Cordes v. Cooper, MD

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

JOHN CORDES and LINDSEY )

CORDES, )

)

Plaintiffs, )

) Case No. 3:20-CV-10-MAB

vs. )

)

CENTERS FOR REPRODUCTIVE )

MEDICINE AND WELLENSS, LLC, )

D/B/A VIOS FERTILITY, VIOS )

FERTILITY INSTITUTE CHICAGO, )

LLC, and ADVAGENIX, LLC, )

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

BEATTY, Magistrate Judge:

This matter is before the Court on three motions: (1) Plaintiffs’ motion to strike

opinions of Dr. Cotter (Doc. 129); (2) Plaintiffs’ motion to strike opinions of Dr. Sanfilippo

(Doc. 130); and (3) Defendants’ joint Daubert motion to exclude the testimony of Nancy

Bond and Dr. Wassman (Doc. 131). For the reasons set for below, the Court GRANTS in

part and DENIES in part Plaintiffs’ motions to strike (Docs. 129, 130) and DENIES

Defendants’ joint Daubert motion (Doc. 131).

BACKGROUND

In 2016, Plaintiff Lindsey Cordes suffered a miscarriage (Doc. 44, p. 7). A

chromosome analysis performed on tissue from the fetus revealed an abnormal

chromosome pattern (Id.). After further testing, Plaintiff John Cordes was diagnosed with

a genetic defect, known as a four-way translocation, which created a high likelihood that

his sperm cells would contain an unbalanced amount of chromosome material (Id., see

also Doc. 129). It is believed that John Cordes’ four-way translocation was the cause of the

miscarriage (Doc. 44 at p. 7).

In February 2017, Plaintiffs John and Lindsey Cordes (collectively, “Plaintiffs”)

pursued fertility treatment with Dr. Amber Cooper1 at the Center for Reproductive

Medicine and Wellness LLC, d/b/a, Vios Fertility, and Vios Fertility Institute Chicago,

LLC (collectively, the “Vios Defendants”) in St. Clair County, Illinois (Id. at pp. 1-2). At

an in-person consultation in Illinois, Dr. Cooper and Plaintiffs discussed the miscarriage,

John Cordes’ genetic defect, and the possibility of using an in vitro fertilization process

and pre-implantation genetic screening to determine if an embryo had extra or missing

chromosome material (Id. at p. 8). While the parties dispute the extent to which Dr.

Cooper conveyed the potential for inaccurate testing results including false negatives to

Plaintiffs, Defendants have not been able to provide documentation or proof of written

informed consent (Doc. 128, p. 6; Doc. 129-1, p. 4; Doc. 148, pp. 2-4; Doc. 150, p. 3).

Shortly after the consultation with Dr. Cooper, Plaintiffs began the in vitro

fertilization process (Doc. 44 at p. 8). After thirteen of Plaintiffs’ embryos were fertilized,

six embryos were biopsied and sent to Defendant Advagenix for genetic screening (Id.).

Plaintiffs did not have any direct conversations with Advagenix and Advagenix neither

directly obtained informed consent from Plaintiffs nor confirmed that Dr. Cooper

obtained informed consent from Plaintiffs (Doc. 129, p. 2; Doc. 148, p. 2). After receiving

1 Dr. Cooper was previously named as a defendant in this action (see Doc. 1). Plaintiffs voluntarily

dismissed Dr. Cooper without prejudice in April 2020 (Doc. 41).

and testing the embryos at its Maryland laboratory, Advagenix determined two embryos

did not appear to have any genetic abnormalities (Doc. 44, p. 8; Doc. 53, p. 11; Doc. 129,

p. 2). As a result, on May 15, 2017, Dr. Cooper implanted Lindsey Cordes with both

“normal” embryos (Doc. 129, p. 2). An ultrasound later revealed one of the embryos

survived (Doc. 44 at p. 9). Thereafter, Lindsey Cordes gave birth to Hannah Cordes on

January 19, 2018, in St. Louis, Missouri (Id.). Hannah was born with numerous physical

anomalies and subsequent testing revealed a genomic imbalance that was presumably a

result of John Cordes’ four-way translocation (Id. at pp. 9-10).

Plaintiffs filed this action on January 3, 2020, alleging Defendants committed

medical malpractice by breaching the duty to provide care and treatment to Plaintiffs in

accordance with that of a reasonably competent medical provider through their negligent

acts and omissions (Doc. 1). Specifically, as stated in their second amended complaint,

Plaintiffs claim they “underwent the pre-implantation genetic counseling for the primary

purpose of avoiding a child with an unbalanced translocation.” (Doc. 44 at p. 10).

Plaintiffs assert that Defendants failed to adequately apprise them of the inaccuracy of

testing and the potential risk that the allegedly “normal” embryos would possess the

genetic deficiencies Plaintiffs sought to avoid (Id. at pp. 10-11). Plaintiffs contend they

relied upon Defendants’ representations in deciding to move forward with the

implantation and they would “have avoided conception of the pregnancy but for the

actions and/or inactions of Defendants[.]” (Id. at p. 11).

During the course of discovery, the parties disclosed their experts and

corresponding expert reports to one another (Doc. 129, p. 2; Doc. 130, p. 2; Doc. 131, pp.

1-2). Notably, Advagenix retained Dr. Phillip Cotter as an expert witness (see Docs. 129-

1; 129-2; 129-3) and the Vios Defendants retained Dr. Joseph Sanfilippo as an expert

witness (Docs. 130-1; 130-2; 130-3). Meanwhile, Plaintiffs retained Nancy Bond, a life care

planner, and Dr. Robert Wassman as expert witnesses (Docs. 131-1; 131-2; 131-5; 131-6).

Subsequently, on August 29, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a motion to strike, seeking to

exclude all or part of Dr. Cotter’s testimony (Doc. 129). Generally, Plaintiffs’ motion

argues Dr. Cotter is not qualified to offer his opinions because he has insufficient

education, experience, and training to offer opinions on the issue of informed consent as

applied to pre-implantation testing (Id. at p. 7). Additionally, Plaintiffs argue that if Dr.

Cotter is permitted to testify at all, he should be prevented from testifying regarding: (1)

whether Dr. Cooper’s discussions with Plaintiffs satisfied informed consent

requirements; (2) what a reasonable couple would have done if they were in Plaintiffs’

situation; and (3) the possibility that Plaintiffs independently conceived Hannah (Id. at

pp. 9-11). Plaintiffs also filed a motion to strike specific portions of Dr. Sanfilippo’s

testimony (Doc. 130). Specifically, Plaintiffs seek to prevent Dr. Sanfilippo from testifying

regarding: (1) the possibility that Plaintiffs independently conceived Hannah; and (2)

whether Dr. Paul, Lindsey Cordes’ OB/GYN, understood that the genetic testing was not

perfectly accurate (Id. at pp. 4-6).

Defendants filed a joint Daubert motion on August 29, 2022, which seeks to exclude

the testimony of Ms. Bond and Dr. Wassman (Doc. 131).2 Defendants argue Ms. Bond’s

2 Advagenix also filed a motion for summary judgment on August 29, 2022 (Doc. 128). This motion will be

addressed in a separate order.

testimony should be excluded because she is a life care planner and not a medical doctor

(Id. at p. 4). Accordingly, Defendants contend that Ms. Bond is not qualified to render

opinions regarding Hannah’s future medical needs and any such opinions are

speculative (Id.). Additionally, Defendants argue Dr. Wassman’s testimony should be

excluded because he is not qualified to provide opinions regarding informed consent and

the specific pre-implantation genetic testing at issue in this case (Id. at pp. 7-9).

EXPERT TESTIMONY STANDARD

The admission of expert testimony is governed by Federal Rule of Evidence

702 and the Supreme Court’s opinion in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579

(1993). See Krik v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 870 F.3d 669, 673 (7th Cir. 2017); Manpower, Inc. v.

Ins. Co. of Pennsylvania, 732 F.3d 796, 806 (7th Cir. 2013) (Explaining that although Daubert

interpreted a prior version of Rule 702, “it remains the gold standard for evaluating the

reliability of expert testimony and is essentially codified in the current version of Rule

702.”); Gopalratnam v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 877 F.3d 771, 778 (7th Cir. 2017) (stating that

even when a federal court’s jurisdiction rests on diversity, Daubert and Rule 702 govern

the admissibility of expert witness testimony). Rule 702 provides:

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:

(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will

help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in

issue;

(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;

(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and

(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts

of the case.

FED. R. EVID. 702. To put it another way, “Daubert [and Rule 702] requires the district court

to act as an evidentiary gatekeeper, ensuring that an expert’s testimony rests on a reliable

foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.” Krik, 870 F.3d at 674. Additionally, the

principles set forth in Daubert apply equally to non-scientific fields. Manpower, 732. F.3d

at 806; see also Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147 (1999) (holding that a

district court’s gatekeeping obligation applies to all expert testimony).

“Although this places the judge in the role of gatekeeper for expert testimony, the

key to the gate is not the ultimate correctness of the expert’s conclusions. Instead, it is the

soundness and care with which the expert arrived at her opinion[.]” Schultz v. Akzo Nobel

Paints, LLC, 721 F.3d 426, 431 (7th Cir. 2013). Consequently, the Court’s inquiry most

focus upon the principles and methodology employed by the expert. Id. “In other words,

the district court must evaluate: (1) the proffered expert’s qualifications; (2) the reliability

of the expert’s methodology; and (3) the relevance of the expert’s testimony.” Gopalratnam,

877 F.3d at 779 (emphasis in original). In conducting such an inquiry, district courts hold

broad discretion in determining the relevance and reliability of expert opinion testimony.

Krik, 870 F.3d at 674. However, “[v]igorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary

evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and

appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596.

Ultimately, “[t]he party seeking to introduce the expert witness testimony bears

the burden of demonstrating that the expert witness testimony satisfies the standard by

a preponderance of the evidence.” Krik, 870 F.3d at 673. Moreover, Federal Rule of

Evidence 403 “overlays all other evidentiary rules by stating that a court may ‘exclude

relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of ...

unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, [or] misleading the jury.’” Id. at 674 (quoting FED.

R. EVID. 403).

DISCUSSION

Three motions are presently before the Court: (1) Plaintiffs’ motion to strike all or

some of the opinions of Dr. Cotter (Doc. 129); (2) Plaintiffs’ motion to strike certain

opinions of Dr. Sanfilippo (Doc. 130); and (3) Defendants’ joint Daubert motion to exclude

the testimony of Ms. Bond and Dr. Wassman (Doc. 131). The Court addresses each of

these motions in turn.

I. Dr. Cotter’s Expert Opinions (Doc. 129)

Plaintiffs argue Dr. Cotter is not qualified to offer expert opinions on the issues

presented in this case (Doc. 129, p. 6). Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that Dr. Cotter lacks

sufficient education, experience, and training to testify as to informed consent in pre-

implantation genetic testing (Id.). Additionally, Plaintiffs maintain that even if Dr. Cotter

is permitted to testify, he should not be permitted to express his opinions regarding:

(1) Illinois law and whether Dr. Cooper’s discussions with Plaintiffs satisfied informed

consent requirements; (2) what a reasonable couple would have done if they were in

Plaintiffs’ situation; and (3) the possibility that Plaintiffs independently conceived

Hannah (Id. at pp. 9-11).

Dr. Cotter is a laboratory director and consultant, and is board certified in

laboratory genetics, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics (Doc. 129-2, pp. 1-3). Dr. Cotter

obtained both a doctorate and master’s degree in human genetics, along with a diploma

of management, a diploma of medical laboratory technology, and a master’s degree in

plant breeding and cytogenetics (Id. at p. 1). In addition to currently being the laboratory

director at Pacific Diagnostics Clinical Laboratory and co-lab director of the clinical lab at

ResearchDx, Dr. Cotter has worked as a laboratory director at numerous other labs and

worked as an associate professor for the Department of Pediatrics in the College of

Medicine at the University of California San Francisco (Id. at pp. 1-2). Moreover, Dr.

Cotter testified that he has worked in a consulting capacity with labs that perform pre-

implantation genetic testing (Doc. 129-3, transcript p. 16).

In forming his opinions and preparing his report, Dr. Cotter reviewed an extensive

number of documents including: Advagenix’s records, the Vios Defendants’ records,

Mercy Hospital records, the reviewing physician reports, and the deposition testimony

and exhibits of numerous parties (Doc. 129-1, p. 1). According to Dr. Cotter’s report,

several of his ultimate opinions are:

1) Advagenix followed the standard of care applicable to a laboratory performing

genetic testing for patients that the lab did not have contact with.

2) The standard of care did not require Advagenix to obtain documentation

demonstrating that Plaintiffs had informed consent discussions with Advagenix.

3) A reasonable couple that was fully informed of the testing’s accuracy rate would

have proceeded with the transfer of embryos.

4) It has not been ruled out that Hannah could have been born due to an independent

conception.

Doc. 129-1.

The Court first considers whether Dr. Cotter is qualified to offer his opinions

generally. And here, the Court finds Dr. Cotter is qualified to render opinions related to

informed consent in pre-implantation genetic testing based on his overall experience and

education.

Crucially, having worked as a laboratory director for numerous genetic testing

laboratories, Dr. Cotter testified to having dealt with issues of informed consent (Doc.

129-3 at transcript pp. 6-7). Dr. Cotter discussed his experiences as a lab director and how

issues of informed consent were typically handled (Id. at transcript pp. 24-26). He also

explained that the requirements of informed consent may vary based upon the nature of

the testing (Id.). Furthermore, Dr. Cotter even explained that laboratories are required to

obtain informed consent when dealing with genetic testing originating in New York (Id.

at transcript p. 27). Although New York law is obviously inapplicable to this case, Dr.

Cotter’s explanation and understanding of the variance in state law further demonstrates

that he is qualified to offer opinions as to informed consent for genetic testing

laboratories.

The Court is not persuaded by Plaintiffs’ argument that Dr. Cotter’s testimony

should be prohibited because he has no direct experience dealing with informed consent

issues in laboratories that handle this specific type of pre-implantation genetic testing (see

Doc. 129, p. 7). Dr. Cotter is not testifying as to the subtle nuances between different types

of pre-implantation genetic testing. Rather, he is testifying regarding the issue of

informed consent in pre-implantation genetic testing at a laboratory that has no direct

contact with its patients, something that he is very familiar with as both a laboratory

director and consultant. And notably, Plaintiffs do not explain why the informed consent

process in this situation would be different than in the laboratory situations Dr. Cotter

has experience in. See Webster Bank, N.A. v. Pierce & Associates, P.C., 2020 WL 616467, at *3

(N.D. Ill. Feb. 10, 2020) (holding that although an expert did not have experience with the

exact issue, he could testify as to the standard of care for a reasonable attorney because

of his own experience and knowledge). Nevertheless, to the extent Plaintiffs believe this

distinction to be significant, this issue can be explored on cross-examination as it may

bear on the weight the jury gives to the evidence, but not its ultimate admissibility. See

Abrams v. FedEx Ground Package System, Inc., 585 F. Supp. 3d 1131, 1153 (S.D. Ill. 2022)

(allowing an expert to testify as to safety management systems and finding the opposing

party may vigorously cross-examine the expert as to the basis of his testimony and let the

jury determine his credibility).

Additionally, although the majority of Plaintiffs’ arguments to strike the entirety

of Dr. Cotter’s testimony focus upon challenging his qualifications, the Court has also

analyzed the reliability of Dr. Cotter’s methodology and the relevance of his testimony.

See Gopalratnam, 877 F.3d at 779. Here, Dr. Cotter based his opinions upon a review of the

aforementioned materials, his training, education, experience, and other relevant

literature (Doc. 129-1, pp. 1-2). Dr. Cotter has sufficiently linked his overall conclusions

to his review of the relevant materials and his years of experience in this field. See, e.g.,

Metavante Corp. v. Emigrant Sav. Bank, 619 F.3d 748, 761 (7th Cir. 2010) (“An expert’s

testimony is not unreliable simply because it is founded on his experience rather than on

data[.]”); Whole Woman’s Health All. v. Rokita, 2021 WL 650589, at *11 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 19,

2021) (expert testimony regarding informed consent via telemedicine included an

adequate explanation of methodology based upon the expert’s years of experience).

Furthermore, the Court finds Dr. Cotter’s opinions related to informed consent practices

for laboratories such as Advagenix with no direct patient contact to be highly relevant to

Plaintiffs’ claims against Advagenix. Dr. Cotter’s opinions will assist the jury in

understanding the evidence and how genetic testing laboratories handle informed

consent. See Metavante, 619 F.3d at 761 (expert testimony would assist the court in

analyzing the reasonableness of one party’s assessment of another party’s performance

in a particular industry during a transition to new technology).

However, the Court’s inquiry does not end here. Plaintiffs also seek to prohibit Dr.

Cotter from offering opinions on several specific topics.3 For the reasons discussed below,

the Court agrees that Dr. Cotter’s opinions must be limited in certain aspects.

A. Dr. Cotter’s opinions regarding Illinois law and Dr. Cooper’s discussions

Plaintiffs move to strike a portion of Dr. Cotter’s proffered testimony regarding

informed consent (Doc. 129, pp. 9-10). Specifically, Plaintiffs seek to strike Dr. Cotter’s

testimony that Dr. Cooper’s discussions with Plaintiffs satisfied informed consent

3 Defendants contend that it is inappropriate for Plaintiffs to move to strike specific portions of proposed

testimony. However, the Seventh Circuit has held that district courts may strike portions of testimony

under Rule 702, explaining “that if the district court found a particular part of that testimony irrelevant or

unreliable, it could exclude that portion of the testimony without striking the proposed evidence in its

entirety.” Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 713, 721 n.3 (7th Cir. 2000).

requirements (Id.). Plaintiffs also argue that Dr. Cotter’s testimony regarding informed

consent requirements is contradicted by Illinois law, demonstrating his unfamiliarity

with informed consent (Id.).

After carefully considering the issue, the Court concludes that Dr. Cotter may offer

his opinions about informed consent in genetic testing as related to the conversations that

allegedly occurred between Dr. Cooper and Plaintiffs. As discussed above, Dr. Cotter is

qualified as an expert to offer opinions regarding informed consent in situations

involving genetic testing. Dr. Cotter’s opinions are based upon his years of experience,

are highly relevant to this case, and will assist the trier of fact in considering the

sufficiency of Dr. Cooper’s alleged informed consent conversations with patients. See, e.g.,

Rokita, 2021 WL 650589, at *11 (a doctor’s opinions on the appropriate use of informed

consent in telemedicine were admissible because they reflected the doctor’s years of

experience and were sufficiently linked to his conclusions).

However, while Dr. Cotter may offer his opinions, he must do so without offering

legal conclusions or improper hearsay. See, e.g., Specialty Earth Scis., LLC v. Carus Corp.,

2021 WL 4804076, at *10 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 14, 2021) (expert opinion that relied upon legal

conclusion was impermissible); Matter of James Wilson Associates, 965 F.2d 160, 173 (7th

Cir. 1992) (“If for example the expert witness (call him A) bases his opinion in part on a

fact (call it X) that the party’s lawyer told him, the lawyer cannot in closing argument tell

the jury, ‘See, we proved X through our expert witness, A.’”). For example, Dr. Cotter

may testify, based upon his experiences, as to the standard of care4 surrounding informed

consent for genetic testing laboratories and to the frequency patients and laboratories

directly communicate versus communicate through a treating physician based, but Dr.

Cotter’s testimony may not be used to establish that Plaintiffs did not know Advagenix

was conducting their testing. See also Sommerfield v. City of Chicago, 254 F.R.D. 317, 324

(N.D. Ill. 2008) (“These cases teach that under Rule 703, an expert may rely on hearsay in

formulating his opinion if it is of the type reasonably relied on by experts in the field, and

that the evidence is not admissible for the truth of the matters asserted.”); Loeffel Steel

Products, Inc. v. Delta Brands, Inc., 387 F. Supp. 2d 794, 808 (N.D. Ill. 2005).

Consequently, Plaintiffs’ motion to strike this portion of Dr. Cotter’s opinion is

DENIED.

B. Dr. Cotter’s reasonable couple opinion

Plaintiffs also move to strike Dr. Cotter’s opinions regarding what a reasonable

couple, having been fully informed, would do in Plaintiffs’ situation (Doc. 129, p. 10).

Perhaps in recognition of the improper nature of this proffered opinion, Advagenix has

not provided a response to this point. Ultimately, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs and Dr.

4 Plaintiffs argue Dr. Cotter is either unfamiliar with or misstates the standard of care in Illinois for informed

consent in this type of situation (Docs. 129, pp. 9-10; Doc. 154, pp. 2-4). Plaintiffs cite to several Illinois cases

that seemingly lay out the standard of care regarding informed consent (Doc. 154, pp. 3-4). See Taylor v.

County of Cook, 957 N.E.2d 413, 433 (Ill. App. 1st Dist. 2011); Coryell v. Smith, 653 N.E.2d 1317, 1321 (Ill. App.

1st Dist. 1995); Roberts v. Patel, 620 F. Supp. 323, 325 (N.D. Ill. 1985). Having reviewed the caselaw cited by

Plaintiffs, the Court is not currently convinced that the standard of care discussed in the above cases is

necessary applicable to this specific type of action involving genetic testing at a laboratory with no direct

patient contact. However, Plaintiffs may address this issue on cross examination and challenge Dr. Cotter’s

understanding of the applicable standard of care. See Antioch Co. Litig. Tr. v. McDermott Will & Emery, LLP,

No. 3:09-CV-218, 2016 WL 4480650, at *4 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 25, 2016).

Cotter will be prohibited from offering his opinion as to what a fully informed, reasonable

couple would do in Plaintiffs’ situation.

Expert opinions are inadmissible when they convey legal conclusions rather than

expert opinions. See RLJCS Enterprises, Inc. v. Prof. Ben. Tr. Multiple Employer Welfare Ben.

Plan and Tr., 487 F.3d 494, 498 (7th Cir. 2007); Good Shepherd Manor Found., Inc. v. City of

Momence, 323 F.3d 557, 564 (7th Cir. 2003) (“[E]xpert testimony as to legal conclusions

that will determine the outcome of the case is inadmissible.”). Under Illinois law:

To succeed in a malpractice action based on the doctrine of informed

consent the plaintiff must plead and ultimately prove four essential

elements: (1) the physician had a duty to disclose material risks; (2) he failed

to disclose or inadequately disclosed those risks; (3) as a direct and

proximate result of the failure to disclose, the patient consented to

treatment she otherwise would not have consented to; and (4) plaintiff was

injured by the proposed treatment.

Coryell v. Smith, 653 N.E.2d 1317, 1319 (Ill. App. 1st Dist. 1995). Critically, when analyzing

the third factor, the key question is, “[w]ould a reasonably prudent person in the

plaintiff’s position, after being properly informed, have nonetheless proceeded with the

proposed treatment?” Id. at 1320.

Accordingly, Dr. Cotter’s testimony as to what a reasonable couple would do in

Plaintiffs’ situation is an outcome determinative legal conclusion that must be prohibited.

See, e.g., Webster Bank, N.A., 2020 WL 616467, at *5 (prohibiting an expert witness from

testifying that the defendant’s actions were an egregious violation of the standard of care

because that issue is for the jury to determine). “[N]o one is in a better position than the

jury to determine whether any alleged undisclosed information would have altered the

plaintiff’s decision to undergo the proposed treatment had it been disclosed.” Coryell, 653

N.E.2d at 1321. Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Dr. Cotter’s reasonable couple testimony is

GRANTED. See generally Halcomb v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 526 F. Supp. 2d

24, 27 (D.D.C. 2007) (“Expert testimony consisting of legal conclusions is impermissible

because such testimony merely states what result should be reached, thereby improperly

influencing the decisions of the trier of fact and impinging upon the responsibilities of

the court.”).

C. Expert opinion as to the potential of an independent conception

Plaintiffs assert that the Court should prohibit Dr. Cotter’s opinions regarding the

potential that Hannah was conceived through an independent conception (Doc. 129, p.

11). Specifically, Dr. Cotter’s report indicates that Plaintiffs and their experts have not

accounted for the possibility that Hannah was conceived as the result of an independent

conception, i.e., that Plaintiffs engaged in sexual relations that naturally resulted in

pregnancy at or around the same time period as when the two embryos were implanted

(Doc. 129-1, p. 5). Plaintiffs respond that such an opinion is unsupported from the record,

highly speculative, and could unnecessarily confuse the jury (Id.). Advagenix disputes

Plaintiffs’ contentions and argues it should be permitted to offer alternative causes for

the injury because there is some evidence in the record of another sole proximate cause

(Doc. 148, p. 14).

Under Illinois law, a defendant is permitted to raise this type of challenge when

there is some competent evidence of another sole proximate cause. See, e.g., Leonardi v.

Loyola U. of Chicago, 658 N.E.2d 450, 459 (Ill. 1995) (allowing a jury instruction to include

language regarding sole proximate cause because there was some evidence in the record

to justify the instruction); McDonnell v. McPartlin, 736 N.E.2d 1074, 1084 (Ill. 2000) (jury

should be instructed on sole proximate cause “assuming some competent evidence” is

presented). However, there needs to be some “competent evidence” tending to establish

an alternative cause of Plaintiffs’ injuries. Id.; see also Teran v. Coloplast Corp., 633 F. Supp.

3d 1103, 1118 (N.D. Ill. 2022); Lauzon v. Senco Products, Inc., 270 F.3d 681, 695 (8th Cir.

2001) (“We would agree that where opinion testimony has no support in the record that

it should be excluded.”); Constructora Mi Casita, S de R.L. de C.V. v. NIBCO, Inc., 448 F.

Supp. 3d 965, 972 (N.D. Ind. 2020) (“An opinion witness can make assumptions, but those

assumptions need some grounding in the record or his expertise.”). “Trained experts

commonly extrapolate from existing data. But nothing in either Daubert or the Federal

Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to

existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply

too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Gen. Elec. Co. v.

Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997).

Defendants5 have only pointed to two records to justify their independent

conception theory: an answer John Cordes gave during his deposition (Doc. 147-1 at

transcript pp. 20-21) and an email from Lindsey Cordes to a nurse inquiring as to whether

5 The Court will also briefly discuss this point in a later section of this Order that addresses Plaintiffs’

challenges to Dr. Sanfilippo. However, for brevity’s sake, the Court will introduce the key arguments made

in both motions (Docs. 129, 130) in this section because the underlying legal challenge is the same regardless

of which expert opinion is considered.

Plaintiffs could have sex (Doc. 147-3; see also Doc. 147, p. 2; Doc. 148, pp. 14-15).6

Specifically, during John Cordes’ deposition, he was asked the following:

Q. All right. And let me ask you, did you and your wife have sex in the

months of April or May of 2017?

A. I don’t believe so.

Q. Okay. You saw that your wife had actually sent an e-mail on April

13th asking if you could. Do you recall you and your wife talking

about, you know, can you find out, can we or not, is it safe to or not?

A. Yes, I believe we did talk about it, yes.

Q. And so once you learned that it could -- that you could, as long as

you used a condom, did you have sex using a condom?

A. No.

Doc. 147-1 at transcript pp. 20-21. Additionally, as noted in John Cordes’ deposition,

Lindsey Cordes emailed a nurse at the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Wellness

on April 13, 2017, to inquire as to whether Plaintiffs could have sex (Doc. 147-3). The

nurse answered that they could but advised them to use a condom (Id.).

Having meticulously reviewed both records along with the numerous other

records in this case, the Court is not persuaded that either record could be considered

evidence of sexual relations between John and Lindsey Cordes during the time period in

question. Emailing to inquire about whether having sexual intercourse would be

permissible is not, without more, evidence that sexual intercourse occurred. Moreover,

6 In fact, Advagenix’s response on this point merely states that “Dr. Cotter’s testimony regarding the

possibility that the Cordeses became pregnant naturally … satisfies the minimum requirements that there

be ‘some evidence’ of an alternate cause for the plaintiffs’ claimed injuries.” (Doc. 148, pp. 14-15). However,

at no point in their response does Advagenix cite to any factual evidence in support of an independent

conception (See Doc. 148). Indeed, only the Vios Defendants’ response even mentions the email or John

Cordes’ deposition testimony (See Doc. 147). Advagenix seems to be suggesting that Dr. Cotter’s testimony

on this subject (which is without factual support) can be considered some competent evidence to get in an

alternative cause theory. But Advagenix offers no authority to support this proposition. Instead, Advagenix

takes the inherently contradictory position that there is a “lack of evidence” on this subject, but

nevertheless, Dr. Cotter’s opinion should be permitted.

the Court does not reasonably interpret John Cordes’ answer, which ultimately ended

with a simple and firm “no,” as providing any evidence to support Defendants’ experts’

theories.

In fact, it appears both Dr. Cotter and Dr. Sanfilippo agree that their theories as to

an independent conception are speculative at best (Doc. 129-3 at transcript p. 94; Doc.

130-3 at transcript p. 39). When Dr. Cotter was questioned about whether there was any

evidence in the record demonstrating that Plaintiffs had sex during the relevant time

period, with or without a condom, Dr. Cotter agreed that Plaintiffs both stated they did

not (Doc. 129-3 at transcript pp. 92-93). Similarly, during Dr. Sanfilippo’s deposition, the

following exchange occurred with Plaintiffs’ counsel:

Q. Do you have any evidence, whether it be through anything that

Hannah was diagnosed with or any of the depositions, that, in fact,

the Cordeses did spontaneously have unprotected intercourse at or

around the time that Hannah was conceived?

A. I have no clear evidence. Hannah (sic) did inquire about it. She was

told you can have intercourse with condoms. In the deposition of

John Cordes, when he was asked, he said, “I don’t think so,” in terms

of: Did you have intercourse?

Q. Anything other than that that you can point to that would indicate

that they had unprotected intercourse at or near the time of

Hannah’s conception?

A. No.

Doc. 130-3 at transcript p. 40. Dr. Sanfilippo also described the possibility of an

independent conception as a “remote possibility,” which more likely than not was not

the cause of Hannah being born with the genetic abnormalities (Id. at transcript p. 39).

Similarly, when questioned, Dr. Cotter admitted he did not have an opinion to a

reasonable degree of medical certainty as to the possibility of an independent conception

(Doc. 129-3 at transcript p. 94).

In sum, Defendants have failed to cite to any records that provide actual support

for their theory of an independent conception during the time period in question.

Moreover, when questioned, both of Defendants’ experts could not provide opinions to

a reasonable degree of medical certainty on this topic. Accordingly, these opinions, that

have no factual predicate and are not made to any reasonable degree of medical or

scientific certainty must be excluded. See Vandervelden v. Saint Louis Univ., 589 F. Supp.

3d 944, 951 (S.D. Ill. 2022) (“Because Dr. Murphy admitted in her deposition that she

could not make this statement to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the Court

agrees this opinion should be excluded.”). Consequently, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’

motion to strike Dr. Cotter’s and Dr. Sanfilippo’s opinions as to the possibility of an

independent conception.

Moreover, Dr. Cotter’s and Dr. Sanfilippo’s independent conception theories may

be excluded for another reason entirely. Specifically, expert testimony that is otherwise

admissible under Rule 702 may nonetheless be excluded under Rule 403 if its probative

value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or confusion of the issues. Buscaglia

v. U.S., 25 F.3d 530, 533 (7th Cir. 1994). Here, given Dr. Cotter’s admission that he had no

evidence whatsoever to the contrary, Dr. Cotter’s expert testimony regarding the

possibility of an independent conception would unfairly prejudice Plaintiffs and risk

confusing the jury. Similarly, Dr. Sanfilippo’s opinions and proffered discussion

regarding the length of time a sperm can survive in the reproductive tract would be

unduly prejudicial and unnecessarily confusing given the absence of evidentiary support

for his theory. See United States v. Curry, 977 F.2d 1042, 1050 (7th Cir. 1992) (“However, ‘a

district judge has broad discretion to exclude relevant evidence that is confusing or

redundant’ under Federal Rule of Evidence 403.”) (quoting Krist v. Eli Lilly and Co., 897

F.2d 293, 298 (7th Cir.1990)). Given the record currently before the Court, the probative

value of the independent conception theories is substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice and confusion of the issues and it is excluded for this reason as well.

II. Dr. Sanfilippo’s Expert Opinions (Doc. 130)

Plaintiffs also seek to strike certain portions of Dr. Sanfilippo’s testimony (Doc.

130). Specifically, Plaintiffs seek to strike Dr. Sanfilippo’s testimony that: (1) Plaintiffs

may have conceived Hannah through an independent conception based upon the

survival interval for sperm; and (2) Dr. Paul’s records indicate Dr. Paul believed the

genetic testing was not perfectly accurate (Id. at pp. 4-6).

Dr. Sanfilippo is a tenured professor in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology,

and Reproductive Sciences at the University of Pittsburg (Doc. 130-2, p. 2; Doc. 130-3 at

transcript p. 17). Dr. Sanfilippo also has extensive qualifications and education pertinent

to reproductive medicine and science (see generally Docs. 130-1; 130-2; 130-3).7 As related

to this Order, Dr. Sanfilippo’s opinion include:

1) Hannah could have been independently conceived, based upon the length of time

sperm can survive in the reproductive tract/cervical canal (Doc. 130-1, p. 3).

7 Plaintiffs do not challenge Dr. Sanfilippo’s general qualifications, methodology, or testimony as a whole.

As a result, the Court has not provided a detailed explanation of all of Dr. Sanfilippo’s extensive

qualifications and his methodology.

2) Dr. Paul, Lindsey Cordes’ OB/GYN, knew that pre-implantation genetic testing

was not 100% accurate (Doc. 130-3 at transcript pp. 63-64 & 68-69).

For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion to strike

Dr. Sanfilippo’s expert testimony related to the possibility of an independent conception

(Doc. 130, pp. 4-5). Again, without any evidentiary support, the Court finds this opinion

must be stricken for all of the reasons outlined above.

Regarding Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Dr. Sanfilippo’s opinions as to Dr. Paul’s

beliefs (Doc. 130, pp. 5-6), the Court does not believe there is an actual dispute anymore.

The Vios Defendants have agreed that Dr. Sanfilippo “will not comment on what Dr. Paul

knew or should have known.” (Doc. 147, p. 2). Accordingly, this request is DENIED as

MOOT. Should an issue with this testimony resurface, Plaintiffs may move to exclude the

testimony through a motion in limine.

III. Ms. Bond’s Expert Opinions (Doc. 131)

Defendants argue Ms. Bond’s testimony should be excluded because she is not

qualified to render opinions regarding Hannah’s future medical expenses (Doc. 131, p.

4). Defendants further contend that Ms. Bond’s opinions as to Hannah’s future medical

expenses are speculative because they are not supported by competent medical evidence

(Id.). In response, Plaintiffs contend that Ms. Bond’s opinions should be permitted

because she is qualified as a life care planner and has applied a reliable methodology in

formulating her opinions (Doc. 149, pp. 3-10).

Ms. Bond is a certified life care planner with bachelors’ degrees in sociology and

special education, and a master’s degree in early childhood special education (Doc. 131-

1, pp. 27-28). Ms. Bond works at the Coordinating Center for Home and Community

Care, Inc., where she develops multidisciplinary life care plans for children and adults

with catastrophic health care issues (Id.). In her role as a life care planner, Ms. Bond has

provided reports and expert witness testimony in hundreds of cases (Id. at pp. 31-70).

In forming her opinions and preparing a life care plan for Hannah, Ms. Bond

reviewed Hannah’s medical records, interviewed Plaintiffs, interviewed Hannah’s

primary care physician, Dr. Etihad Shakir Al-Falahi, and reviewed the deposition

testimony of both Hannah’s treating pediatric neurologist, Dr. Sarah Bauer-Huang, and

Hannah’s treating pediatric neurologist, Dr. Lawrence Tychsen (Id. at p. 2). Ms. Bond has

further stated that Hannah’s life care plan was developed consistent with her regular

practices and standards of practice in the field of life care planning (Id. at p. 1).

Defendants take issue with Ms. Bond’s life care plan insofar as it offers medical

opinions regarding the future therapy and treatment Hannah will require (Doc. 131, p.

2). Defendants point out that several of Hannah’s doctors testified that they could do no

more than speculate as to Hannah’s future medical needs (Id. at p. 5; Doc. 131-3, p. 54;

Doc. 131-4 at transcript pp. 52-53). For instance, in Dr. Bauer-Huang’s deposition, the

following exchange occurred:

Q. Are you able to say without speculating, so with some degree of

medical certainty, whether Hannah will – or what her long-term

caregiver needs would be?

A. I don’t know how to – I don’t know how to answer that without

speculating.

Q. Okay. Good, and I don’t want you to speculate. So that’s fine. And

similarly, is it – would it be just pure speculation to know what her

long-term mobility deficits may or may not be?

A. So, what I would like to represent is that she is still developing and

that our understanding of her abilities in the future are changing as

we see what she is able to do. And as Jen had said, our goals with

therapy are to help her optimize and achieve the most ability that

she is able to achieve. So, there is no literature or data for Hannah.

She is incredibly unique. So, there is no data that I can use to guide

me on her outcomes in terms of mobility, like there may be for other

medical diagnoses.

…

Q. Yes. So, and I just want to make clear that you can only speculate

now and we don’t want speculation, because this is an ongoing

evolving process, correct?

A. Correct, but based on where she is now compared to other children

her age, she is obviously requiring support and she is obviously

requiring equipment.

Doc. 131-3, pp. 54-56.

Nevertheless, Ms. Bond’s testimony is admissible because Ms. Bond has applied

her training and experience using a reliable methodology to formulate a life care plan.

Critically, Ms. Bond did not formulate Hannah’s life care plan based on her own

assessment of Hannah’s medical conditions. Instead, Ms. Bond reviewed countless

records, spoke with Hannah’s medical providers and Plaintiffs, and applied a reliable

methodology. She interviewed Plaintiffs and Hannah’s pediatrician and read numerous

depositions to gain an understanding of Hannah’s current and ongoing needs (see Doc.

131-1, pp. 7-11). She then assessed Hannah’s education and rehabilitation efforts (Id. at

pp. 11-13). Ms. Bond’s life care plan continued by reciting Hannah’s daily care needs as

conveyed to her by Plaintiffs (Id. at pp. 13-14). Next, Ms. Bond analyzed both Hannah’s

equipment needs and her housing and transportation needs, based upon statements from

Hannah’s physicians and Plaintiffs (Id. at pp. 14-15). Finally, only after explaining this

critical background of Hannah’s needs, did Ms. Bond provide estimates as to Hannah’s

future medical expenses (Id. at pp. 18-23).

In light of Ms. Bond’s meticulous methodology, the Court is not persuaded by

Defendants’ arguments that Ms. Bond’s testimony is unsupported and speculative. Ms.

Bond’s career as a life care planner is centered around forecasting future expenses based

upon current medical expenses and needs. Admittedly, Ms. Bond was willing to make

detailed future predictions in areas where Hannah’s medical professionals were not.

However, that is not to say that Ms. Bond’s life care plan did not rely upon or contradicted

the statements of medical professionals. Instead, it appears Ms. Bond extrapolated upon

Hannah’s physicians’ understanding that future care would be required. For example,

while Dr. Bauer-Huang would not speculate as to Hannah’s specific future outcomes, Dr.

Bauer-Huang’s deposition testimony cited to by Defendants still makes clear that Hannah

would require substantial future care in the areas Ms. Bond expanded upon (see generally

Doc. 131-3). Given Ms. Bond’s experience and reliable methodology in preparing her

report and developing her opinions, this is permissible. See Schultz, 721 F.3d at 431 (the

soundness and care with which an expert arrived at her opinions is the key consideration

in the admissibility of expert testimony); Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 713, 718 (7th

Cir. 2000) (“The soundness of the factual underpinnings of the expert’s analysis and the

correctness of the expert’s conclusions based on that analysis are factual matters to be

determined by the trier of fact[.]”).1 BRUCE STERN & JEFFREY BROWN, LITIGATING BRAIN

INJURIES § 6:13 (perm. ed., rev. vol. 2022) (Life care planners should not be reduced to

“clerical staff member whose only responsibility is to quantify the costs of future medical

care prescribed or recommended by a physician.”).

Moreover, numerous other courts have allowed expert testimony from life care

planners in similar circumstances. For instance, in Marcano Rivera v. Turabo Med. Ctr.

Partn., the plaintiffs utilized a life care planner to offer expert testimony regarding the

projected cost of future care. 415 F.3d 162, 170 (1st Cir. 2005). The defendants sought to

preclude such testimony by arguing that the life care planner’s methodology was

unreliable. Id. However, the district court admitted the life care planner’s testimony based

upon his professional credentials, review of the records, and admission as an expert in

other cases. Id. at 171. In reviewing the district court’s decision to permit the life care

planner’s testimony, the First Circuit stated, “Although [the life care planner’s] report

might have benefitted from a physician’s review of the projections regarding Fabiola’s

future needs, the court did not abuse its discretion in determining that [the life care

planner’s] methodology was sufficiently reliable for admissibility.” Id. See also Paine ex

rel. Eilman v. Johnson, No. 06 C 3173, 2010 WL 749861, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 25, 2010)

(allowing expert testimony as to what future medical care may involve because the

expert’s opinions were reliable and relevant, even when the expert did not have “separate

expertise in the medical fields at issue); Taylor v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., Civil No. 09-123-

GPM, 2010 WL 3724287, at *3 (S.D. Ill. Sept. 16, 2010) (denying motion to exclude evidence

of certain specific costs contained in a life care plan in part because those “are all matters

that should be and doubtless will be aired before the jury on cross-examination.”); Kent

Village Associates Jt. Venture v. Smith, 657 A.2d 330, 338 (Md. Spec. App. 1995) (rejecting

the appellant’s argument that a life care planner’s testimony should have been excluded

because “there was no medical evidence from qualified medical experts sufficient to

support it.”).

Consequently, Defendants’ motion to exclude Ms. Bond’s testimony is DENIED.

Any challenges or issues Defendants have with respect to Ms. Bond’s life care plan can

be adequately addressed on cross-examination. See North v. Ford Motor Co., 505 F. Supp.

2d 1113, 1120 (D. Utah 2007) (permitting life care planner testimony and explaining that

to the extent the movant believed the life care planner did not have all necessary

information, “those issues are a matter of credibility and weight to be brought out in

cross-examination and resolved by the jury.”).

IV. Dr. Wassman’s Expert Opinions (Doc. 131)

Defendants argue Dr. Wassman is not qualified to offer testimony related to the

pre-implantation genetic testing and accompanying informed consent issues presented

in this case (Doc. 131, pp. 7-9). In support of their argument, Defendants point out that

Dr. Wassman works as a legal consultant, has “never done next generation sequencing

on a trophectoderm biopsy of embryos,” and does not provide informed consent to

patients regarding pre-implantation genetic testing (Id. at p. 8).

Dr. Wassman is the Principal/CEO/CMO of Life Designs Ventures, an

independent consulting company in personalized medicine, genetic diagnostics,

laboratory medicine, and biotechnology (Doc. 131-5, p. 7). He is board certified in

pediatrics, medical genetics, and cytogenetics (Id. at p. 9). Dr. Wassman obtained an M.D.

from Albany Medical College, a bachelor’s degree in biology from Yale University, and

completed a pediatric internship and residency (Id. at p. 6). In addition to running his

consulting company, Dr. Wassman acts as a laboratory director for Progenitor MDX and

serves as an advisor for Phase Genomics, an organization that utilizes advanced novel

next-generation sequencing technology to better detect structural rearrangements in

chromosomes (Id. at p. 7; Doc. 131-6 at transcript pp. 30-31).

In forming his opinions and preparing his report, Dr. Wassman reviewed an

extensive number of documents including: the medical records of John, Lindsey, and

Hannah Cordes, discovery documents provided by Defendants, literature discussing

practice standards in reproductive technologies, and the deposition testimony and

exhibits of numerous individuals (Doc. 131-5, pp. 1-3). According to Dr. Wassman’s

report, several of his ultimate opinions are:

1) Advagenix failed to follow the applicable standard of care by not possessing

documentation demonstrating adequate informed consent occurred prior to

releasing Plaintiffs’ test results.

2) The two informed consent documents Dr. Cooper claims Vios used in 2017 would

have been inadequate to document written informed consent, even if transmitted

to Advagenix.

3) The deviations from the standard of care resulted in lack of notice, lack of choice,

and the inability to provide informed consent so Plaintiffs could understand and

analyze the risks involved.

Doc. 131-5.

The Court finds Dr. Wassman is qualified to offer his opinions based upon his

training, education, and experiences. Defendants primarily challenge Dr. Wassman’s

qualifications based upon his lack of recent work experience with the specific pre-

implantation genetic testing and informed consent conversations involved in this case.

However, Dr. Wassman currently serves as an advisor for Phase Genomics, which uses

the same platform technology and methodology as was used in this case (Doc. 131-6 at

transcript p. 31). Additionally, Dr. Wassman testified that some years ago, one of his

laboratories helped pioneer pre-implantation genetic testing using fish (Id. at transcript

p. 25). Furthermore, when questioned about his understanding of the technology

Advagenix utilizes, Dr. Wassman stated that the “methodology they’re using is the next-

generation sequencing on the Thermo Fisher Platform. And they previously used prior

generations, including the fish technology that I mentioned earlier that I had done when

I was with Genzyme and with Alfigen. And they also use microarray technology which

we used at Lineagen[.]” (Id. at transcript p. 31). The Court finds these experiences, along

with his education and training, more than qualify Dr. Wassman in this field.

The Court is likewise unpersuaded by Defendants contentions that Dr. Wassman

is not qualified to offer opinions as to informed consent in this field. Dr. Wassman

testified to having experience providing informed consent to patients involved in pre-

implantation genetic testing based upon his prior work at Genzyme Genetics and Alfigen

Inc. (Id. at transcript pp. 32-33; Doc. 131-5, p. 8). Likewise, Dr. Wassman has testified to

having continued involvement in informed consent conversations, just not currently in

the areas of prenatal or pre-implantation testing (Doc. 131-6 at transcript p. 38). While

Defendants take issue with the fact that Dr. Wassman’s experiences in informed consent

do not recently involve pre-implantation genetic testing, his continued involvement in

both informed consent conversations and work related to genetic testing demonstrate

ample qualifications within which his opinions are grounded. If Defendants believe these

distinctions and the passage of time undermine Dr. Wassman’s credibility, then they can

certainly explore that with Dr. Wassman on cross-examination. See Abrams, 585 F. Supp.

3d at 1153 (S.D. Ill. 2022).

Furthermore, the Court finds Dr. Wassman’s methodology to be reliable and his

testimony to be relevant. See Gopalratnam, 877 F.3d at 779. Dr. Wassman reviewed this

case’s numerous materials and relevant literature in order to reach his conclusions, which

were based upon his experience and education. Dr. Wassman’s expert opinions are

relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendants and will assist the trier of fact in

understanding the issues raised in this case. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592.8

CONCLUSION

Plaintiffs’ motion to strike opinions of Dr. Cotter (Doc. 129) is GRANTED in part

and DENIED in part. Specifically, Plaintiffs’ motion to strike all of Dr. Cotter’s opinions

(Doc. 129, pp. 6-9) is DENIED; Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Dr. Cotter’s opinions related to

the standard of care (Doc. 129, pp. 9-10) is DENIED; and Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Dr.

Cotter’s opinions related to a reasonable couple (Doc. 129, pp. 10-11) is GRANTED.

Additionally, Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Dr. Cotter’s (Doc. 129, p. 11) and Dr. Sanfilippo’s

8 The Court recognizes that these motions have been pending for some time and the parties have patiently

waited on the Court for a resolution (See Docs. 129-131). While the Court has not sat idle during that time,

the Court will not offer excuses. The Court apologizes to the parties for its delay in resolving these motions.

opinions (Doc. 130, pp. 4-5) related to the theory of an independent conception are

GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ motion to strike the remainder of Dr. Sanfilippo’s testimony (Doc.

130, pp. 5-6) is DENIED as MOOT. Finally, Defendants’ joint motion to exclude the

testimony of Ms. Bond and Dr. Wassman (Doc. 131) is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: September 29, 2023

s/ Mark A. Beatty

MARK A. BEATTY

United States Magistrate Judge