judge noted that this matter was considered twice
on direct appeal.53 Therefore, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner suffered no prejudice from
his counsel’s failure to seek pretrial review of the state trial court’s order, and counsel was not
deficient for failing to bring a meritless claim in an earlier proceeding.54 Accordingly, the
Magistrate Judge concluded that the state court’s denial of relief on this issue was not contrary to
or an unreasonable application of federal law.55
Finally, the Magistrate Judge considered Petitioner’s claim that the state trial court was
without jurisdiction to consider the case after it initially granted the motion to quash the
indictment.56 The Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner had not shown an error was made under
50 Id. at 19.
51 Id. at 20.
52 Id. at 20–26.
53 Id. at 25.
54 Id. at 25–26.
55 Id. at 26.
56 Id. at 26–28.
state law, and failed to show a violation of his federal constitutional rights.57 Accordingly, the
Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner was not entitled to relief on this issue.58
II. Objections
A. Petitioner’s Objections
Petitioner objects to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation.59 First,
Petitioner contends that his conviction is invalid because the state trial court did not have
jurisdiction over the case.60 Petitioner asserts that he is innocent of the crime because the alleged
victim stated that she did not have a sexual relationship with Petitioner.61 Second, Petitioner argues
that the Magistrate Judge erred by recommending that the petition be dismissed without ordering
an evidentiary hearing.62
B. The State’s Opposition
The State of Louisiana did not file a brief in opposition to Petitioner’s objections despite
receiving electronic notice of the filing.
III. Standard of Review
A. Review of the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation
In accordance with Local Rule 73.2, this case was referred to the Magistrate Judge to
provide a Report and Recommendation. The District Judge “may accept, reject, or modify the
57 Id. at 28.
58 Id.
59 Rec. Doc. 19.
60 Id. at 3–4.
61 Id. at 4.
62 Id. at 3.
recommended disposition” of a Magistrate Judge on a dispositive matter.63 The District Judge must
“determine de novo any part of the [Report and Recommendation] that has been properly objected
to.”64 The District Court’s review is limited to plain error for parts of the report which are not
properly objected to before imposing sentence.65
B. Standard of Review Under the AEDPA
Following the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
(“AEDPA”), the standard of review used to evaluate issues presented in habeas corpus petitions
was revised “to ensure that state-court convictions are given effect to the extent possible under
law.”66 For questions of fact, federal courts must defer to a state court’s findings unless they are
“based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.”67 A state court’s determinations on mixed questions of law and fact or pure
issues of law, on the other hand, are to be upheld unless they are “contrary to, or involve[ ] an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States.”68
Regarding this standard, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit further explains:
A state-court decision is contrary to clearly established precedent if the state court
applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in the Supreme Court’s
cases. A state-court decision will also be contrary to clearly established precedent
if the state court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from
63 Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
64 Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3).
65 See Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1428–29 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc), superseded
by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) (extending time to file objections from ten to fourteen days).
66 Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693 (2002).
67 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
68 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
a decision of the Supreme Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from
Supreme Court precedent. A state-court decision involves an unreasonable
application of Supreme Court precedent if the state court identifies the correct
governing legal rule from the Court’s cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts
of the particular state prisoner’s case.69
If Supreme Court case law “give[s] no clear answer to the question presented, let alone one in [the
petitioner’s] favor, ‘it cannot be said that the state court unreasonably applied clearly established
Federal law.’”70 Additionally, “unreasonable is not the same as erroneous or incorrect; an incorrect
application of the law by a state court will nonetheless be affirmed if it is not simultaneously
unreasonable.”71
A district judge “may accept, reject, or modify the recommended disposition” of a
magistrate judge on a dispositive matter.72 A district judge must “determine de novo any part of
the [Report and Recommendation] that has been properly objected to.”73 A district court’s review
is limited to plain error for parts of the report which are not properly objected to.74
“A fundamental prerequisite for federal habeas relief under § 2254 is the exhaustion of all
claims in state court prior to requesting federal collateral relief.”75 The Fifth Circuit has recognized
that “habeas corpus jurisprudence consistently underscores the central importance of comity, of
69 Wooten v. Thaler, 598 F.3d 215, 218 (5th Cir. 2010) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
70 Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 126 (2008) (quoting Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 77 (2006)).
71 Puckett v. Epps, 641 F.3d 657, 663 (5th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted).
72 Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
73 Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3).
74 See Douglass v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1428–29 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc), superseded
by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) (extending time to file objections from ten to fourteen days).
75 Whitehead v. Johnson, 157 F.3d 384, 397 (5th Cir. 1998) (citing Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 519–20
(1982)).
cooperation and of rapport between the parallel systems of state and federal courts.”76 “These
concerns animate [the court’s] strict adherence to the doctrine of exhaustion—i.e., the notion that
federal courts will not consider a claim on habeas review if it has not been considered and finally
rejected by the state courts.”77
IV. Analysis
Petitioner raises two objections to the Report and Recommendation.78 First, Petitioner
contends that his conviction is invalid because the state trial court did not have jurisdiction over
the case.79 Second, Petitioner argues that the Magistrate Judge erred by recommending that the
petition be dismissed without ordering an evidentiary hearing.80 The Court addresses each of these
issues in turn.
A. Jurisdiction of the State Trial Court
Petitioner contends that his conviction is invalid because the state trial court did not have
jurisdiction over the case.81 The jurisdictional issue involves a question of state law. Petitioner
argues that under Louisiana law, the state trial court was divested of jurisdiction when it granted
the State’s motion for leave to appeal, and therefore the state trial court did not have jurisdiction
to reconsider its order granting the motion to quash and proceed to trial.82 On direct appeal, the
Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal granted relief on this issue, finding that the state trial
76 Gomez v. Dretke, 422 F.3d 264, 266 (5th Cir. 2005) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
77 Id.
78 Rec. Doc. 19.
79 Id. at 3–4.
80 Id. at 3.
81 Id. at 3–4.
82 Rec. Doc. 1 at 11, 30–32.
court was divested of jurisdiction to reconsider its ruling when it granted the State’s motion for
leave to appeal.83 However, the Louisiana Supreme Court reversed that decision, reinstating
Petitioner’s conviction and sentence.84
Petitioner’s claim that the state courts erroneously applied state law is not cognizable on
federal habeas review. “The habeas statute unambiguously provides that a federal court may issue
a writ of habeas corpus to a state prisoner only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of
the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.”85 A federal habeas court does “not sit as
[a] ‘super’ state supreme court in a habeas corpus proceeding to review errors under state law.”86
Additionally, Petitioner has not demonstrated that a federal constitutional violation arose
from the actions of the state courts. Petitioner was provided significant appellate review of the
jurisdictional authority of the state trial court and the propriety of the denial of his motion to quash.
He has pointed to nothing to demonstrate that he was denied a fair hearing on any aspect of his
claims. Therefore, on de novo review, the Court finds that Petitioner is not entitled to habeas relief
on this claim because the state courts’ denial of relief on this issue was not contrary or an
unreasonable application of federal law.
B. Entitlement to an Evidentiary Hearing
Petitioner argues that the Magistrate Judge erred by recommending that the petition be
dismissed without ordering an evidentiary hearing.87 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) provides that a federal
83 Armstead, 144 So. 3d at 66.
84 Armstead, 147 So. 3d at 162.
85 Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 U.S. 216, 219 (2011) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
86 Wilkerson v. Whitley, 16 F.3d 64, 67 (5th Cir. 1994).
87 Rec. Doc. 19 at 3.
district court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing “[i]f the applicant has failed to develop the
factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings . . . unless the applicant shows that” the claim
falls within certain narrow exceptions.88 In Cullen v. Pinholster, the Supreme Court recognized
that the AEDPA limits “the power of a federal court to grant an application for a writ of habeas
corpus on behalf of a state prisoner.”89 The Supreme Court explained that, because Section
2254(d)(1) “refers, in the past tense, to a state-court adjudication that ‘resulted in’ a decision that
was contrary to, or ‘involved’ an unreasonable application of, established law[,] [t]his backward-
looking language requires an examination of the state-court decision at the time it was made.”90
Thus, “the record under review is limited to the record in existence at that same time, i.e.,
the record before the state court.”91 “Pinholster prohibits a federal court from using evidence that
is introduced for the first time at a federal-court evidentiary hearing as the basis for concluding
that a state court’s adjudication is not entitled to deference under § 2254(d).”92 Moreover, a federal
district court may conduct an evidentiary hearing if it first determines, based only on the state
88 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). These narrow exceptions exist where:
(A) the claim relies on—
(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review
by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the
exercise of due diligence; and
(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence
that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of
the underlying offense.
89 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011).
90 Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)).
91 Id.
92 See Blue v. Thaler, 665 F.3d 647, 656 (5th Cir. 2011).
record, that the state court’s decision on an issue of fact “was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”93
In the instant case, Petitioner has not demonstrated based on the state record that the state
court’s resolution of Petitioner’s claims was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application
of, clearly established federal law. Petitioner also has not shown based on the state record that the
state court’s resolution of any issue of fact was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding. Accordingly, Petitioner has
not shown that an evidentiary hearing is warranted.
B. Portions of the Report and Recommendation Without Objection
Petitioner does not object to the other portions of the Report and Recommendation.
Specifically, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner is not entitled to relief on his claims that:
(1) the state trial court erred in allowing trial to proceed without the testimony of the victim; (2)
the state trial court erred by excluding the statements of the victim’s mother which were exceptions
to the hearsay rule; (3) the state trial court erred by denying the motion for new trial when the
victim testified that she was told by someone in the District Attorney’s office not to come to court
on the day of trial because there would be jury selection all day; (4) the evidence was insufficient
to support the conviction; and (5) counsel was ineffective because she did not appeal the state trial
court’s reversal of its ruling on the motion to quash.94 The Magistrate Judge thoroughly analyzed
the law and the facts applicable to these claims, and Petitioner does not object to the Magistrate
Judge’s findings. Reviewing these portions of the Report and Recommendation for plain error,95
93 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). See also Blue, 665 F.3d at 657.
94 Rec. Doc. 18.
95 See Douglass, 79 F.3d at 1428–29.
and finding none, the Court adopts the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that Petitioner’s claims
be dismissed with prejudice.
V. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, on de novo review, the Court finds that Petitioner is not
entitled to federal habeas relief on his claim that the state trial court was without jurisdiction to
reconsider its ruling on the motion to quash the indictment. Furthermore, finding no plain error in
the portions of the Report and Recommendation to which Petitioner does not object, the Court
adopts the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that Petitioner’s claims be dismissed with
prejudice. Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Petitioner’s objections are OVERRULED;
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Court ADOPTS the Magistrate Judge’s
recommendation and Petitioner Randolph Armstead’s petition for issuance for a writ of habeas
corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is DENIED and DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, this 25th day of September, 2020.
Darrel. )obrueit. Brower
NANNETTE JOLIVETTE BROWN
CHIEF JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
16