Camacho-Villanueva v. Dixon

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 23-cv-14186-ALTMAN

JUSTO CAMACHO-VILLANUEVA,

Petitioner,

v.

RICKY DIXON, SECRETARY, FLORIDA

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,

Respondent.

____________________________________/

ORDER

The Petitioner, Justo Camacho-Villanueva (“Camacho”), has filed this Petition under 28

U.S.C. § 2254, attacking the constitutionality of the life sentence he’s serving as a result of his

conviction in state court for burglarizing and battering an elderly victim. See Petition [ECF No. 1] at

1. In its Response, the State says “that the petition is untimely, and this Court should dismiss it as

such.” Response to Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (“Response”) [ECF No. 11] at 8. We agree

with the Respondent and now DISMISS the Petition as time-barred.

THE FACTS

Camacho was charged by Information in the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court in and for St.

Lucie County, Florida, with three counts: burglary of a dwelling with an assault or battery (Count 1),

battery on an elderly person (Count 2), and third-degree grand theft (Count 3). See Information [ECF

No. 12-1] at 14. The State alleged that Camacho and a codefendant broke into the 94-year-old victim’s

home while she was sleeping and stole “cash and jewelry” valued more than $300.00 from the home.

Warrant Affidavit [ECF No. 12-1] at 10. When the victim woke up during the burglary, Camacho

“choked her” and left “several deep, dark bruises all over her body.” Id. at 9–10. On April 23, 2014, a

state-court jury found Camacho guilty of all three counts as charged in the Information. See Verdict

[ECF No. 12-1] at 16–17. The state trial court adjudicated Camacho guilty and sentenced him to life

in prison. See Judgment and Sentencing Orders [ECF No. 12-1] at 22–30.

Camacho appealed his conviction and sentence to Florida’s Fourth DCA. See Direct Appeal

Notice of Appeal [ECF No. 12-1] at 45. Camacho advanced two arguments on direct appeal: (1) that

“the trial court erred in denying [Camacho’s] motion for a judgment of acquittal on [the grand-theft

count]” because “the state fail[ed] to prove that the stolen property is worth at least $300,” Direct

Appeal Initial Brief [ECF No. 12-1] at 64; and (2) that “the trial court erred in denying [Camacho’s]

motion for [a] continuance where his counsel had had inadequate time to prepare for trial due to the

State’s discovery violation,” id. at 67. On February 4, 2016, the Fourth DCA affirmed the trial court

in an unwritten opinion. See Camacho-Villanueva v. State, 189 So. 3d 784, 784 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016).

Camacho filed a pro se motion for rehearing on March 24, 20161—arguing that his appellate counsel

had been “ineffective for failing to raise” certain claims on direct appeal. Motion for Rehearing [ECF

No. 12-1] at 121. The Fourth DCA summarily denied the motion for rehearing on April 19, 2016. See

Order Denying Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-1] at 127. Camacho didn’t seek further review

from either the Florida Supreme Court or the Supreme Court of the United States. See generally State

Court Docket [ECF No. 12-1] at 2–7.

Camacho, now represented by postconviction counsel, filed a motion for postconviction relief

under FLA. R. CRIM. P. 3.850 in the state trial court on April 13, 2017. When he tried to amend his

motion on July 26, 2017, the state postconviction court couldn’t “reconcile the two motions” and

ordered Camacho “to file one compressive motion.” Order Dismissing Motion for Postconviction

Relief [ECF No. 12-1] at 131. Camacho then submitted a new postconviction motion on December

1 “Under the ‘prison mailbox rule,’ a pro se prisoner’s court filing is deemed filed on the date it is

delivered to prison authorities for mailing.” Williams v. McNeil, 557 F.3d 1287, 1290 n.2 (11th Cir.

2009). “Absent evidence to the contrary, [courts] assume that a prisoner delivered a filing to prison

authorities on the date that he signed it.” Jeffries v. United States, 748 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2014).

27, 2017, but the state postconviction court again dismissed Camacho’s postconviction motion as

“insufficiently pled” and granted Camacho a second opportunity to amend. Order Dismissing

Comprehensive Second Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief [ECF No. 12-1] at 135. Camacho

finally filed a legally sufficient postconviction motion on September 16, 2019. See Defendant’s

Comprehensive Third Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief (“Postconviction Motion”) [ECF

No. 12-1] at 138–71. The Postconviction Motion raised five grounds for relief: (1) that trial counsel

“was ineffective for failing to investigate the defendant’s brother, sister-in-law, and niece prior to trial,”

id. at 150; (2) that counsel was ineffective “for failing to file a motion for new trial” because the “weight

of the evidence” didn’t support Camacho’s conviction, id. at 158–59; (3) that counsel was ineffective

for failing to call Camacho’s wife, Antonia Camacho, at trial because (he says) she would have testified

that “the Defendant [had] left the house [to go] to New York” before the incident and because she

would have said that Camacho’s brother (who testified for the State at trial) had “mental problems

and addictions,” id. at 163–64; (4) that counsel was “ineffective for failing to investigate and present

evidence that the defendant was in New York at the time of the offense,” id. at 167; and (5) that “the

cumulative effect of counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the Defendant,” id. at 169.

On June 11, 2021, the state postconviction court granted Camacho’s request for an evidentiary

hearing on Ground Three (in part) and Ground Four, reserved ruling on Ground Five, and denied

Ground One, Ground Two, and the rest of Ground Three without a hearing.2 See Order Denying in

2 The state postconviction court split Ground Three into two subclaims. “Ground Three A” of the

Postconviction Motion was Camacho’s claim that his wife would have testified that Camacho left “for

New York on July 29, 2012 and . . . did not return to town until October 9, 2012.” Order Denying in

Part Postconviction Motion [ECF No. 12-1] at 186. The state postconviction court allowed this claim

to proceed to an evidentiary hearing because it was “relevant” to Ground Four. See ibid. “Ground

Three B,” on the other hand, concerned Camacho’s argument that his wife could have testified “that

the Defendant had not seen his brother in five years and owed money to the Defendant” and that

“[Camacho’s] brother had mental problems and was a drug user.” Id. at 187. The state postconviction

court denied this portion of Ground Three after concluding that this testimony was “not relevant,

unlikely admissible [sic], and would not have changed the outcome of the trial.” Ibid.

Part Postconviction Motion [ECF No. 12-1] at 187–88 (“The Defendant’s motion is DENIED as to

Grounds One, Two, and Three B. The Defendant is GRANTED a hearing on Grounds Three A and

Four. . . . Ground Five will be addressed after the hearing.”). Camacho’s evidentiary hearing took place

on October 22, 2022. See generally Evidentiary Hr’g Tr. [ECF No. 13-2]. On October 29, 2022, the state

postconviction court denied the rest of the Postconviction Motion, concluding that Camacho’s trial

counsel “made a tactical decision not to call Ms. Camacho as a witness” and that a Western Union

receipt—which supposedly proved that Camacho was in New York at the time of the crime—was

“almost completely illegible” and “essentially of no evidentiary value.” Order Denying Postconviction

Motion [ECF No. 12-1] at 193, 195.

Camacho appealed the denial of his Postconviction Motion. See Postconviction Notice of

Appeal [ECF No. 12-1] at 202. In that appeal, Camacho reraised all five of the grounds for relief he’d

presented in his Postconviction Motion. See Postconviction Initial Brief [ECF No. 12-1] at 228–32.

The Fourth DCA summarily affirmed the denial of Camacho’s Postconviction Motion on October

20, 2022. See Camacho-Villanueva v. State, 353 So. 3d 616, 616 (Fla. 4th DCA 2022). Camacho moved

for a rehearing, see Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-2] at 2–11, but the Fourth DCA denied that

motion on December 27, 2022, see Order Denying Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-2] at 13. The

Fourth DCA’s mandate issued on February 10, 2023. See Postconviction Motion Mandate [ECF No.

12-2] at 15.

On November 3, 2022, Camacho filed a pro se motion that he claimed was a “Motion to Correct

Illegal Sentence” under FLA. R. CRIM. P. 3.800(a). See Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence [ECF No.

12-2] at 17–40. In that motion, Camacho offered six “grounds” for his view that his sentence was

illegal: (1) that the trial court lacked jurisdiction because Camacho was arrested with “a false Affidavit”

and “without a valid probable cause,” id. at 25; (2) that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct because

the State knowingly prosecuted Camacho with a “false Affidavit,” id. at 26; (3) that the State lacked

“actual physical legal evidence that could evince that the Defendant committed the crime or any other

crime,” id. at 28; (4) that “there is no valid evidence or an eyewitness(es) for the incrimination of the

Defendant,” so there was no probable cause to charge Camacho with a crime, id. at 31; (5) that

Camacho was illegally arrested and charged based on “a mere suspicion,” id. at 35; and (6) that the

State manufactured false probable cause because of “prejudicial biased force[s],” id. at 37.

The state postconviction court denied the “Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence” on November

18, 2022. See Order Denying Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence [ECF No. 12-2] at 196–97. The state

court first found that Camacho couldn’t bring his motion under Rule 3.800(a) “because none of his

allegations solely attack his sentence.” Id. at 196 (citing Henry v. State, 920 So. 2d 1204, 1205 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2006)). It then concluded that the Motion couldn’t be reconstrued under FLA. R. CRIM. P. 3.850

because “it is untimely and successive.” Ibid. Camacho appealed this denial of his “Motion to Correct

Illegal Sentence,” see Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence Notice of Appeal [ECF No. 12-2] at 199, but

the Fourth DCA affirmed the denial of that motion on May 4, 2023, see Camacho-Villanueva v. State, 361

So. 3d 331, 331 (Fla. 4th DCA 2023). Camacho filed another motion for rehearing and a request for

“a written opinion to continue the litigation of his case in State and Federal Courts,” Motion for

Rehearing [ECF No. 12-2] at 227, but the Fourth DCA denied rehearing on May 22, 2023, see Order

Denying Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-2] at 232. The Fourth DCA’s mandate issued on June

30, 2023. See Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence Mandate [ECF No. 12-2] at 234. Camacho filed this

federal Petition on June 22, 2023. See Petition at 1.

THE LAW

Under the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), “a person

in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court” has one year to file a federal habeas petition. 28

U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). That one-year period “runs from the latest of” the following dates:

(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of

direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;

(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created

by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United

States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such

State action;

(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially

recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly

recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to

cases on collateral review; or

(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims

presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due

diligence.

28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)–(D).

AEDPA’s limitations period can be tolled in at least two circumstances. First, the limitations

period will be tolled for any period “during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction

or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending” before the state

court. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). This is what we call “statutory tolling.” Second, a petitioner may avail

himself of “equitable tolling” if he can show “‘(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and

(2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.” Holland v.

Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010) (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005)).

In extremely limited circumstances, a habeas petitioner can present an untimely claim if he

shows that he’s “actually innocent” of the crime. See Rozzelle v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 672 F.3d 1000,

1011 (11th Cir. 2012) (“[Actual innocence] serve[s] as a gateway to consideration of constitutional

claims time-barred under AEDPA’s one-year limitations period.”). To avail himself of the actual-

innocence exception, a petitioner must satisfy two elements. First, he must “support the actual

innocence claim ‘with new reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence,

trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence—that was not presented at trial.’” Arthur

v. Allen, 452 F.3d 1234, 1245 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 324 (1995)). In this

context, “[a]ctual innocence means factual innocence, not mere legal insufficiency.” Bousley v. United

States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998) (cleaned up). Second, he must show “it is more likely than not that no

reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in light of the new

evidence.” Rozzelle, 672 F.3d at 1011 (cleaned up).

ANALYSIS

Camacho contends that his Petition is timely under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). In his view, his

judgment became final on July 19, 2016, when the 90-day period to file a petition for a writ of certiorari

with the U.S. Supreme Court expired. See Petition at 13 (“Petitioner’s judgment and sentence became

final on April 19, 2016; Petitioner had 90 days or through July 19, 2016, to petition the United States

Supreme Court for Writ of Certiorari.”). Camacho then says that “268 days elapsed before time tolled”

when he filed his very first Rule 3.850 postconviction motion on April 13, 2017. Ibid. He maintains

that AEDPA’s limitations period remained tolled until June 13, 2023, when the Fourth DCA denied

his motion for rehearing on his appeal of the denial of his Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence. See ibid.

Since the Petition was filed on June 22, 2023, “Petitioner asserts that he is timely with his Section §

2254 Petition at this time.” Ibid.

The State identifies several errors in Camacho’s calculations. First, it contends that “AEDPA’s

limitations period started running on July 18, 2016,” not July 19, 2016, meaning that “269 days of

untolled time elapsed from the time his judgment and sentence became final to the time his

postconviction motion began tolling the one-year limitations period.” Response at 7. Second, the State

says that “[t]ime remained tolled until February 10, 2023, when mandate issued on the [Fourth DCA’s]

decision per curiam affirming the denial of the postconviction motion.” Ibid. The State explains that

Camacho’s Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence (and its subsequent appeal) did not toll the limitations

period “because it was not properly filed. [The state postconviction court found] the motion was

‘untimely, successive, and procedurally barred.’” Id. at 8. According to the State, therefore, Camacho

filed his Petition a little over a month past the expiration of AEDPA’s limitations period (May 17,

2023). See id. at 7–8 (“The one-year period expired on May 17, 2023. However, this petition was not

filed until June 23, 2023, approximately 36 days after the expiration date. Thus, approximately 401

days of untolled time passed between the time the conviction became final and the filing date of the

instant petition.”). Although both parties get the calculations somewhat wrong, we agree with the State

that the Petition is untimely.

I. The Petition is Untimely Under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)

The AEDPA limitations period begins to run when the Supreme Court of the United States

“affirms a conviction on the merits on direct review or denies a petition for writ of certiorari, or when

the time for filing a certiorari petition expires.” Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522, 527 (2003). Once a

conviction becomes final, the “AEDPA clock” runs “until the individual seeking review files a state

motion for post-conviction relief. Once the petitioner files a motion for post-conviction relief in state

court, the AEDPA clock stops.” San Martin v. McNeil, 633 F.3d 1257, 1266 (11th Cir. 2011) (citing 28

U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2)). The limitations period remains tolled so long as the postconviction motion is

“pending” before a state court, and the clock doesn’t resume until “the state’s highest court issues its

mandate disposing of the motion for post-conviction relief.” Ibid. All that said, only a “properly filed

application for State post-conviction or other collateral review” can toll AEDPA’s limitations period.

28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). A postconviction application is “properly filed” when “its delivery and

acceptance are in compliance with the applicable laws and rules governing filings. These usually

prescribe, for example, the form of the document, the time limits upon its delivery, the court and

office in which it must be lodged, and the requisite filing fee.” Artuz v. Bennett, 531 U.S. 4, 8 (2000).

Camacho’s conviction and sentence were affirmed by the Fourth DCA in an unwritten opinion

on February 4, 2016. See Camacho-Villanueva, 189 So. 3d at 784. In normal circumstances, the Supreme

Court’s 90-day time limit to file a petition for writ of certiorari begins to run on the day the DCA

affirms a conviction. See Williams v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 674 F. App’x 975, 976 (11th Cir. 2017)

(“Because the Florida [Fifth] District Court of Appeal affirmed his conviction per curiam without a

written opinion, [the petitioner] could not appeal to the Florida Supreme Court. So, On October 6,

2008, his conviction became final after 90 days, when his time to file a writ of certiorari to the United

States Supreme Court expired.”). But, while he was up on direct appeal, Camacho filed a motion for

rehearing with the Fourth DCA. See Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-1] at 121. A timely motion

for rehearing tolls the Supreme Court’s 90-day certiorari deadline until the state court denies the

motion for rehearing. See Close v. United States, 336 F.3d 1283, 1285–86 (11th Cir. 2003) (“[I]t is clear

that only timely filed motions for rehearing will toll the time for filing a petition for certiorari (and,

therefore, the finality of the conviction).” (citing SUP. CT. R. 13.3)). In this case, Camacho filed his

motion for rehearing on March 24, 2016,3 see Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-1] at 121, and the

Fourth DCA denied it on April 19, 2016, see Order Denying Motion for Rehearing [ECF No. 12-1] at

127. Accordingly, Camacho’s judgment became final on July 18, 2016—90 days after the Fourth DCA

denied his Motion for Rehearing. See Williams, 674 F. App’x at 976 (“Williams’s direct appeal to the

[Fifth DCA] ended on July 8, 2008, when the court denied his motion for rehearing. . . . So, on October

6, 2008, his conviction became final after 90 days[.]”); see also, e.g., Taylor v. McDonough, 2006 WL

2660115, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 15, 2006) (Whittemore, J.) (“In the present case, AEDPA’s limitation

period began to run on April 17, 2000, 90 days from issuance of the state appellate court’s January 18,

2000 order denying his motion for a rehearing.”).

AEDPA’s limitations period thus began to run the next day: July 19, 2016. See FED. R. CIV. P.

6(a)(1) (“When [a time period] is stated in days or a longer unit of time . . . exclude the day of the event

3 The Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure require that a “motion for rehearing . . . be filed within 15

days of an order or decision of the court or within such other time set by the court.” FLA. R. APP. P.

9.330(a)(1). The Fourth DCA granted Camacho an extension of time to file his Motion for Rehearing,

so it is “timely” under SUP. CT. R. 13.3. See Fourth DCA Direct Appeal Docket [ECF No. 12-1] at 49

(“ORDERED that appellant’s February 19, 2016 pro se motion for extension is granted, and the time

in which to file a motion for rehearing is extended thirty (30) days from the date of the entry of this

order [on February 24, 2016].”).

that triggers the period[.]”). It then continued uninterrupted until Camacho filed his original Rule

3.850 postconviction motion on April 13, 2017. See Order Dismissing Motion for Postconviction

Relief [ECF No. 12-1] at 131.4 From July 19, 2016, until April 13, 2017, a total of 268 days of untolled

days elapsed. AEDPA’s limitations period remained tolled while “a properly filed application for State

post-conviction or other collateral review . . . [wa]s pending[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). And an

application for postconviction relief remains pending until “the state’s highest court issues its mandate

disposing of the motion for post-conviction relief.” San Martin, 633 F.3d at 1266 (citing Lawrence v.

Florida, 549 U.S. 327, 331–32 (2007)). Camacho’s Postconviction Motion was pending before a state

court from April 13, 2017, until the Fourth DCA issued its mandate affirming the denial of the

Postconviction Motion on February 10, 2023. See Postconviction Motion Mandate [ECF No. 12-2]

at 15. Since the limitations period began to run again the next day (February 11, 2023), another 131

days of untolled time passed before Camacho filed his federal Petition on June 22, 2023. When we

add up the two periods of untolled time (268+131), we get 399 days of untolled time that have passed

since Camacho’s convictions became final on July 18, 2016. “Since more than one year’s worth of

untolled time passed from the date on which [Camacho’s] judgment became final, the Petition is time-

barred.” Hernandez-Morel v. Dixon, 2023 WL 2734370, at *5 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 31, 2023) (Altman, J.).

But wait, Camacho might argue: What about the “Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence”—which

was filed on November 3, 2022? See Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence [ECF No. 12-2] at 17. That

4 The state postconviction court dismissed Camacho’s postconviction motions on two separate

occasions before he filed a legally sufficient motion on September 16, 2019. See Order Dismissing

Motion for Postconviction Relief [ECF No. 12-1] at 131 (“It is hereby ORDERED that the

Defendant’s motion is DISMISSED in its entirety without prejudice to refile a single comprehensive

sufficiently pled motion[.]”); Order Dismissing Comprehensive Second Amended Motion for

Postconviction Relief [ECF No. 12-1] at 136 (“It is hereby ORDERED that the Defendant’s motion

is DISMISSED in its entirety without prejudice to refile a single comprehensive sufficiently pled

motion on or before October 25, 2019, if such can be made in good faith.”). But, because the state

postconviction court “dismissed his motion[s] without prejudice to refile,” Camacho’s legally

sufficient September 16, 2019 Postconviction Motion “relates back to his initial, [improper] Rule 3.850

motion.” Hall v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 921 F.3d 983, 988 (11th Cir. 2019).

motion remained pending until the Fourth DCA’s mandate issued on June 30, 2023. See Motion to

Correct Illegal Sentence Mandate [ECF No. 12-2] at 234. If this was a “properly filed” application for

collateral review, Camacho would have had “at least one properly filed postconviction motion pending

in state court” until the Fourth DCA issued its mandate on June 30, 2023, meaning that his Petition

would be timely under § 2244(d)(1)(A). Hernandez-Morel, 2023 WL 2734370, at *5; see also Ford v. Moore,

296 F.3d 1035, 1037 (11th Cir. 2002) (“Appellant’s Rule 3.800 motion constituted an application for

collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment.”). Unfortunately for Camacho, his Motion to

Correct Illegal Sentence was “not properly filed,” so it couldn’t have tolled any AEDPA time.

Response at 8.

Camacho tried to bring his Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence under FLA. R. CRIM. P. 3.800(a).

See Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence [ECF No. 12-2] at 17. Put simply, “Rule 3.800(a) is intended to

provide relief for a narrow category of cases in which the sentence imposes a penalty that is simply not

authorized by law.” Judge v. State, 596 So. 2d 73, 77 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991) (emphasis added). A Rule

3.800(a) motion thus cannot attack “errors in the sentencing process,” Dallas v. State, 331 So. 3d 276,

277 (Fla. 1st DCA 2021), nor can it be used to “challenge the lawfulness of his conviction,” Lewis v.

State, 926 So. 2d 437, 438 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006). A Rule 3.850 motion for postconviction relief, on the

other hand, is the exclusive mechanism “through which [a criminal defendant] must file collateral

postconviction challenges to their convictions and sentences.” Baker v. State, 878 So. 2d 1236, 1245

(Fla. 2004). When a Rule 3.800(a) motion is, in substance, an untimely or successive Rule 3.850 motion,

the motion must be denied as procedurally barred under state law because it cannot be brought under

either Rule 3.800(a) or Rule 3.850. See, e.g., Kittles v. State, 83 So. 3d 958, 959 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012)

(“Appellant’s confused and meritless claim challenging his aggravated fleeing conviction is not well

brought as appellant may not challenge a conviction in a Rule 3.800(a) motion. The time for filing a

Rule 3.850 motion expired long ago, and the present claims would be untimely and successive if filed

in such a motion.”); Ruiz v. State, 992 So. 2d 300, 302 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008) (“Because Ruiz’s claims

have already been adversely decided on the merits, the claims are not cognizable under rule 3.800(a),

and he is both time-barred and procedurally barred from raising them under rule 3.850.”).

Camacho’s “Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence” says absolutely nothing about the terms of

his sentence. In it, after all, he attacked only the legality of his conviction—primarily focusing on an

alleged “false Affidavit” and complaining that law enforcement lacked probable cause to arrest and

prosecute him. Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence [ECF No. 12-2] at 23. The state postconviction

court thus rightly classified the Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence as “untimely, successive, and

procedurally barred” under state law. Order Denying Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence [ECF No.

12-2] at 196.5 And (it probably goes without saying) an application for state collateral review that’s

“untimely, successive, and procedurally barred” can’t be “properly filed” for purposes of statutory

tolling under AEDPA. See Jones v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 906 F.3d 1339, 1352 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[A]

state post-conviction motion is not, and cannot ever be, ‘properly filed’ if it was rejected by the state

court as untimely.”); Gorby v. McNeil, 530 F.3d 1363, 1368 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[W]e are satisfied that

Petitioner’s second successive motion was untimely under Florida law. Accordingly, his motion was

not ‘properly filed’ for purposes of AEDPA’s tolling provision; and, as a result, his section 2254

petition is time-barred.”). Because the Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence wasn’t a “properly filed

application for State post-conviction or other collateral review,” it didn’t toll AEDPA’s limitations

period. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Camacho’s Petition is therefore untimely under § 2244(d)(1)(A).

5 The state postconviction court’s conclusion that Camacho’s Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence was

“untimely, successive, and procedurally barred” cannot be second-guessed on federal habeas review.

See Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 (2005) (“We have repeatedly held that a state court’s

interpretation of state law . . . binds a federal court sitting in habeas corpus.”).

II. The Petition is Not Timely Under Any Other Exception

Camacho’s Petition would therefore be timely only if: (1) one of the alternative limitations

periods under § 2244(d)(1) applies; (2) he can avail himself of equitable tolling; or (3) he meets the

“actual innocence” exception. Because a habeas petitioner “has the burden of establishing his right to

federal habeas relief,” Camacho must (at the very least) allege that his Petition is timely under one of

these alternative methods. Romine v. Head, 253 F.3d 1349, 1357 (11th Cir. 2001). But, since Camacho

never suggests that equitable tolling or the other statutory limitations periods might apply, he’s

forfeited any such arguments here. See Jones v. United States, 304 F.3d 1035, 1040 (11th Cir. 2002) (“The

petitioner has the burden of proving entitlement to equitable tolling by showing that extraordinary

circumstances that were beyond his control and unavoidable even with diligence prevented filing the

petition on time.” (cleaned up)); Hernandez-Morel, 2023 WL 2734370, at *6 (“Hernandez-Morel, in

other words, doesn’t allege that there was an impediment to filing an application created by State

action, a newly recognized constitutional right made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral

review, or a new ‘factual predicate’ that couldn’t have been discovered earlier through the exercise of

due diligence, so he cannot avail himself of § 2244(d)(1)’s other limitations periods.” (cleaned up)); see

also United States v. Campbell, 26 F.4th 860, 873 (11th Cir. 2022) (“[F]ailure to raise an issue in an initial

brief . . . should be treated as a forfeiture of the issue, and therefore the issue may be raised by the

court sua sponte [only] in extraordinary circumstances.”).

We could, however, very generously read the Petition as advancing an “actual innocence”

argument. Throughout the Petition, after all, Camacho insists that there’s no “factual tangible evidence

that evince as valid evidence the physical linkage of the Appellant to the crime” and claims that he

was in New York City “at the time and day of the crime occurrence.” Petition at 9 (errors in original).6

6 This argument is patently ridiculous. Law enforcement found Camacho’s cell phone (still on)—along

with many of the victim’s stolen items—at a golf course right next to the victim’s home. See Direct

Appeal Answer Brief [ECF No. 12-1] at 82–83 (“The dogs tracked from the victim’s house to the golf

He also references a “Western Union receipt” that (he says) proves he was in New York when the

crime occurred. Id. at 7. But these allegations don’t come close to surmounting the actual-innocence

exception’s extraordinarily high bar. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324 (“[A] substantial claim that

constitutional error has caused the conviction of an innocent person is extremely rare.”).

Camacho claims that the Western Union receipt—combined with the testimony of Antonia

Camacho (his wife) and Jose Bonilla (a friend who lived in New York)—would prove his alibi and

establish his innocence. But the state postconviction court already found this witness testimony “not

. . . the least bit credible” and concluded that the Western Union receipt “was almost completely

illegible.” Order Denying Postconviction Motion [ECF No. 12-1] at 192–93; see also id. at 195 (“There

is considerable evidence of guilt. The failure to call any of these questionable witnesses does not rise

to the ‘extraordinary circumstances’ standard.”).7 Non-credible witnesses and an illegible receipt aren’t

the kind of “new reliable evidence” that “raises sufficient doubt about the petitioner’s guilt to

undermine confidence in the result of the trial.” Arthur, 452 F.3d at 1245.

course behind the house, where they located drawers and inserts from the [victim’s] jewelry box,

numerous pieces of the victim’s jewelry, a flathead screwdriver, footprints, a pen, a Halloween mask,

and small denominations of cash. In addition, the dogs also located [Camacho’s] cell phone, which

was still ‘on,’ in close proximity to these items.” (citing Trial Tr. [ECF No. 13-1] at 395–414)); see also

Trial Tr. [ECF No. 13-1] at 458 (“[Prosecutor]: Okay, first of all, whose—what’s the subscriber name

that’s attached to these records for that phone number for the phone in State’s [Exhibit] 1? [Detective

Jones]: Justo Camacho.”). Camacho’s brother also testified that Camacho had confessed to stealing

from the victim and to losing his cell phone during the burglary. See Trial Tr. [ECF No. 13-1] at 315–

16 (“[Prosecutor]: Did [Camacho] tell you that he had jewelry that he wanted to sell you? [Manny

Camacho]: Yes. . . . Uh, he said—he said he got it from somebody that he had—he had robbed. . . .

Q: Okay. Did the Defendant tell you that he lost his cellphone when he did the robbery? A: Yes.”).

This evidence was, standing alone, sufficient to secure a conviction—and was more than enough to

establish probable cause. See United States v. Gonzalez, 969 F.2d 999, 1002 (11th Cir. 1992) (“Probable

cause to arrest exists when law enforcement officials have facts and circumstances within their

knowledge sufficient to warrant a reasonable belief that the suspect had committed or was committing

a crime.”).

7 The state postconviction court’s factual findings are “presumed to be correct” unless Camacho

rebuts “the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

Camacho has adduced no evidence—let alone “clear and convincing” evidence—to contradict the

state postconviction court’s findings that: (1) Camacho’s witnesses weren’t credible, and (2) the

Western Union receipt was illegible and lacked any evidentiary value. See generally Petition.

In a last-ditch effort to save his Petition, Camacho asks us (in his Reply) to consider his claims

under the “manifest injustice” exception, because (he maintains) the State presented “false evidence”

at his trial. See Reply [ECF No. 14] at 5 (“And the Petitioner will now, index the ‘obvious’ accounts of

‘false evidence,’ which, contrary to the Respondents meritless claim(s), do in fact counter any supposed

time bar.”). This argument is meritless for two reasons. First, the “manifest injustice” exception is a

rule of state—not federal—law, so it can have no bearing on the timeliness of his federal Petition. Cf.

Adams v. State, 957 So. 2d 1183, 1186 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (“Moreover, the state suggests that the rule

3.850 motion was time barred. Although the state is technically correct, where as here, the court finds

that a manifest injustice has occurred, it is the responsibility of that court to correct the injustice if it

can.”). Although there is a federal “manifest injustice” exception, that term is synonymous with “actual

innocence,” and we’ve already concluded that Camacho failed to show that he was actually innocent

of the crime. See Brown v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 580 F. App’x 721, 727 (11th Cir. 2014) (“The test

devised in Schlup is intended to ensure that the petitioner’s case is truly extraordinary, while still

provid[ing] petitioner a meaningful avenue by which to avoid a manifest injustice. The petitioner must

prove that he is actually innocent, by producing new reliable evidence not presented at trial, that raises

sufficient doubt about his guilt to undermine confidence in the result of the trial.” (emphasis added &

cleaned up)).

Second, the “false evidence” Camacho proffers isn’t false at all. Camacho points to two

(supposed) instances of perjured testimony during his trial: (1) that the victim led “the jury to believe

that it was a fact that the Petitioner somehow caused injury to the alleged victim,” even though the

DNA testimony indicated “that the alleged victim apparently caused her own wounds with her own

fingernails, either for sympathy, or to exaggerate the situation,” Reply at 6; and (2) that the State twisted

the testimony of Ralph Dakin “to establish as fact that the Petitioner did not have any reason to be in

the area,” even though “Petitioner in fact did mow, landscape, work, and associate with many of the

homes on the Golf Course,” id. at 7.

These arguments are frivolous. Inconsistent statements are not necessarily false. See United

States v. Grobman, 550 F. Supp. 3d 1286, 1305 (S.D. Fla. 2021) (Altman, J.) (“There can be no Giglio

violation when the witness’s prior statement is ‘merely inconsistent’ with his trial testimony. Nor is

there a Giglio violation when the witness’s testimony was false due to mistake, confusion, or faulty

memory.” (first quoting United States v. Stein, 846 F.3d 1135, 1149 (11th Cir. 2017); and then citing

United States v. Horner, 853 F.3d 1201, 1206 (11th Cir. 2017))). But we don’t think the complained-of

testimony was inconsistent. The victim testified that one of the men who entered her bedroom “was

choking me.” Trial Tr. [ECF No. 13-1] at 275. The fact that Camacho’s DNA wasn’t found underneath

the victim’s fingernails thus doesn’t contradict her testimony at all—especially since the victim never said

that she struggled with her assailant. See id. at 434 (testifying that only the victim’s DNA was found on

the “swab of the left-hand fingernails of the victim”).8 The State also never distorted Mr. Dakin’s

testimony. The sole purpose of Mr. Dakin’s testimony was to establish that Camacho had never been

hired to perform “lawn maintenance” on the golf course where the victim’s stolen property (and

Camacho’s cell phone) was found. Id. at 509. The State admitted that Camacho had a reason to be in

the victim’s neighborhood; in fact, the State explicitly argued that Camacho robbed and battered the

victim (in part) because of his familiarity with her. See id. at 557–58 (arguing that, a week before the

8 Camacho’s completely unsubstantiated claim that the 94-year-old victim purposely injured herself to

create sympathy or to “exaggerate the situation” is so outrageous and incendiary that, had this

argument been advanced at trial, it would only have turned the jury more stridently against him. Cf.

Brown v. Dixon, 591 F. Supp. 3d 1251, 1279 (S.D. Fla. 2022) (Altman, J.) (“[D]efense lawyers often use

special care in examining witnesses who (as here) claim to have been abused. And with good reason:

lawyers don’t want to look as though they’re beating up on sympathetic victims.”); Wilkins v. United

States, 2023 WL 4509735, at *21 n.20 (S.D. Fla. July 13, 2023) (Altman, J.) (“Instead, the record seems

clear that counsel chose not to pursue this line of questioning—probably because it would have been a

bad look for the harassing ex-boyfriend to vigorously cross-examine the female victim about her

struggles with mental health.”).

crime, Camacho “was doing the yard work of the [victim’s] neighbor” and had asked if the victim had

a “[live-in] caretaker”). Since the State didn’t rely on false testimony, he cannot use that testimony to

suggest that his conviction constitutes a “manifest injustice.”

* * *

Because Camacho filed his Petition more than one year after his state-court judgment became

final, we DISMISS his § 2254 Petition as untimely.

EVIDENTIARY HEARING

We don’t need a hearing to develop the factual record in this case. See Winthrop-Redin v. United

States, 767 F.3d 1210, 1216 (11th Cir. 2014) (“[A] district court need not hold a hearing if the allegations

are patently frivolous, based upon unsupported generalizations, or affirmatively contradicted by the

record.” (cleaned up)). Since the Petition is plainly untimely, a hearing would be a waste of judicial

resources.

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

A Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) is appropriate only when the movant makes “a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To deserve a COA,

therefore, the movant must show that “reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of

the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). “Where a

district court has disposed of claims . . . on procedural grounds, a COA will be granted only if the

court concludes that ‘jurists of reason’ would find it debatable both ‘whether the petition states a valid

claim of the denial of a constitutional right’ and ‘whether the district court was correct in its procedural

ruling.’” Eagle v. Linahan, 279 F.3d 926, 935 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting Franklin v. Hightower, 215 F.3d

1196, 1199 (11th Cir. 2000)). Because no jurists of reason would debate the correctness of our

procedural ruling, we DENY any request for a COA.

* * *

Having carefully reviewed the record and the governing law, we hereby ORDER AND

ADJUDGE that the Petition [ECF No. 1] is DISMISSED as time-barred, that any request for a

COA is DENIED, that any request for an evidentiary hearing is DENIED, that all deadlines are

TERMINATED, and that any pending motions ace DENIED as moot. ‘The Clerk shall CLOSE

this case.

DONE AND ORDERED in the Southern District of Florida on December 8, 2023.

ROYK.ALTMAN —™

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

cc: Justo Camacho-Villanueva, pro se

counsel of record

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