Alcide v. Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

JHON ALCIDE ET AL. CIVIL ACTION

VERSUS No. 19-13691

NIPPON YUSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA SECTION I

ORDER & REASONS

Before the Court are two motions—defendant Nippon Yusen Kabushiki

Kaisha’s (“NYK Line”) motion1 to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), and plaintiffs’ motion2 for leave to conduct

jurisdictional discovery. For the following reasons, NYK Line’s motion is granted and

plaintiffs’ motion is denied.

I.

This case arises out of a tragic collision between the USS Fitzgerald and the

ACX Crystal in Japanese territorial waters on June 17, 2017.3 Plaintiffs are all

United States Navy sailors who were onboard the USS Fitzgerald at the time of the

collision and sustained physical and/or emotional injuries as a result.4 The ACX

CRYSTAL was, at all pertinent times, a commercial container vessel chartered to

NYK Line.5 Plaintiffs assert a variety of tort claims against NYK Line.6

1 R. Doc. No. 15.

2 R. Doc. No. 23.

3 R. Doc. No. 12, at 2; R. Doc. No. 15-3, 3 at ¶ 6.

4 R. Doc. No. 12, at 2 ¶ 1.

5 R. Doc. No. 12, at 8–9 ¶¶ 48–49; R. Doc. No. 15-1, at 1; R. Doc. No. 15-3, 3 at ¶ 5.

6 See R. Doc. No. 12.

NYK Line is a corporation incorporated and headquartered in Japan that

provides global logistics services, which include cargo transport by air and sea and

various other services.7 According to the declaration of Yutaka Higurashi

(“Higurashi”), a corporate officer of NYK Line, the company’s shareholder and board

of directors meetings take place in Japan, which has always been and continues to be

the center of NYK Line’s operations and corporate decision-making.8 NYK Line

currently does not maintain a physical office in the United States, and it has not done

so for over twenty-five years.9

Plaintiffs allege in their amended complaint that NYK Line’s contacts with the

United States include operating air-cargo service at six U.S. airports and cargo

transport by sea at twenty-seven shipping terminals in U.S. ports; regularly calling

on at least thirty U.S. ports; and dedicating seven of its vessels exclusively for the

delivery of Toyota automobiles to the United States.10 Plaintiffs assert that NYK

7 R. Doc. No. 12, at 7 ¶ 45; R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 3 ¶¶ 4, 9; R. Doc. No. 15-7, at 2.

8 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 3 ¶¶ 9–10.

9 Id. at 4 ¶ 12. NYK Line’s New York branch office closed in 1988 and its Resident

Representative Office closed in 1993. NYK Line (North America) Inc., a subsidiary of

NYK Line, assumed the functions of the branch office. Id.

10 R. Doc. No. 12, at 10–11 ¶¶ 58, 61, 14 ¶ 69; R. Doc. No. 22, at 7. The Higurashi

declaration clarifies that calls made to United States ports by NYK Line owned and/or

chartered vessels from 2017–2019 represent between six and eight percent of all calls

made at ports worldwide for the same time period. R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 21.

Plaintiffs also allege that between September 2018 and 2019, the value of imported

goods carried by NYK Line to the United States was more than $647 million, and

NYK Line has been one of the top ten carriers for U.S.-bound imported goods since

2007. R. Doc. No. 22, at 7–8. Plaintiffs allege in their amended complaint that in 2017,

NYK Line ranked eighth in containerized import trade in the United States and

seventh in containerized export trade in the United States. R. Doc. No. 12, at 15 ¶¶

71–72.

Line has at least one bank account in the United States at HSBC Bank USA, N.A. in

New York, and they highlight that shares of NYK Line stock, for which the Bank of

New York Mellon operates as the depository, can be purchased by U.S. investors.11

Plaintiffs point to the criminal prosecution of NYK Line by the United States

Department of Justice with respect to a criminal price fixing conspiracy from 1997 to

at least 2012 as further evidence of the company’s contacts with the United States.12

Plaintiffs further highlight that NYK Line’s operations in the United States are

subject to “considerable oversight” by the Federal Maritime Commission, which

licenses NYK Line to operate in the United States.13

Plaintiffs contend that NYK Line is a frequent litigant in U.S. courts, having

initiated at least thirty lawsuits since 2010.14 Plaintiffs further assert that at least

thirty-two cases have been filed against NYK Line in U.S. courts over the last ten

11 R. Doc. No. 22, at 10. Plaintiffs further allege that NYK Line has operated logistics

centers at sixty-six locations and warehouses at thirty-six locations in the Americas.

Id. at 7 (citing Logistics Center Locations, NYK LINE FACT BOOK I 2017, at 16

(Apr. 28, 2017), https://www.nyk.com/English/ir/pdf/2017_factbook01_all.pdf (last

visited Apr. 15, 2020)). However, the source plaintiffs cite for this information

references the “NYK Group,” and appears to reflect the data for NYK Line and its

subsidiaries. Whether the logistics centers and warehouses in the Americas belong to

NYK Line or its subsidiaries is immaterial to the Court’s ultimate conclusion.

12 R. Doc. No. 12, at 15 ¶ 73.

13 R. Doc. No. 22, at 9. Plaintiffs note that the Federal Maritime Commission has

previously assessed NYK Line a civil penalty of $1,225,000 for violations of the

Shipping Act and rejected NYK Line and two other shipping companies’ application

to share competitively sensitive information prior to the finalization of their planned

merger. Id. at 9–10. According to plaintiffs, NYK Line has also filed with the Federal

Maritime Commission “dozens of space-charter, vessel-sharing, equipment-

repositioning, and marine-terminal-services agreements involving trade with the

United States.” Id. at 10.

14 Id. at 8.

years, none of which have been dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction.15 NYK

Line also allegedly stipulates in its bills of lading and sea waybills with shippers

using its carrier service that the Southern District of New York has exclusive

jurisdiction to hear all disputes arising from shipments to or from the United States.16

NYK Line indirectly owns a majority share of NYK Ports, LLC, a Delaware

corporation that indirectly acquired a minority share of Maher Terminals, LLC,

another Delaware corporation that operates the largest terminal in the Port of New

York and New Jersey.17 NYK Line also indirectly owns a minority share of Japan

LNG Investment, LLC, which is incorporated in Delaware and is a partner and

shareholder of Cameron LNG, LLC (“Cameron”).18 Cameron recently opened a

natural gas facility in Hackberry, Louisiana, which, according to plaintiffs, is

projected to produce twelve million tons of liquefied natural gas per year.19 Plaintiffs

15 Id. at 9.

16 Id. at 8–9.

17 Id. at 4–5 ¶ 15; R. Doc. No. 12, at 14 ¶ 68. Plaintiffs allege in their amended

complaint that NYK Line owns Ceres Terminals, a company that operates ports and

terminals throughout the United States, including New Orleans Terminal, LLC at

the Napoleon Avenue Terminal. R. Doc. No. 12, at 13 ¶ 66. Higurashi states in his

declaration that at present, NYK Line no longer owns, directly or indirectly, any

Ceres Terminal entities aside from the Canadian-based Ceres Halifax, Inc. R. Doc.

No. 15-3, at 4–5 ¶ 15. Any interest NYK Line ever owned in any other Ceres Terminal

entities was limited to an indirect interest by way of its subsidiary, NYK Ports, LLC.

Id. Plaintiffs allege, in response to Higurashi’s declaration, that NYK Line sold its

interest in Ceres Terminals in 2019. R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 12.

18 R. Doc. No. 15-3 at 5 ¶ 15.

19 Id.; R. Doc. No. 12, at 13–14 ¶ 67.

assert that NYK Line signed a deal to manage the shipment of the natural gas from

Louisiana.20

A number of NYK Line’s subsidiaries also engage in business in the United

States. NYK Line operates over two hundred subsidiaries worldwide, eleven of which

are headquartered in this country.21 Ten of these eleven subsidiaries are wholly

owned by NYK Line.22 Plaintiffs make numerous assertions about these subsidiaries’

contacts with the United States, many of which Higurashi addresses in his

declaration. For example, the Higurashi declaration clarifies that NYK Line wholly

owns NYK Group Americas, Inc. (“NGA”), a holding company incorporated in

Delaware for NYK Line’s other U.S. entities.23 NYK Line (North America), Inc. (“NYK

NA”) is a subsidiary of NGA and has offices in New Jersey, California, Texas,

Maryland, Florida, and Illinois.24

Plaintiffs assert that NYK Line operates its wholly-owned subsidiaries in the

United States “as a corporate group and an integrated whole.”25 Plaintiffs point to

20 R. Doc. No. 12, at 13–14 ¶ 67. The Higurashi declaration does not address this

assertion.

21 R. Doc. No. 15-13, at 7–16; R. Doc. No. 22, at 10; R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 8. The rest of

NYK Line’s subsidiaries are incorporated throughout the world. See R. Doc. No. 15-

13, at 7–16.

While plaintiffs’ amended complaint alleges that NYK Line operates thirteen wholly-

owned U.S. subsidiaries, they clarified in their opposition to NYK Line’s motion to

dismiss that NYK Line operates just eleven U.S subsidiaries. Compare R. Doc. No.

12, at 10–11 ¶ 58, with R. Doc. No. 22, at 10.

22 R. Doc. No. 15-13, at 7–16.

23 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 4 ¶ 13.

24 Id. at 4 ¶ 14.

25 R. Doc. No. 12, at 12–13 ¶ 64.

NYK Line’s adoption of several policies that apply to all of its subsidiaries and their

directors and employees, such as a code of conduct, mission statement, business

credo, and management policy, among others.26 Plaintiffs highlight that the chief

executive officer of NYK NA, Hiroshi Kubota (“Kubota”), is also a corporate officer of

NYK Line.27 However, the Higurashi declaration states that Kubota is the former

president of NYK NA; he resigned from that position in 2017 and returned to Japan

in 2018 to work as a corporate officer of NYK Line.28 Plaintiffs do not provide any

evidence rebutting Higurashi’s declaration, but they maintain in their motion for

leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery that Kubota is currently the chief executive

officer of NYK NA and also a corporate officer of NYK Line.29

At the end of fiscal year 2018, twenty-four of NYK Line’s 1,732 employees

resided in the United States.30 These twenty-four employees were working in the

United States pursuant to secondment agreements.31 NYK Line and its subsidiaries,

in total, employed 35,711 people worldwide at the end of fiscal year 2018, 2,106 of

whom resided in North America.32

26 Id. at 11–12 ¶ 63; R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 8–9.

27 R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 8.

28 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 19.

29 R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 8.

30 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 17.

31 Id. at 6 ¶ 18. Between fiscal years 2016 and 2018, the highest number of NYK Line

employees working in the United States at any one time was twenty-six. Id.

32 Id. at 5 ¶ 16. At the end of fiscal year 2016, 2,779 of NYK Line and its subsidiaries’

35,935 employees resided in North America; at the end of fiscal year 2017, 2,667 of

NKY Line and its subsidiaries’ 37,820 employees resided in North America. Id. NYK

Line does not provide the number of employees specifically employed in the United

States, but rather provides the number of employees working in North America as a

whole. See id. n.4.

NYK Line’s consolidated revenue that originated from North American entities

for the fiscal years ending March 31, 2017 and March 31, 2019 was $1.36 billion and

$1.47 billion, respectively.33 These figures represent between seven and nine percent

of NYK Line’s worldwide consolidated revenue for the same time periods.34

On November 18, 2019, plaintiffs initiated suit.35 NYK Line filed a motion36 to

dismiss plaintiffs’ amended complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), which plaintiffs oppose.37 Plaintiffs filed a

motion38 for leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery in the event that the Court finds

that they did not establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction, which NYK

Line opposes.39

II.

The Court may require a nonresident defendant to appear before it, but its

jurisdictional power is restricted by constitutional and statutory bounds. When a

nonresident defendant files a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction

33 R. Doc. No. 12, at 14 ¶ 70; R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 20.

34 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 20. For the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, NYK Line’s

consolidated revenue that originated from North American entities represented

approximately 7.91% of NYK Line’s worldwide consolidated revenue for the same

time period. Id. For the fiscal year ending March 31, 2019, NYK Line’s consolidated

revenue that originated from North American entities represented approximately

8.91% of NYK Line’s worldwide consolidated revenue for the same time period. Id.

35 R. Doc. No. 1. Plaintiffs’ amended complaint was filed on February 10, 2020. R. Doc.

No. 12. Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint was filed on June 4, 2020. R. Doc. No.

38. The second amended complaint adds one additional plaintiff, but it does not

otherwise allege any new factual allegations or causes of action.

36 R. Doc. No. 15.

37 R. Doc. No. 22.

38 R. Doc. No. 23.

39 R. Doc. No. 32.

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the district

court’s jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant. Adams v. Unione Mediterranea

Di Sicurta, 220 F.3d 659, 667 (5th Cir. 2000). When the court considers a motion to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction without holding an evidentiary hearing, as

the Court does here, the plaintiff need only present a prima facie case showing that

personal jurisdiction is proper.40 Sealed Appellant 1 v. Sealed Appellee 1, 625 F. App’x

628, 631 (5th Cir. 2015).

To resolve the jurisdictional issue, the Court may receive “any combination of

the recognized methods of discovery.” Walk Haydel & Assocs., Inc. v. Coastal Power

Prod. Co., 517 F.3d 235, 241 (5th Cir. 2008). But “on a motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction, uncontroverted allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint must be taken as

true, and conflicts between the facts contained in the parties’ affidavits must be

resolved in the plaintiff’s favor for purposes of determining whether a prima facie

case for personal jurisdiction exists.” Johnston v. Multidata Sys. Int’l Corp., 523 F.3d

602, 609 (5th Cir. 2008) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Even so, a court need

not credit conclusory allegations, even if they are uncontroverted. Panda Brandywine

Corp. v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 253 F.3d 865, 869 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam).

The United States Supreme Court has divided personal jurisdiction into two

types—specific or “conduct-linked” jurisdiction and general or “all-purpose”

jurisdiction. Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 122 (2014); Sangha v. Navig8

40 If the Court had held an evidentiary hearing, plaintiffs would have to “demonstrate

that the exercise of jurisdiction over [NYK Line] is proper by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Irvin v. S. Snow Mfg., Inc., 517 F. App’x 229, 230 (5th Cir. 2013).

ShipManagement Private Ltd., 882 F.3d 96, 101 (5th Cir. 2018). The former depends

on a connection between the forum state and the underlying controversy, permitting

courts to exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant when that defendant has

“purposefully directed” his activities at the forum state “and the litigation results

from alleged injuries that arise out of or relate to those activities.” Burger King Corp.,

471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985) (emphasis added); see also Goodyear Dunlop Tires

Operations S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011). Thus, specific jurisdiction is a

claim-specific inquiry and applies in cases in which the defendant’s forum-related

activities give rise to the facts that form the basis of the lawsuit. Plaintiffs do not

contend that the Court has specific jurisdiction over NYK Line.41

General jurisdiction, by contrast, is available “even if the nonresident

defendant’s contacts with the forum state are not directly related to the cause of

action.” Wilson v. Belin, 20 F.3d 644, 647 (5th Cir. 1994). Plaintiffs assert that this

Court has general jurisdiction over NYK Line pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 4(k)(2).42 Rule 4(k)(2), approximating a federal long-arm statute, “provides

for service of process and personal jurisdiction in any district court for cases arising

under federal law where the defendant has contacts with the United States as a whole

sufficient to satisfy due process concerns and the defendant is not subject to

jurisdiction in any particular state.”43 Patterson v. Aker Sols. Inc., 826 F.3d 231, 234

41 See R. Doc. No. 12, at 10 ¶ 56; see generally R. Doc. No 22.

42 R. Doc. No. 12, at 10 ¶ 56.

43 Rule 4(k)(2) provides that:

(5th Cir. 2016). “The due process required in federal cases governed by Rule 4(k)(2) is

measured with reference to the Fifth Amendment, rather than the Fourteenth

Amendment.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). That

is, Rule 4(k)(2) requires the Court to consider NYK Line’s contacts with the United

States as a whole. Id.

Plaintiffs and NYK Line agree that this case arises under federal law and that

NYK Line is not otherwise subject to jurisdiction in any particular state.44 See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2). Accordingly, the sole dispute is whether NYK Line has sufficient

contacts with the United States to satisfy Fifth Amendment due process.

In Daimler, the Supreme Court reiterated its holding in Goodyear that the

Fourteenth Amendment due process inquiry “is not whether a foreign corporation’s

in-forum contacts can be said to be in some sense ‘continuous and systematic,’ [but] .

. . whether that corporation’s affiliations with the State are so ‘continuous and

systematic’ as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State.” 571 U.S. at 138–

39 (citing Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919).

For a claim that arises under federal law, serving a summons or filing a

waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant if:

(A) the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in any state’s courts of

general jurisdiction; and

(B) exercising jurisdiction is consistent with the United States Constitution

and laws.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2).

44 R. Doc. No. 12, at 9–10 ¶¶ 53, 56; R. Doc. No. 15-1, at 23. See World Tanker Carriers

Corp. v. M/V Ya Mawlaya, 99 F.3d 717, 723 (5th Cir. 1996) (holding that cases of

admiralty arise under federal law for purposes of Rule 4(k)(2)).

NYK Line argues that its contacts render it “at home” in only one nation,

Japan, and thus its contacts with the United States do not satisfy due process

concerns.45 Plaintiffs offer three arguments in response: (1) the Fourteenth

Amendment “at home” analysis is inapplicable to admiralty cases, such as this one,

that arise under the Fifth Amendment rather than the Fourteenth Amendment; (2)

even if the Fourteenth Amendment “at home” analysis did apply to the instant case,

NYK Line’s continuous, systematic, and substantial contacts with the United States

render it essentially “at home” in this country; and (3) NYK Line’s eleven U.S.

subsidiaries are its agents and alter egos, their contacts must be imputed to NYK

Line, and these contacts further establish that NYK Line is essentially “at home” in

the United States.46 Plaintiffs also argue that they have, at minimum, satisfied their

burden of establishing a prima facie case of jurisdiction and that, therefore, leave to

conduct jurisdictional discovery is warranted.47 The Court will consider each of the

parties’ arguments in turn.

A.

i.

Plaintiffs first argue that the “at home” test for general jurisdiction articulated

by the United States Supreme Court in Goodyear and Daimler is inapplicable to

admiralty cases because such cases arise under the Fifth Amendment, rather than

45 See R. Doc. No. 15.

46 See R. Doc. No. 22.

47 See R. Doc. No. 23.

the Fourteenth Amendment.48 Plaintiffs contend that the exceptional nature of

admiralty cases warrants a more expansive and more flexible Fifth Amendment due

process analysis than that under the Fourteenth Amendment.49

Plaintiffs point out that the Supreme Court left open the question of whether

the standards governing requisite minimum contacts under the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments are the same, and they urge the Court to hold that the Fifth

Amendment due process analysis to determine personal jurisdiction is “a general

fairness test incorporating International Shoe’s requirement that certain minimum

contacts exist between the non-resident defendant and the forum such that

maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice.’”50 In other words, plaintiffs argue that the Fourteenth

Amendment “at home” test articulated in Goodyear and Daimler should not apply to

an admiralty claim, such as this one, that arises under the Fifth Amendment.

Plaintiffs cite cases predating Goodyear and Daimler that have applied the same

general fairness test to determine whether the defendant’s contacts with the forum

satisfy Fifth Amendment due process.51

Plaintiffs further contend that while the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process

requirement of minimum contacts between the nonresident defendant and the forum

state acts to ensure that states do not reach out beyond the limits imposed on them

48 R. Doc. No. 22, at 12.

49 Id. at 12–16.

50 Id. at 17–18 (citing Max Daetwyler Corp., 762 F.2d at 293 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v.

Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945))).

51 See id. at 18–19.

by their status as coequal sovereigns in a federal system, such a concern is not present

when a federal court hears a federal question case.52 Plaintiffs reason that because

the strictures of the Fourteenth Amendment due process analysis that attempt to

prevent encroachment by one state upon the sovereignty of another do not apply with

equal force to the adjudication of a federal claim in federal court, the Fifth

Amendment warrants a more expansive approach to personal jurisdiction.53

Moreover, plaintiffs argue, a flexible Fifth Amendment due process analysis is

particularly appropriate where, as here, a federal court is determining whether to

exercise personal jurisdiction over a foreign entity, because the Constitution

expressly grants the federal government full extraterritorial authority.54

Plaintiffs also contend that a more flexible Fifth Amendment due process

standard, such as a general fairness test, is especially necessary in admiralty cases.

Plaintiffs highlight that federal courts’ exclusive jurisdiction over admiralty cases has

traditionally been viewed as exceedingly broad, covering any action arising from torts

committed upon “the high seas or navigable waters.”55 Furthermore, plaintiffs aver,

three idiosyncratic characteristics of the international maritime shipping industry

further evidence why admiralty cases are exceptional and require a more flexible

Fifth Amendment due process analysis.56 These characteristics include the use of

52 Id. at 17.

53 Id. at 18.

54 Id.

55 R. Doc. No. 22, at 13 (quoting Atl. Transp. Co. of W.Va. v. Imbrovek, 234 U.S. 52,

59–60 (1914)).

56 Id. at 14.

“flags of convenience”—i.e. the flag of another country—to avoid effective regulation;

a complex corporate structure with many subsidiaries to shield the parent company

from liability while maintaining corporate control over the subsidiaries; and the

highly mobile nature of vessels.57

ii.

While the Supreme Court left open the question of whether the Fifth

Amendment imposes the same constraints on the exercise of personal jurisdiction by

a federal court as the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Circuit appears to have

answered in the affirmative. See Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of

California, San Francisco Cty., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1783–84 (2017) (holding that “since

our decision concerns the due process limits on the exercise of specific jurisdiction by

a State, we leave open the question whether the Fifth Amendment imposes the same

restrictions on the exercise of personal jurisdiction by a federal court.”). In Patterson,

the Fifth Circuit applied Daimler’s Fourteenth Amendment “at home” test for general

jurisdiction to an admiralty case in which the plaintiff asserted personal jurisdiction

pursuant to Rule 4(k)(2). 826 F.3d at 234 (“Thus, to assert general personal

jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2), [the defendant’s] contacts with the United States

must be so continuous and systematic as to render it essentially at home in the United

States.”) (citing Submersible Sys., Inc. v. Perforadora Cent., S.A. de C.V., 249 F.3d

413, 420 (5th Cir. 2001); Daimler, 571 U.S. at 138–39).

57 Id. at 14–16.

Plaintiffs argue that Patterson is distinguishable because although it involved

an admiralty case, the claims were for “garden-variety personal injuries” sustained

by the plaintiff while working on a vessel, whereas here, the claims arise from a

collision of vessels “contemplated by the historically broad-reach of admiralty law.”58

Plaintiffs also assert that Patterson is distinguishable because the defendant had

significantly fewer contacts with the United States than does NYK Line.59

Furthermore, plaintiffs aver, because the plaintiff in Patterson did not contest that

Daimler was controlling, the court assumed, without deciding, that Daimler’s “at

home” test applied to the Fifth Amendment general jurisdiction analysis.60

Plaintiffs’ arguments fail for several reasons. First, plaintiffs’ argument with

respect to the type of admiralty claim involved—whether it be a “garden-variety” tort

or the result of a deadly vessel collision—is irrelevant to determining whether the

Fourteenth Amendment general jurisdiction analysis applies to Fifth Amendment

admiralty claims. Plaintiffs’ contention that the “exceedingly broad” scope of

admiralty jurisdiction, which encompasses many types of claims, demands a more

flexible Fifth Amendment standard is similarly misplaced. Such arguments, as NYK

Line points out, conflate subject matter jurisdiction with personal jurisdiction.61

Subject matter jurisdiction concerns “[t]he character of the controversies over which

federal judicial authority may extend,” whereas personal jurisdiction “recognizes and

58 R. Doc. No. 22, at 20.

59 Id.

60 Id. at 21.

61 See R. Doc. No. 31, at 4–5.

protects [the] individual liberty interest” of the defendant. Ins. Corp. of Ireland v.

Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 701–02 (1982). Thus, plaintiffs

essentially argue that federal courts’ broad subject matter jurisdiction over admiralty

claims also means that federal courts have broad personal jurisdiction over the

defendants of such claims. Such an argument is contrary to Supreme Court

precedent, which has made clear that subject matter jurisdiction and personal

jurisdiction are separate legal requirements that serve distinct purposes.62 Id. at 701;

cf. BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell, 137 S. Ct. 1549, 1558–59 (2017) (holding that the

Fourteenth Amendment due process constraint described in Daimler applies to all

state-court assertions of general jurisdiction over nonresident defendants and does

not vary with the type of claim asserted).

Second, although Patterson may not have expressly held that the Fifth and

Fourteenth Amendment standards are the same, several other United States Courts

of Appeals have held as much. See Livnat v. Palestinian Auth., 851 F.3d 45, 54–55

(D.C. Cir. 2017) (“No court has ever held that the Fifth Amendment permits personal

jurisdiction without the same ‘minimum contacts’ with the United States as the

Fourteenth Amendment requires with respect to States.”)63; Waldman v. Palestine

62 Plaintiffs’ argument that Patterson is distinguishable because NYK Line has more

continuous and systematic contacts with the United States than the defendant in

Patterson did is similarly irrelevant. R. Doc. No. 22, at 20. While plaintiffs may be

factually correct, neither the Supreme Court nor the Fifth Circuit has ever indicated

that the number of contacts that a defendant has with the United States dictates

which due process standard applies.

63 Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish Livnat on the grounds that the court analyzed

whether it had specific, rather than general, jurisdiction, and that the case was not

based in admiralty. R. Doc. No. 22, at 21. Their contentions are unavailing. First, the

Liberation Org., 835 F.3d 317, 330 (2d Cir. 2016); Schulman v. Inst. for Shipboard

Educ., 624 F. App’x 1002, 1006 (11th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted); Carrier Corp. v.

Outokumpu Oyj, 673 F.3d 430, 449 (6th Cir. 2012); Abelesz v. OTP Bank, 692 F.3d

638, 660 (7th Cir. 2012); Deprenyl Animal Health, Inc. v. Univ. of Toronto Innovations

Found., 297 F.3d 1343, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2002).64 Additionally, district courts within

this circuit have consistently applied the Goodyear-Daimler Fourteenth Amendment

standard to Fifth Amendment cases. See, e.g., MWK Recruiting, Inc. v. Jowers, No.

18-444, 2019 WL 7761445, at *9 (W.D. Tex. July 29, 2019); Skoglund v. PetroSaudi

Oil Servs. (Venezuela) Ltd., No. 18-386, 2018 WL 6112946, at *3 (E.D. La. Nov. 20,

court in Livnat determined that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process

standards were the same for the purpose of personal jurisdiction prior to analyzing

whether the court could exercise personal jurisdiction—specific or general—over the

defendant. See 851 F.3d at 54–56. Furthermore, the Court rejects plaintiffs’ argument

that admiralty cases demand a more flexible Fifth Amendment due process standard

for the reasons previously addressed.

64 Plaintiffs rely on Repub. of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc. in support of their assertion

that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process standards for personal

jurisdiction are not the same. 504 U.S. 607, 619–20 (1992); R. Doc. No. 22, at 19. In

Weltover, the Supreme Court did not apply the “at home test,” but rather determined

that exercising jurisdiction over the defendant pursuant to the Foreign Sovereign

Immunities Act (the “Act”) satisfied Fifth Amendment due process by considering

whether the defendant had minimum contacts with the United States sufficient to

find that it purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities within

the United States. Id. (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475

(1985)). First, Weltover predates Daimler and Goodyear. Second, the standard cited

by the court from Burger King Corp. was the then-prevailing standard for specific—

rather than general—jurisdiction. See Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 472–73

(contemplating specific jurisdiction and discussing the difference between general

and specific jurisdiction). Furthermore, “whether there [was] a constitutional basis

for personal jurisdiction over [the defendant was] not before the Court as an

independent question.” Weltover, 504 U.S. at 619 n.2. Rather, the Supreme Court

employed the test “only as an aid in interpreting the direct effect requirement of the

[Act].” Id.

2018) (Lemelle, J.); Firefighters’ Ret. Sys. v. Royal Bank of Scotland PLC, No. 15-482,

2017 WL 3381227, at *3 (M.D. La. Aug. 4, 2017).

Two Courts of Appeals have also rejected plaintiffs’ contention that the Fifth

Amendment imposes more lenient restrictions on personal jurisdiction because the

Fifth Amendment contemplates disputes with foreign nations, rather than

preventing states from encroaching upon each other’s sovereignty. See Livnat, 851

F.3d at 54–55; Waldman, 835 F.3d at 329–30. In Livnat, the court recognized that

although “Fifth Amendment personal-jurisdiction standards do not safeguard

federalism like Fourteenth Amendment standards do[,] . . . personal jurisdiction is

not just about federalism.” 851 F.3d at 55. Rather, personal jurisdiction also ensures

fairness to the defendant and “protect[s] the sovereign concerns of other nations

whose courts might otherwise adjudicate the claims.” Id. (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted). “[J]ust as Fourteenth Amendment personal-jurisdiction

standards in many cases govern state courts’ power relative to other states’ courts

(thus raising federalism concerns), Fifth Amendment standards often govern federal

courts’ power relative to other nations’ courts, bringing international-comity concerns

to the fore.” Id.

Accordingly, the Court holds that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due

process standards for exercising general jurisdiction are the same and, consequently,

NYK Line must have sufficient contacts with the United States to satisfy the “at

home” test set forth in Goodyear and Daimler to be subject to the general jurisdiction

of this Court.

B.

Plaintiffs next argue that even if Daimler applies to the instant matter, the

Court still has general jurisdiction over NYK Line because this is an exceptional case

in which a defendant-corporation is “at home” in a place other than its place of

incorporation or principal place of business.65

i.

As previously discussed, Goodyear and Daimler held that “[a] court may assert

general jurisdiction over foreign (sister-state or foreign-country) corporations to hear

any and all claims against them when their affiliations with the [forum] are so

‘continuous and systematic’ as to render them essentially at home in the

forum[.]” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 127 (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919). Importantly,

“the general jurisdiction inquiry does not focus solely on the magnitude of the

defendant’s in-[forum] contacts.” BNSF, 137 S. Ct. at 1559 (quoting Daimler, 571

U.S. at 139 n.20) (internal quotation marks omitted). The inquiry “instead calls for

an appraisal of a corporation’s activities in their entirety, nationwide and

worldwide[,]” because “[a] corporation that operates in many places can scarcely be

deemed at home in all of them.” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20.

“The ‘paradigm’ forums in which a corporate defendant is ‘at home,’ [the

Supreme Court] explained, are the corporation’s place of incorporation and its

principal place of business.” BNSF, 137 S. Ct. 1549, 1558 (2017) (citing Daimler, 571

U.S. at 137; Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 924). However, the exercise of general jurisdiction

65 R. Doc. No. 22, at 22.

is not limited to these forums. In an “exceptional case,” a corporate defendant’s

operations in another forum “may be so substantial and of such a nature as to render

the corporation at home in that [forum].” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n. 19; see

also Monkton Ins. Servs., Ltd. v. Ritter, 768 F.3d 429, 432 (5th Cir. 2014) (noting that

“[i]t is . . . incredibly difficult to establish general jurisdiction in a forum other than

the place of incorporation or principal place of business.”).

The Supreme Court in Daimler suggested that Perkins v. Benguet Consol.

Mining Co., 342 U.S. 43 (1952) exemplified such a case. 571 U.S. at 139 n. 19.

In Perkins, the Court found that the defendant, a Filipino corporation, could be

subject to general personal jurisdiction in Ohio based on its extensive contacts within

the state. 342 U.S. at 448–49. Due to World War II, the corporation temporarily

relocated the enterprise from the Philippines to Ohio. Id. at 447. The corporation’s

contacts with Ohio included maintaining an office, keeping company files there,

corresponding from Ohio about business and employees, paying salaries to the

company’s president and two secretaries, maintaining company bank accounts, using

an Ohio bank as a transfer agent for stock of the company, holding several directors’

meetings, managing company policies concerning rehabilitation of company property

in the Philippines, and sending funds to pay for projects in the Philippines. Id. at

447–48. Because Ohio then became “the center of the corporation’s wartime activities”

and could be considered “a surrogate for the place of incorporation or head

office,” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 130 n.8, suit was proper there. Perkins, 342 U.S. at 448.

ii.

Both NYK Line’s place of incorporation and principal place of business are in

Japan.66 Thus, to exercise general jurisdiction over NYK Line, the corporation’s

contacts with the United States must make this an exceptional case. Plaintiffs point

to the following facts as establishing that the United States serves as a surrogate for

NYK Line’s place of incorporation or principal place of business: NYK Line frequently

utilizes U.S. ports and airports; NYK Line maintains at least one bank account in the

United States; NYK Line allows stock to be purchased by U.S. investors through the

use of a U.S. depository in New York; NYK Line dedicated seven vessels exclusively

to shipping cargo for one client to the United States; NYK Line indirectly owns shares

of corporations that conduct extensive business in the United States67; NYK Line

signed a deal to manage the shipment of twelve million tons of liquefied natural gas

per year from a natural gas facility in Louisiana; the Department of Justice

investigated and prosecuted NYK Line; NYK Line is highly regulated by the Federal

Maritime Commission; and NYK Line is a frequent litigant in U.S. federal courts.68

66 R. Doc. No. 15-1, at 5; see R. Doc. No. 22, at 22.

67 The Court accepts as true plaintiffs’ uncontroverted assertion that at the time of

the collision, NYK Line still owned an indirect interest of Ceres Terminal entities by

way of its subsidiary, NYK Ports, LLC. R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 12; see R. Doc. No. 15-3,

at 4–5 ¶ 15.

68 R. Doc. No. 22, at 8–9; 22–23. Plaintiffs also assert that at least of one of NYK

Line’s corporate officers was sent to “head” a U.S. subsidiary. R. Doc. No. 22, at 22.

The Higurashi declaration, however, as previously addressed, clarifies that Kubota,

the corporate officer of NYK Line that plaintiffs allege is also president of a U.S.

subsidiary, resigned from his position in the United States before returning to work

for NYK Line in Japan. R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 19. Also, as previously stated,

plaintiffs do not submit any evidence rebutting that fact. Accordingly, the Court

credits the Higurashi declaration and does not accept plaintiffs’ assertion as true. See

NYK Line highlights that only twenty-four of its 1,732 employees resided in

the United States at the end of fiscal year 2018; NYK Line has not had an office in

the United States for over twenty-five years69; its board of directors and shareholders’

meetings take place in Japan, not the United States; and between 2017 and 2019,

port calls made to the United States only represented between six and eight percent

of all port calls made worldwide.70

NYK Line’s contacts with the United States are not so continuous and

systematic as to render this is an exceptional case in which a nonresident corporation

is essentially “at home” in a place other than its place of incorporation or principal

place of business. Therefore, NYK Line’s contacts do not satisfy Fifth Amendment

due process, and the Court cannot exercise general jurisdiction over the defendant

pursuant to Rule 4(k)(2).

While maintaining a bank account, employing twenty-four employees,

frequenting ports and airports, maintaining logistics centers and warehouses, and

conducting business with companies in the United States may fairly be regarded as

sustaining continuous and systematic contacts with the forum, that alone is not the

test for general jurisdiction. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 138–39. Rather, the test is whether

Skoglund, 2018 WL 6112946, at *2 (“The allegations of the complaint, except as

controverted by opposing affidavits, are taken as true[.]”) (citing Thompson v.

Chrysler Motors Corp., 755 F.2d 1162, 1165 (5th Cir. 1985)).

69 The Court will assume, however, that plaintiffs’ assertion that NYK Line has

operated logistics centers and warehouses in the Americas is accurate. See R. Doc.

No. 22, at 7. The Court will further assume that some of these logistics centers and

warehouses are located in the United States.

70 R. Doc. No. 15-1, at 4–5.

such contacts render NYK Line essentially at home in the United States. Id. Unlike

the forum at issue in Perkins—the State of Ohio—here, the United States cannot

fairly be considered “the center of [NYK Line’s] activities” or “a surrogate for [NYK

Line’s] place of incorporation or head office.” See Daimler, 571 U.S. at 130 n.8. All of

NYK Line’s high-level decision-making takes place in Japan, and port calls made to

the United States represent just six to eight percent of all port calls made by NYK

Line worldwide.71 Furthermore, NYK Line’s American employees represent less than

1.5 percent of all employees.72

Whether the Court has general jurisdiction over NYK Line does not turn solely

on the magnitude of NYK Line’s contacts with the United States. BNSF, 137 S. Ct.

at 1559. Rather, the Court must consider NYK Line’s activities in their entirety,

nationwide and worldwide. See Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20. NYK Line’s contacts

with the United States represent a small portion of its contacts worldwide—NYK

Line cannot be considered “at home” in every country where it conducts business. See

id. Moreover, finding that NYK Line is “at home” in the United States based on the

aforementioned contacts would allow any foreign corporation that frequents ports

and airports, maintains a bank account, and employs people and conducts business

in the United States to be subject to the general jurisdiction of United States courts.

Such an exercise of general jurisdiction “would scarcely permit [foreign] defendants

‘to structure their primary conduct with some minimum assurance as to where that

71 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 3 ¶ 9, 6 ¶ 21.

72 Id. at 6 ¶ 18.

conduct will and will not render them liable to suit.’” Id. at 139 (citing Burger King

Corp., 471 U.S. at 472 (internal quotation marks omitted)).

The Court is not persuaded that NYK Line’s frequent involvement with

litigation in U.S. courts renders it at home in the United States. First, United States

courts’ criminal jurisdiction over corporations far exceeds that of their civil

jurisdiction, and thus the fact that the Department of Justice was able to prosecute

NYK Line is irrelevant to whether this Court has jurisdiction over NYK Line. See

Waldman v. Palestine Liberation Org., 835 F.3d 317, 341 (2d Cir. 2016) (noting that

the criminal due process test is more expansive than the civil due process test when

determining whether jurisdiction is appropriate).

Second, the Court does not find plaintiffs’ argument with respect to NYK Line’s

litigation history in U.S. federal courts to be compelling. Plaintiffs emphasize the fact

that NYK Line has sued and been sued numerous times in U.S. federal courts, and

that no court has ever dismissed a case against NYK Line for lack of personal

jurisdiction.73 However, this result is entirely unsurprising, considering that NYK

Line inserts a forum selection in its bills of lading and sea waybills that submits both

parties to the jurisdiction of the Southern District of New York with respect to any

dispute that arises from such contracts.74 Plaintiffs have not directed the Court’s

attention to any case in which a court found that it had personal jurisdiction over

NYK Line when jurisdiction was disputed. Furthermore, plaintiffs do not cite any

73 R. Doc. No. 22, at 8–9.

74 Id.

authority supporting the contention that a corporation’s willingness to submit to

personal jurisdiction in one particular federal court for a particular type of dispute

renders it subject to the jurisdiction of all United States courts for all disputes.75 See

Charles Schwab Corp. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 883 F.3d 68, 88 (2d Cir. 2018) (“[A]

party’s consent to jurisdiction in one case . . . extends to that case alone and in no way

opens that party up to other lawsuits in the same jurisdiction in which consent was

given.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Plaintiffs rely on System Pipe & Supply, Inc. v. M/V Viktor Kurnatovskiy, 242

F.3d 322, 325 (5th Cir. 2001) and Adams, 364 F.3d at 652, which held that the court

had general jurisdiction over the defendants pursuant to Rule 4(k)(2).76 Plaintiffs

contend that because NYK Line’s contacts with the United States are more extensive

than the contacts of the defendants in System Pipe and Adams, this Court has general

jurisdiction over NYK Line.77

In System Pipe, the Fifth Circuit concluded that the plaintiff’s factual basis for

claiming general jurisdiction over the foreign defendant corporation, if established,

would be sufficient to show national minimum contacts.78 242 F.3d at 325. Likewise,

75 Plaintiffs similarly do not cite any authority for their proposition that because NYK

Line is heavily regulated by the Federal Maritime Commission, it is subject to the

general jurisdiction of U.S. courts.

76 Plaintiffs also rely on Cooper v. Tokyo Elec. Power Co., Inc., 166 F. Supp. 3d 1103,

1137 (S.D. Cal. 2015), aff’d, 860 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir. 2017). R. Doc. No. 22, at 11 n.41.

However, the portion of the opinion quoted by plaintiffs addressed international

comity, not personal jurisdiction. The court’s personal jurisdiction over the defendant

was not in dispute.

77 R. Doc. No. 22, at 5, 11, 20, 23.

78 Those contacts included the following: (1) the defendant’s fleet of vessels regularly

called at most major ports in over fifty countries, including the United States; (2) in

in Adams, the court found that it had general jurisdiction over the foreign defendant-

corporation after determining that the defendant had continuous and systematic

contacts with the United States.79 364 F.3d at 651–52. Neither case applied the “at

home” due process standard, as both cases were decided prior to the Supreme Court’s

decision in Goodyear.

As previously mentioned, the Fifth Circuit in Patterson—decided post-

Goodyear and Daimler—applied the “at home” test to determine whether the court

had general jurisdiction over the defendant pursuant to Rule 4(k)(2). 826 F.3d at 234.

However, the Patterson court also discussed System Pipe and Adams. Id. at 236.

Plaintiffs contend that because Patterson did not explicitly overrule System Pipe and

Adams in light of Goodyear and Daimler, both cases remain precedential.80 Therefore,

1993, the defendant established and began to advertise Azsco America Line to provide

service for U.S. Gulf Ports to the Mediterranean and Black Seas; (3) the defendant

maintained another line of vessels to carry cargo from the east coast to Israel; (4) at

least one of the defendant’s vessels had previously been detained in Texas; (5) the

defendant’s ship, also a named defendant, the M/V VIKTOR KURNATOVSKIY,

called and discharged the plaintiff’s cargo at the Port of Houston; (6) since 1993, the

defendant had been a named party in approximately fifty actions in United States

district courts; and (7) the defendant had been a defendant in another suit

maintained in the Southern District of Texas which was not dismissed for lack of

personal jurisdiction. System Pipe, 242 F.3d at 325.

79 The defendant’s contacts included the following: it had paid claims to numerous

U.S. companies (155 in all from 1991 to 1994); it had covered numerous other U.S.

companies which made no claims; and it had insured hundreds of shipments to the

United States. Adams, 364 F.3d at 651. Records showed that the defendant insured

approximately 260 shipments to the United States between 1989 and 1995 for one

company alone; 138 of these shipments were valued at over $130 million. Id. The

defendant used and paid a number of individuals in the United States as claims

adjusters, surveyors, investigators, and other representatives to enable it to conduct

business in America. Id.

80 R. Doc. No. 22, at 20.

plaintiffs conclude, because NYK Line has more extensive contacts with the United

States than the defendants in System Pipe and Adams did, the Court has general

jurisdiction over NYK Line.81

Assuming, without deciding, that NYK Line’s contacts with the United States

are just as extensive, if not more extensive, than those of the defendants in System

Pipe and Adams, plaintiffs’ argument is still unavailing. First, Patterson did not cite

System Pipe and Adams to prescribe a baseline of requisite minimum contacts a

foreign defendant must meet to be subject to the general jurisdiction of U.S. courts.

Rather, the Patterson court examined those cases to distinguish the “rare cases” in

which the Fifth Circuit found general jurisdiction over a foreign defendant from the

case before it and to demonstrate how few contacts the Patterson defendant had with

the United States in comparison with the defendants in System Pipe and Adams. Id.

Furthermore, the Patterson court recognized that both System Pipe and Adams

predated Goodyear and Daimler, and it noted that the Supreme Court’s more recent

personal jurisdiction decisions are part of an “access-restrictive trend.” Id. at 237 n.7;

see also Frank v. P N K (Lake Charles) L.L.C., 947 F.3d 331, 340 (5th Cir. 2020)

(noting that the cited cases were “wide of the mark” because they predated the “at

home” test articulated in Goodyear and Daimler).82

81 Id.

82 Plaintiffs also cite four post-Goodyear cases from this district in support of their

contention that the Court has general jurisdiction over NYK Line pursuant to Rule

4(k)(2). R. Doc. No. 22, at 6–7. Three of those cases involved the same defendant, and

each section of this district court ultimately determined that it had general

jurisdiction over the defendant-corporation because, among other reasons, it operated

out of an office in Houston, Texas. See Johnson v. PPI Tech. Servs., L.P., 926 F. Supp.

iii.

Having concluded that it does not have general jurisdiction over NYK Line

based on the facts alleged, the Court will next turn to plaintiffs’ motion for

jurisdictional discovery.83

As the party opposing dismissal and requesting discovery, plaintiffs bear the

burden of demonstrating its necessity. Embry v. Hibbard Inshore, L.L.C., 803 F.

App’x 746, 746 (5th Cir. 2020). As a result, plaintiffs must make a “preliminary

showing of jurisdiction” by “present[ing] factual allegations that suggest with

reasonable particularity the possible existence of the requisite contacts.” Fielding,

415 F.3d at 429 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “When the lack of

personal jurisdiction is clear, discovery would serve no purpose and should not be

permitted.” Id. at 822 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Guajardo v.

State Bar of Texas, 803 F. App’x 750 (5th Cir. 2020) (“Generally, a party is not entitled

2d 873, 885–86 (E.D. La. 2013) (Barbier, J.); Foster v. GlobalSantaFe Offshore Serv.,

No. 13-00065, 2013 WL 4012705, at *4 (E.D. La. Aug. 6, 2013) (Berrigan, J.); Ogden

v. GlobalSantaFe Offshore Servs., 31 F. Supp. 3d 832, 841–42 (E.D. La. 2014) (Fallon,

J.). Plaintiffs do not allege that NYK Line currently operates any office in the United

States.

Plaintiffs also cite O’Berry v. ENSCO Int’l, LLC, No. 16-3569, 2017 WL 1048029, at

*9 (E.D. La. Mar. 20, 2017) (Morgan, J.), in which the court first found that it did not

have general jurisdiction over the defendant, but then went on to hold that Rule

4(k)(2) provided a separate basis for jurisdiction. Neither Supreme Court nor Fifth

Circuit precedent supports a finding that Rule 4(k)(2)’s requirement that exercising

jurisdiction be “consistent with the United States Constitution and laws” provides an

independent basis for the Court to assert personal jurisdiction. Rather, Rule 4(k)(2)’s

requirement necessitates a finding that exercising general jurisdiction over NYK

Line satisfies Fifth Amendment due process concerns—i.e., the “at home” test. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(2)(B); Patterson, 826 F.3d at 234.

83 R. Doc. No. 23.

to jurisdictional discovery if the record shows that the requested discovery is not

likely to produce the facts needed to withstand a motion to dismiss.”). “A plaintiff

seeking discovery on matters of personal jurisdiction is expected to identify the

discovery needed, the facts expected to be obtained thereby, and how such

information would support personal jurisdiction.” Mello Hielo Ice, Ltd. v. Ice Cold

Vending LLC, No. 11-629, 2012 WL 104980, at *7 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2012) (citing

Kelly v. Syria Shell Petroleum Dev. B.V., 213 F.3d 841, 855 (5th Cir. 2000)).

Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that discovery is necessary, as they have

not alleged with reasonable particularity the existence of facts that would establish

that NYK Line is “at home” in the United States. Plaintiffs contend that discovery

should be permitted to determine the frequency and volume at which NYK Line uses

American air-cargo terminals for its air-freight-forwarding operations.84 Plaintiffs

also aver that discovery is necessary because little information is available with

respect to NYK Line’s bank accounts in the United States and the taxes it pays here.85

Plaintiffs do not explain how these facts would sway the Court’s analysis and

establish that NYK Line is subject to the Court’s general jurisdiction.

Even assuming that all or nearly all of NYK Line’s air-freight-forwarding

business passes through American air-cargo terminals, this fact would not render the

United States a surrogate for NYK Line’s place of incorporation or head office. See

84 R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 4. However, plaintiffs aver in their opposition to NYK Line’s

motion to dismiss that NYK Line has operated is air-cargo service at six U.S. airports.

R. Doc. No. 22, at 7.

85 R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 4–5.

Daimler, 571 U.S. at 130 n.8. Likewise, the number of bank accounts NYK Line

possesses or the amount of taxes it pays would also not establish that NYK Line is at

home in the United States.86 See Monkton, 768 F.3d at 434 (affirming the district

court’s denial of jurisdictional discovery because even if the plaintiff found further

evidence that the defendant had additional communications and contacts with the

forum, this would not be enough to show that the defendant is “at home” in the forum

when its place of incorporation and principal place of business were in the Cayman

Islands). Furthermore, plaintiffs have not challenged any of the jurisdictional facts

established by the Higurashi declaration.

Accordingly, the Court denies plaintiffs’ motion for leave to conduct

jurisdictional discovery with respect to NYK Line’s contacts with the United States.

86 Plaintiffs rely on Blessey Marine Servs., Inc. v. Jeffboat, LLC, No. 10-1863, 2011

WL 651999, at *6–*7 (E.D. La. Feb. 10, 2011) (Fallon, J.), which permitted the

plaintiff to conduct jurisdictional discovery with respect to the issue of whether the

court had general jurisdiction over the defendant. R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 2–3. However,

since Blessey was decided before Goodyear, the court analyzed whether the plaintiff

had successfully alleged the possible existence of facts that would satisfy the less

stringent “continuous and systematic contacts” standard. Blessey, 2011 WL 651999,

at *4.

Plaintiffs’ reliance on World Tanker Carriers is similarly misplaced, as the case was

remanded for further jurisdictional discovery because the district court’s denial of

discovery was premised on its erroneous conclusion that Rule 4(k)(2) did not apply to

admiralty cases and, therefore, an analysis of defendants’ nationwide contacts would

be irrelevant. 99 F.3d at 724; R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 3 n.8.

Plaintiffs’ citation to Patterson v. Blue Offshore BV, No. 13-337, 2015 WL 4096581, at

*18 (E.D. La. July 6, 2015) (Brown, J.), aff’d sub nom. Patterson, 826 F.3d at 231 is

similarly irrelevant, as the court mentioned, but did not explain, why it previously

granted jurisdictional discovery on the issue of the defendant’s contacts with the

United States as a whole.

C.

i.

Plaintiffs next assert that NYK Line’s eleven U.S. subsidiaries are its agents

and alter egos and, therefore, their contacts must be imputed to NYK Line for the

purpose of determining general jurisdiction.87 According to plaintiffs, these

subsidiaries’ contacts further demonstrate that NYK Line’s contacts with the United

States satisfy Fifth Amendment due process concerns, and jurisdictional discovery

should be permitted to fully investigate the relationship between NYK Line and these

subsidiaries.88

NYK Line argues in response that Daimler and Fifth Circuit precedent make

clear that even where imputing a subsidiary’s contacts to a parent might be

permissible based upon an agency or alter ego theory, those contacts are only imputed

to the parent in the context of specific, rather than general, jurisdiction.89 NYK Line

further contends that even if the contacts of its U.S. subsidiaries could be imputed to

NYK Line for the purpose of establishing general jurisdiction under an agency or

alter ego theory, such contacts would still render NYK Line at home in Japan, not

the United States.90 Therefore, NYK Line asserts, jurisdictional discovery on NYK

Line’s relationship with its U.S. subsidiaries is unnecessary.91 Finally, NYK Line

argues that plaintiffs should not be allowed to proceed under an alter ego theory

87 R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 6–13.

88 Id. at 6.

89 R. Doc. No. 32, at 8–12.

90 Id. at 12–13, 15–17.

91 Id.

because they have failed to frame alter ego allegations in their amended complaint,

and plaintiffs’ discovery request exceeds the limits of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

26.92

ii.

In Daimler, the Supreme Court was presented with the question of whether a

principal can be subject to general jurisdiction based on its agent’s contacts with the

forum state. 571 U.S. at 133–35. The Supreme Court recognized: “Daimler argues,

and several Courts of Appeals have held, that a subsidiary’s jurisdictional contacts

can be imputed to its parent only when the former is so dominated by the latter as to

be its alter ego.” Id. at 134–35. The Supreme Court noted that while agency

relationships “may be relevant to the existence of specific jurisdiction[,]” because “a

corporation can purposefully avail itself of a forum by directing its agents or

distributors to take action there[,] . . . [i]t does not inevitably follow . . . that similar

reasoning applies to general jurisdiction.” Id. at 135 n.13. For example, a subsidiary

“might be its parent’s agent for claims arising in the place where the subsidiary

operates, yet not its agent regarding claims arising elsewhere.” Id. at 135.

The Supreme Court, however, then decided that it “need not pass judgment on

invocation of an agency theory in the context of general jurisdiction, for in no event

can the appeals court’s analysis be sustained.” Id. Even assuming that Daimler’s

subsidiary was at home in the forum state of California, and its actions could be

imputed to Daimler, “there would still be no basis to subject Daimler to general

92 Id. at 15–21.

jurisdiction in California, for Daimler’s slim contacts with the State hardly render it

at home there.” Id. at 136.

Since Daimler, the Fifth Circuit has held that a subsidiary’s contacts may be

imputed to subject its parent to specific jurisdiction. See In re Chinese-Manufactured

Drywall Prod. Liab. Litig., 753 F.3d 521, 531 n.7 (5th Cir. 2014) (noting that the Fifth

Circuit “recognize[s] that imputation of jurisdictional contacts between an agent and

its principal can comport with Due Process”). The Fifth Circuit requires “evidence of

one corporation asserting sufficient control to make the other its agent or alter ego[,]”

and it has “set out [seven] factors to be considered in deciding whether a parent

company can be held amenable to personal jurisdiction because of the acts of a

subsidiary.” Dickson Marine Inc. v. Panalpina, Inc., 179 F.3d 331, 338 (5th Cir. 1999)

(citing Hargrave v. Fibreboard Corporation, 710 F.2d 1154, 1159 (5th Cir. 1983)).93

The In re Chinese-Manufactured Drywall court did not address, however, whether, in

light of Daimler, a subsidiary’s contacts with a forum may be imputed to the parent

for the purpose of general jurisdiction.

93 These seven factors are:

(1) [the] amount of stock owned by the parent of the subsidiary; (2) did

the two corporations have separate headquarters; (3) did they have

common officers and directors; (4) did they observe corporate

formalities; (5) did they maintain separate accounting systems; (6) did

the parent exercise complete authority over general policy; (7) did the

subsidiary exercise complete authority over daily operations.

Administrators of Tulane Educ. Fund v. Ipsen, S.A., 450 F. App’x 326, 330 (5th Cir.

2011) (quoting Dickson, 179 F.3d at 339).

NYK Line argues that both Daimler and In re Chinese-Manufactured Drywall

limit the imputation of jurisdictional contacts between a parent and subsidiary to

cases of specific jurisdiction and, therefore, its subsidiaries’ contacts with the United

States cannot be imputed to NYK Line to support the exercise of general

jurisdiction.94 However, as just mentioned, neither Daimler nor In re Chinese-

Manufactured Drywall squarely addressed that issue.

It is unnecessary for the Court to resolve that issue now. To make the general

jurisdiction assessment, the Court will assume arguendo, as Daimler did, that the

contacts of NYK Line’s U.S. subsidiaries can be considered. The Court will also

assume that jurisdictional discovery would reveal that NYK Line exercises sufficient

control over its eleven U.S. subsidiaries to make them its agents or alter egos

pursuant to Fifth Circuit precedent. See Dickson Marine, 179 F.3d at 338.

Daimler makes clear that a subsidiary being “at home” in the forum does not

automatically subject the parent to general jurisdiction. See Air Tropiques SPRL v.

N. & W. Ins. Co., Ltd., No. 13-1438, 2014 WL 1323046, at *10 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 31,

2014) (“What is clear from Daimler is that, for a court to exercise general jurisdiction

over a foreign corporation, that corporation itself—not its managing agent or

subsidiary or affiliate—must be ‘at home’ in the forum state.” (citing Daimler, 571

U.S. at 138–39)). The Court must look at NYK Line’s contacts with the United States,

including those imputed from its eleven U.S. subsidiaries, in the context of the

entirety of its operations. See Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20; see also Sonera Holding

94 R. Doc. No. 32, at 11.

B.V. v. Cukurova Holding A.S., 750 F.3d 221, 226 (2d Cir. 2014) (“Even assuming

[defendant’s three subsidiaries’] New York contacts should be imputed to [defendant],

they do not shift the company’s primary place of business (or place of incorporation)

away from Turkey.”).

Ten of NYK Line’s eleven U.S. subsidiaries are wholly owned.95 These

subsidiaries are incorporated in the United States and maintain offices throughout

the country.96 Accordingly, these subsidiaries are “at home” in the United States.

NYK Line and its subsidiaries employed 35,711 people worldwide at the end of fiscal

year 2018, 2,106 of whom resided in North America.97 NYK Line’s consolidated

revenue generated by its North American entities for fiscal years 2017 and 2019

represented between seven and nine percent of its worldwide consolidated revenue

for the same time periods.98 Turning to NYK Line’s operations worldwide, NYK Line

owns over two-hundred subsidiaries.99 Many of these subsidiaries are wholly owned,

including forty-one in Japan and twelve in China.100

Considering NYK Line’s contacts combined with the contacts of its U.S.

subsidiaries, in the context of its entire operation, the Court finds that NYK Line is

not “at home” in the United States. NYK Line cannot be deemed “at home” in every

95 R. Doc. No. 15-13, at 7–16.

96 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 4 ¶¶ 13–14.

97 Id. at 5 ¶ 16. NYK Line does not provide the number of employees specifically

employed in the United States, but, presumably, this number is less than 2,106.

98 R. Doc. No. 15-3, at 6 ¶ 20. NYK Line does not provide the consolidated revenue

generated from only U.S. entities but, presumably, this revenue represents less than

seven to nine percent of NYK Line’s worldwide consolidated revenue.

99 R. Doc. No. 15-13, at 7–16; R. Doc. No. 22, at 10; R. Doc. No. 23-1, at 8.

100 See R. Doc. No. 15-13, at 7–16.

country in which it operates a small fraction of its wholly owned subsidiaries,

maintains less than six percent of its employees, and generates less than ten percent

of its revenue. Even assuming that the contacts of NYK Line’s U.S. subsidiaries can

be imputed to NYK Line for the purpose of general jurisdiction, NYK Line’s contacts

with the United States still represent only a fraction of its contacts worldwide. See

Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20.191

Il.

The Court is constrained by Supreme Court and Fifth Circuit precedent from

exercising personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that NYK Line’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED, and

plaintiffs’ claims against NYK Line are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that plaintiffs’ motion for leave to conduct

jurisdictional discovery is DENIED.

New Orleans, Louisiana, June 4, 2020.

n_

UNITED STAT¥S DISTRICT JUDGE

101 Tt is unnecessary for the Court to address plaintiffs’ motion for leave to conduct

jurisdictional discovery with respect to NYK Line’s relationship with its U.S.

subsidiaries, as the Court assumes discovery would result in plaintiffs’ desired

outcome. It is similarly unnecessary for the Court to address NYK Line’s other

arguments in support of its motion to dismiss.

36