Leading Edge Marketing Inc. v. The Individuals Partnerships and Unicorporated Associations Identified On Schedule A

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 21-23480-CIV-WILLIAMS/MCALILEY

LEADING EDGE MARKETING INC.,

Plaintiff,

vs.

THE INDIVIDUALS, PARTNERSHIPS

AND UNINCORPORATED

ASSOCIATIONS IDENTIFIED ON

SCHEDULE “A,”

Defendants.

___________________________________/

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

ONAMENDED MOTION FOR FINAL JUDGMENT

BY DEFAULT AS TO CERTAIN DEFENDANTS

AND ORDER

Plaintiff, Leading Edge Marketing, Inc., filed an Amended Motion for Entry of Final

Judgment by Default (the “Motion”)1 as to Defendants numbered as 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13,

15-16, 18-22, 24, 26-39, 41, 43-47, 49, 51-57, 59-87, 89-92, 94, 99, 102-103, 104-106,

109, 111, 113, 115-116, 119-122, 126, 129, 130, 133-137, 140, 142-143, 145-148, 151,

153-155, 157, 159, 161-162, 164-166, 169, 171-172, 174, 176-179, 189, 191, 192, 195-

196, 198, 199, 204-209, 211, 215-216, 218-220, 223-224, 226-227, 234, 237-249, 251-254,

1 Plaintiff amended its initial Motion for Entry of Final Judgment by Default to omit a mistaken

reference to damages “in the amount set forth in Exhibit 1”. (ECF No. 82 at 4); (ECF No. 83 at 1

n.1). The rest of the Motion remains unchanged.

256-257, 259, 260-272, 275-286 and 288 (“Defaulting Defendants” or “Defendants”),2

which the Honorable Kathleen M. Williams referred to me for a report and

recommendation. (ECF Nos. 83, 93). Defendants have not filed a response and the deadline

to do so has passed. For the reasons that follow, I recommend that the Court grant Plaintiff’s

Motion. (ECF No. 83).

I. BACKGROUND3

Plaintiff is the owner of all rights in and to the PROEXTENDER trademark, U.S.

Reg. No. 3,206,305 for “Adult Sexual Aids, Namely, Penis Extenders” in International

Class 10, registered February 6, 2007, which is valid and registered on the Principal

Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “PROEXTENDER Mark”

or “Mark”). (Id. at 4 ¶ 20);4 see also (Certificate of Registration, ECF No. 1-2). Plaintiff

created and sells products under that Mark, which function as penis enlargers. (ECF No. 57

at 4 ¶ 19).

Defendants use seller identifications (“Seller IDs”) – set forth in Schedule “A”,

(ECF No. 57-1), an attachment to the Amended Complaint – to promote, advertise,

distribute, sell, and/or offer for sale cheap copies of Plaintiff’s products in interstate

commerce, that are counterfeits and infringements of Plaintiff’s trademark (the

2 The Motion also asks the Court to enter a default judgment against Defendants numbered as 96

and 108. Since Plaintiff filed the Motion, the Court has dismissed those Defendants based on

Plaintiff’s Notices of Voluntary Dismissal. (ECF Nos. 94, 95, 97, 98).

3 These facts are found in Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint. (ECF No. 57).

4 Citations to this Court’s docket are to the CM/ECF-assigned page numbers, not to the original

page numbers of filed documents.

“Counterfeit Goods”), and they do so using Internet based e-commerce stores. (ECF No. 57

at 9 ¶ 57). The Counterfeit Goods cause “confusion, mistake, and deception among

members of the trade and the consuming public as to the origin and quality of [D]efendants’

Counterfeit Goods.” (Id. at 14 ¶ 90).

Defendants’ unlawful activities have caused and will continue to cause irreparable

injury to Plaintiff because Defendants have (i) deprived Plaintiff of its right to fairly

compete for space within search engine results and reduced the visibility of Plaintiff’s

genuine goods on the Internet; (ii) caused an overall degradation of the value of the

goodwill associated with the PROEXTENDER Mark; and (iii) increased Plaintiff’s overall

cost to market its goods and educate consumers via the Internet. (Id. at 11 ¶ 69).

Plaintiff sues Defendants under federal law for (1) trademark infringement pursuant

to § 32 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114, (2) false designation of origin pursuant to

§ 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); and under Florida common law for

(3) unfair competition and (4) trademark infringement. (Id. at 13-17).

Plaintiff properly served Defendants with the Complaint and summonses via email

and Internet publication, consistent with the Court’s Order Authorizing Alternate Service.

(ECF Nos. 14, 30, 31, 50, 52). Defendants have not filed a response to it, and no attorney

has entered a notice of appearance on their behalf.

On February 15, 2022, the Clerk entered default against Defendants for failure to

plead or otherwise defend, pursuant to Rule 55(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

(ECF No. 78).

Plaintiff thereafter filed the Amended Motion for Entry of Final Judgment by

Default. (ECF No. 83). It asks the Court to enter a default final judgment in Plaintiff’s favor

and against Defendants, and requests that the Court (1) permanently enjoin Defendants’

unlawful use of Plaintiff’s trademark; (2) award Plaintiff statutory damages in the amount

of $100,000.00 per Defendant; and (3) award Plaintiff attorneys’ fees that total $43,418.75,

and costs in the amount of $402.00, for a total amount of $43,820.75. (Id. at 10-15).

II. STANDARD

A court may enter a default judgment against a defendant who has failed to plead or

otherwise defend against the lawsuit. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). Before it may do so, the

Court must determine that there is “a sufficient basis in the pleadings for the judgment

entered,” which finding is “akin to that necessary to survive a motion to dismiss for failure

to state a claim.” Surtain v. Hamlin Terrace Found., 789 F.3d 1239, 1245 (11th Cir. 2015)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). The Complaint must “contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007)). When a defendant defaults, it admits as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in

the complaint. Tyco Fire & Sec., LLC v. Alcocer, 218 F. App’x 860, 863 (11th Cir. 2007).

III. ANALYSIS

A. Liability

To state a claim for trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C.

§ 1114, Plaintiff must plead facts that show: (1) it possesses a valid trademark;

(2) Defendants used that trademark in commerce; and (3) Defendants’ use of Plaintiff’s

trademark is likely to confuse consumers. Colonial Van Lines, Inc. v. Colonial Moving &

Storage, LLC, No. 20-CIV-61255, 2020 WL 6700449, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 20, 2020)

(citing N. Am. Med. Corp. v. Axiom Worldwide, Inc., 522 F.3d 1211, 1218 (11th Cir.

2008)).

The elements to state a claim for false designation of origin under the Lanham Act,

15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), are “effectively ... the same ... as a trademark infringement claim,

namely, that (1) [the plaintiff] has a valid, protectable mark and (2) the defendants’ use of

the mark in commerce is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.”

Cole-Parmer Instrument Co. LLC v. Prof. Labs., Inc., 568 F. Supp. 3d 1307, 1316 (S.D.

Fla. 2020) (quotations omitted) (citing TracFone Wireless, Inc. v. SND Cellular, Inc., 715

F. Supp. 2d 1246, 1254–55 (S.D. Fla. 2010); Suntree Techs., Inc. v. Ecosense Int’l, 693

F.3d 1338, 1347-48 (11th Cir. 2012)).

This same analysis of the Lanham Act claims applies to Plaintiff’s Florida common

law claims of unfair competition and trademark infringement. See Cole-Parmer Instrument

Co., 568 F. Supp. 3d at 1317 (citing Suntree Techs., Inc., 693 F.3d at 1345).

The factual allegations in the Amended Complaint, summarized above, properly

support each cause of action. I therefore recommend that the Court enter default final

judgment on all counts in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendants.

B. Injunctive Relief

Pursuant to the Lanham Act, a district court is authorized to issue an injunction to

prevent future violations of trademark law “according to the principles of equity and upon

such terms as the court may deem reasonable.” 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a). “[I]njunctive relief is

the remedy of choice for trademark and unfair competition cases, since there is no adequate

remedy at law for the injury caused by a defendant’s continuing infringement.” Burger

King Corp. v. Agad, 911 F. Supp. 1499, 1509-10 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (quoting Century 21 Real

Estate Corp. v. Sandlin, 846 F.2d 1175, 1180 (9th Cir. 1988)).

Permanent injunctive relief is appropriate where a plaintiff demonstrates that (1) it

has suffered irreparable injury; (2) there is no adequate remedy at law; (3) the balance of

hardship favors an equitable remedy; and (4) the issuance of an injunction is in the public’s

interest. eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006). Plaintiff has done

this, and therefore I recommend that the Court enter permanent injunctive relief.

As to the first factor, irreparable harm may exist when there is “a substantial threat

of customer confusion and the resulting harm to the plaintiff’s reputation and goodwill.”

Express Franchise Servs., L.P. v. Impact Outsourcing Sols., Inc., 244 F. Supp. 3d 1368,

1384 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 20, 2017) (citing FerrellGas Partners, L.P. v. Barrow, 143 F. App’x

180, 190 (11th Cir. 2005); Sound Surgical Techs., LLC v. Leonard A. Rubinstein, M.D.,

P.A., 734 F. Supp. 2d 1262, 1278 (M.D. Fla. 2010)). The Amended Complaint alleges that

Defendants’ counterfeit goods “are of a quality substantially different than that of

plaintiff’s genuine goods” and that Defendants market them “with the knowledge and

intent that such goods will be mistaken for the genuine high-quality goods offered for sale

by plaintiff….” (ECF No. 57 at 11 ¶¶ 61, 62). Plaintiff further alleges that Defendants’

unlawful actions have caused Plaintiff irreparable injury to its goodwill and business

reputation and will continue to do so if Defendants are not permanently enjoined. (ECF

No. 57 at 11 ¶ 69; 12 at ¶ 75; 16 ¶ 106). Plaintiff further alleges that the unauthorized

Counterfeit Goods sold, offered for sale, marketed, advertised, and distributed by

Defendants are nearly identical to Plaintiff’s genuine Leading Edge products, and

consumers viewing Defendants’ counterfeit products would actually confuse them for

Plaintiff’s genuine products. (Id. at 9 ¶ 59; 14 ¶ 90).

As for the second factor, Plaintiff has no adequate remedy at law so long as

Defendants continue to market their infringing products because Plaintiff cannot control

the quality of what deceptively appears to be its own trademarked products in the

marketplace. An award of monetary damages alone will not cure the ongoing injury to

Plaintiff’s reputation and goodwill, which will result if Defendants’ infringing actions are

allowed to continue. Turning to the third factor, Plaintiff faces hardship from loss of sales

and its inability to control its reputation in the marketplace. Defendants, by contrast, can

claim no hardship as they have no right to sell confusingly similar products with Plaintiff’s

Mark.

Finally, the public interest supports the issuance of a permanent injunction against

Defendants to prevent consumers from being misled by Defendants’ counterfeit products.

See Sanrio Co., Ltd. v. Sommer’s Ent. LLC, No. 18-CV-22177, 2019 WL 2010249, at *4

(S.D. Fla. Mar. 21, 2019) (“[T]he public interest weighs heavily in favor of entering a

permanent injunction because such relief would protect the public from being defrauded

by Defendants use and distribution of infringing and counterfeit goods.”).

Defaulting Defendants have created an Internet-based infringement scheme in

which they are profiting from their deliberate misappropriation of Plaintiff’s rights. Unless

the listings and images are permanently removed, and the infringing goods destroyed,

Defaulting Defendants can continue to infringe Plaintiff’s intellectual property and defraud

the public. I therefore recommend that the Court enter a permanent injunction to enjoin

Defendants’ unlawful use of Plaintiff’s trademark.5

C. Statutory Damages

Plaintiff asks, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c), that the Court award it statutory

damages in the amount of $100,000.00 per Defaulting Defendant. (ECF No. 83 at 11-13).

Section 1117(c) provides that in a case involving the use of a counterfeit mark in

connection with a sale, offering for sale, or distribution of products, the plaintiff may elect

an award of statutory damages at any time before final judgment is rendered in the sum of

not less than $1,000.00 nor more than $200,000.00 per counterfeit mark per type of good.

15 U.S.C. § 1117(c)(1). Additionally, if the Court finds that Defendants’ counterfeiting

actions were willful, it may impose damages up to $2,000,000.00 per mark per type of

good. Id. at (c)(2).

“This Court has defined willful infringement as when the infringer acted with actual

knowledge or reckless disregard for whether its conduct infringed upon the plaintiff’s

copyright.”6 PetMed Express, Inc. v. MedPets.com, Inc., 336 F. Supp. 2d 1213, 1220 (S.D.

Fla. 2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendants, by virtue of their default,

5 Plaintiff’s Motion attaches a proposed Final Default Judgment and Permanent Injunction. (ECF

No. 83-8). I recommend that the Court enter the injunctive relief therein. See (id. at Section A).

6 Although the definition uses the term “copyright,” courts apply this definition to trademark

actions. See, e.g., Sream, Inc. v. Asat Inc., No. 18-14258-CIV, 2019 WL 1573337, at *4 (S.D. Fla.

Apr. 11, 2019); RooR Int’l BV v. Ecnature LLC, No. 19-cv-319, 2019 WL 5188383, at *3 (M.D.

Fla. Aug. 5, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 5188279, at *1.

admit that their conduct was willful. The Amended Complaint alleges that Defendants

infringe on Plaintiff’s trademark “knowingly and intentionally or with reckless disregard

or willful blindness to [P]laintiff’s rights for the purpose of trading on [P]laintiff’s goodwill

and reputation.” (ECF No. 57 at 12 ¶ 74).

The Court has wide discretion to determine the amount of statutory damages.

PetMed Express, Inc., 336 F. Supp. 2d at 1219 (citing Cable/Home Commc’n Corp. v.

Network Prods., Inc., 902 F.2d 829, 852 (11th Cir. 1990)). An award of statutory damages

is appropriate despite a plaintiff’s inability to prove actual damages caused by a defendant’s

infringement. See Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc. v. Varona, No. 19-24838-CIV, 2021 WL

1997573, at *2 (S.D. Fla. May 18, 2021). Congress enacted a statutory damages remedy in

trademark counterfeiting cases because evidence of a defendant’s profits in such cases is

almost impossible to ascertain. PetMed Express, Inc., 336 F. Supp. 2d at 1219-20.

Moreover, statutory damages are “especially appropriate in default judgment cases due to

infringer nondisclosure.” Id. at 1220. In sum, statutory damages are called for here.

The Court need not hold an evidentiary hearing, as there is sufficient evidence on

the record to support the request for damages. See SEC v. Smyth, 420 F.3d 1225, 1232 n.13

(11th Cir. 2005); see also PetMed Express, Inc., 336 F. Supp. 2d at 1223 (entering default

judgment, permanent injunction, and statutory damages in a Lanham Act case without an

evidentiary hearing). In particular, the Court may award statutory damages in reliance on

affidavits and other documentary evidence if the facts are not disputed. Perry Ellis Int’l,

Inc. v. URI Corp., No. 06-22020-CIV, 2007 WL 3047143, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 18, 2007)

(citation omitted).

I have carefully considered the record of this action and find that it is reasonable to

award statutory damages under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(c) in the amount of $100,000.00 against

each Defaulting Defendant. This award is sufficient to deter Defendants and others from

continuing to counterfeit or otherwise infringe Plaintiff’s trademark, compensate Plaintiff,

and punish Defendants. See Audi AG v. Sun Am. Corp., Inc., No. 17-CV-62199, 2018 WL

7021842, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 18, 2018) (“Awards of statutory damages serve two

purposes—compensatory and punitive.”), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL

188864 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 2, 2019). Other courts, facing somewhat similar circumstances, have

found the same statutory damages award under § 1117(c) to be reasonable. See, e.g.,

Frugality Inc. v. Individuals, P’ships, and Unincorporated Ass’ns Identified on Schedule

“A”, No. 21-cv-23025, 2022 WL 686243, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 8, 2022) (awarding

$100,000.00 as statutory damages per defendant); Colonial Van Lines, Inc., 2020 WL

6700449, at *5 (same).

D. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

1. Attorneys’ Fees

Plaintiff asks for an award of reasonable attorneys’ fees pursuant to 15 U.S.C.

§ 1117(a).7 Section 1117(a) provides that a court may award attorneys’ fees in “exceptional

cases.” Id.

7 Plaintiff also cites 35 U.S.C. § 284, which governs damages in a patent infringement action. (ECF

No. 83 at 13). It is inapplicable here.

An “exceptional” case under the Lanham Act is one that “stands out from others,”

either based on the strength of the litigating positions or the manner in which the case was

litigated. Tobinick v. Novella, 884 F.3d 1110, 1118 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Octane

Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545, 554 (2014)). Courts consider

the totality of the circumstances in their determination of whether a case is “exceptional.”

Octane Fitness, LLC, 572 U.S. at 554. “Courts routinely find cases involving willful

infringement exceptional ....” Volkswagen, 2021 WL 1997573, at *16 (quotation marks

omitted).

This qualifies as an exceptional case. First, as noted, Defendants’ infringement of

Plaintiff’s trademark was willful. Second, the infringement of Plaintiff’s product is so

widespread that to try to protect its Mark, Plaintiff had to join hundreds of infringers as

Defendants in this suit. Plaintiff was further challenged by the partial response by

Defendants to the suit; it had to negotiate individual resolutions of the action with those

Defendants who answered, and to seek default judgment for those who did not. The

circumstances of this case justify an award of attorneys’ fees, that will serve the important

functions of deterring future infringements, penalizing Defendants for their unlawful

conduct, and compensating Plaintiff for their fees. See Frugality, Inc., 2022 WL 686243,

at *7 (awarding attorneys’ fees on similar grounds).

“A party seeking to recover attorneys’ fees bears the burden of providing specific

and detailed evidence so that a determination can be made of the necessity of the action

and the reasonableness of the time claimed for the action.” Hermosilla v. Coca-Cola Co.,

No. 10-21418-CIV, 2011 WL 9364952, at *14 (S.D. Fla. July 15, 2011) (citing ACLU of

Ga. v. Barnes, 168 F.3d 427, 432-33 (11th Cir. 1999)). Plaintiff has attached its counsel’s

billing records to the Motion. See (ECF No. 83-6).

“The first step in computing a reasonable fee is to determine the lodestar, which is

the product of the number of hours reasonably worked by a lawyer and a reasonable hourly

rate.” Dillard v. City of Greensboro, 213 F.3d 1347, 1354 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation

omitted).

The reasonable hourly rate is determined by “[t]he prevailing market rate in the

relevant legal community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skills,

experience, and reputation.” Gray v. Lockheed Aeronautical Sys. Co., 125 F.3d 1387, 1389

(11th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). The Court may use its own knowledge and experience

in determining the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees. Norman v. Hous. Auth. of City of

Montgomery, 836 F.2d 1292, 1303 (11th Cir. 1988) (citations omitted).

Plaintiff requests these hourly rates for its counsel:

• $475.00 for Joel Rothman, Esq;

• $350.00 for Craig A. Wirth, Esq.;

• $325.00 for Angela Nieves, Esq. and Layla Nguyen, Esq.;

• $250.00 for paralegal Angela Nieves;8

• $200.00 for paralegals Christine James and Linsey N. Colyer; and

• $175.00 for Tyler Unfer, a legal assistant.

(Decl. of Joel Rothman, ECF No. 83-5 at 2-3 ¶¶ 8-15).

8 Angela Nieves worked as a paralegal before she became an attorney.

Plaintiff provides no information about the prevailing market rate for lawyers of

comparable skills, experience, and reputation. Nor does Plaintiff provide information about

its attorneys’, paralegals’ and legal assistant’s qualifications, as is required by the Local

Rules of this Court. See S.D. Fla. L.R. 7.3(a)(5). Rather than cause further delay by

directing Plaintiff to provide this information, the Court views counsel’s website,

www.sriplaw.com, and the Florida Bar’s online lawyer directory,

www.floridabar.org/directories/find-mbr/, for information about each timekeeper’s

credentials.

Mr. Rothman was admitted to the Florida Bar in 1996 and is Board Certified in

Intellectual Property. He is the Managing Partner of his law firm, SRipLaw, which

specializes in intellectual property infringement litigation. I find his hourly rate of $475.00

is reasonable. See Drone Nerds Franchising LLC v. Childress, No. 19-CV-61153, 2020

WL 6264701, at *3-4 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 7, 2020) (reducing $750.00 hourly rate to $475.00 in

intellectual property case for partner who was a highly experienced lawyer), report and

recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 6263003 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 23, 2020); Boigris v. EWC

P&T, LLC, No. 19-21148-Civ, 2020 WL 1692013, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 25, 2020) (finding

the appropriate rate at the partner level to be in the $400 range in traditional intellectual

property cases and awarding $475 per hour for partner work), report and recommendation

adopted, 2020 WL 1692080 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 16, 2020).

Mr. Wirth was admitted to the Florida Bar in 2016 and is a Senior Associate at

SRipLaw. I find his hourly rate of $350.00 to be reasonable. See Corson v. Gregory Charles

Interiors, LLC, No. 19-cv-81445, 2020 WL 6323863, at *4 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 7, 2020) (Court

awarded Mr. Wirth a $350.00 hourly rate).

Ms. Nieves and Ms. Nguyen were admitted to the Florida Bar in October 2021 and

November 2020, respectively. Their hourly rates of $325.00 and $350.00 are unreasonably

high. See Beyond Games Ltd. v. Yossi Gallo Galimidi, No. 20-23072-Civ, 2021 WL

4443943, at *7 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 27, 2021), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL

4441407 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 2021) (the market rate for a first-year attorney in South Florida

is $200.00). On this record, I find that a $250.00 hourly rate is reasonable for Layla

Nguyen, Esq. and Angela Nieves, Esq. See id., 2021 WL 4443943, at *6-7 (reducing the

hourly rate for a first-year attorney to $200.00 and finding that a $285.00 hourly rate for

an attorney with three years’ experience is reasonable).

Similarly, the rates for the paralegals at SRipLaw, including Angela Nieves in her

capacity as a paralegal, are unreasonably high. Counsel’s website provides little to no

information regarding each paralegal’s credentials. In similar instances when a party has

not complied with Local Rule 7.3(a)(5) and provides no evidence regarding the paralegals’

qualifications or experience, I have recommended that the Court reduce the paralegals’

rates to $100.00 per hour. See, e.g., Fernau v. Enchante Beauty Prods., Inc., No. 18-CV-

20866, 2021 WL 1520755, at *8 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 11, 2021), report and recommendation

adopted, 2021 WL 1152835 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 26, 2021). Other divisions of this Court have

also found that rate appropriate. See Caplan v. Rehabclinics (PTA) Inc., No. 19-CV-62890,

2020 WL 3977140, at *4 (S.D. Fla. July 13, 2020) (recognizing that reasonable hourly rates

for paralegals in this district typically range from $100-$200 and reducing the paralegals’

rates to $95 per hour). I recommend the same here.

The Court concludes that compensating Plaintiff for the time of legal assistant Tyler

Unfer is unreasonable. Courts cannot award attorneys’ fees for clerical tasks, which are

“normally completed by legal assistants or secretaries, not attorneys.” Martin v. Italian

Cabinetry, Inc., No. 18-CV-24958, 2019 WL 3429919, at *3 (S.D. Fla. June 6, 2019)

(citation omitted). Plaintiff provides no explanation about his tasks, and the billing entries

do not clearly reflect that they are not clerical. I therefore recommend the Court exclude

all hours of work Mr. Unfer performed.

Plaintiff’s counsel billed a total of 295.10, which includes Tyler Unfer’s 36.20

hours. When multiplied by Plaintiff’s requested hourly rates, it totals $86,837.50. (ECF

No. 83-6 at 126). Plaintiff asks the Court to divide that total in half “to account for

attorneys’ fees expended in connection with activities related to non-defaulting

defendants,” and award it, here, $43,418.75. (ECF No. 83-5 at 3-4 ¶ 16).

I agree with Plaintiff that a 50% reduction is appropriate. Plaintiff sued 291

Defendants, and each claim against each Defendant involves common legal and factual

issues. It is understandably difficult to separate time spent on work per Defendant. Plaintiff

settled with about one-third of the total number of Defendants and now seeks a default

judgment against the other two-thirds it did not settle with. It is a reasonable estimate that

Plaintiff’s attorneys spent about half their time working towards settlements, and the other

half litigating against the Defaulting Defendants. Moreover, Plaintiff’s billing records are

voluminous. They span 126 pages and include 7 different timekeepers, with 8 different

hourly rates. An hour-by-hour review is “simply impractical and a waste of judicial

resources”, especially when no Defendant has lodged an objection. Loranger v. Stierheim,

10 F.3d 776, 783 (11th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted).

This table represents (1) the number of hours each timekeeper worked (with Tyler

Unfer’s hours excluded), (2) the hourly rates this Court deems reasonable, and (3) the total

fees per timekeeper, divided in half:

Name Hours Rate Total Total ÷ 2

Joel Rothman, Esq. 16.40 $475.00 $7,790.00 $3,895.00

Craig A. Wirth, Esq. 1.40 $350.00 $490.00 $245.00

Angela Nieves, Esq. 160.20 $250.00 $40,050.00 $20,025.00

Angela Nieves (paralegal) 63.80 $100.00 $6,380.00 $3,190.00

Layla Nguyen, Esq. 6.30 $250.00 $1,575.00 $787.50

Christine James (paralegal) 1.20 $100.00 $120.00 $60.00

Linsey N. Colyer (paralegal) 9.60 $100.00 $960.00 $480.00

Tyler Unfer (legal assistant) 0 N/A $0.00 $0.00

$57,365.00 $28,682.50

I conclude that the Court should award Plaintiff reasonable attorneys’ fees in the

total amount of $28,682.50.

2. Costs

Plaintiff is entitled to recover “the costs of the action.” 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). Plaintiff

asks the Court to award it $402.00 in costs, which represents the fee for filing the

Complaint. (ECF No. 83 at 14); see also (ECF No. 83-6 at 124).

Title 28 U.S.C. § 1920 sets forth what may be taxed as costs. The $402.00 filing fee

is taxable under § 1920 and Plaintiff is entitled to recover it. 28 U.S.C. § 1920(1); Ramos

v. Arba Constr., No. 20-25192-CIV, 2021 WL 4482659, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 25, 2021)

(citation omitted), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 4480169 (S.D. Fla. Sept.

30, 2021). I recommend that Plaintiff recover this cost from the Defaulting Defendants.

3. Allocation

Plaintiff asks the Court to impose the attorneys’ fees and costs awards against

Defendants jointly and severally. (ECF No. 83 at 14-15).

Courts have broad discretion to determine when to apportion fees and “how to

divide liability.” United States v. Patrol Servs., Inc., 202 F. App’x 357, 362 (11th Cir.

2006) (quoting Council for Periodical Distrib. Ass’ns v. Evans, 827 F.2d 1483, 1487-88

(11th Cir. 1987)). “In apportioning attorney’s fees, district courts should try to achieve the

most fair and sensible solution as possible.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Courts may choose from a variety of approaches, to include: “(1) joint and several

liability; (2) apportioning fees in accord with each defendant’s relative degree of

culpability; (3) awarding fees in the same proportions as the jury assessed damages;

(4) apportioning fees based on the amount of time spent by the plaintiff in preparing his

case against each defendant; and (5) apportioning fees by claims or defenses which are

specific to a particular defendant.” Kipu Sys. LLC v. ZenCharts LLC, No. 17-24733-Civ,

2021 WL 1895881, at *8 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 6, 2021) (quotation marks and citation omitted),

report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 4479451, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 30, 2021).

“The default rule is that costs are to be imposed jointly and severally, and the burden is on

the party seeking to avoid that to introduce evidence justifying apportionment and persuade

the court to do that.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Silver Star Health and Rehab, 739

F.3d 579, 586 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation, 221 F.3d 449,

469 (3d Cir. 2000) (noting that the general rule in the Third Circuit is that the district court

may apportion costs as it sees fit)).

As stated, Plaintiff sued 291 Defendants. Approximately one-third of them settled

with Plaintiff, and the other 196 have defaulted. The Court cannot discern whether any one

Defendant is more culpable than another. The claims against each Defendant are the same

and involve common facts. Given the number of Defaulting Defendants, it is unreasonable

to require Plaintiff to collect only a pro rata share of the fees from each Defendant when it

is likely that Plaintiff will collect only a portion of its fees from only some Defendants. See

Moore v. Shands Jacksonville Med. Ctr., Inc., No. 09-cv-298, 2014 WL 12652475, at *7

(M.D. Fla. Apr. 3, 2014) (“Equities favoring joint and several liability include ... the

unfairness of requiring the prevailing party to collect costs from several sources and bear

the risk of non-payment from one or more of them.”) (citation omitted). It is also significant

here that no Defendant has come forth to provide justification for an apportionment of the

amount of fees and costs.

I recommend that the Court impose the attorneys’ fees and costs awards against

Defendants jointly and severally.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, I RESPECTFULLY RECOMMEND that the Court

GRANT Defendant’s Motion (ECF No. 83) and enter default final judgment on all claims

in favor of Plaintiff and against the following Defendants listed in Schedule “A” as: 1, 2,

5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15-16, 18-22, 24, 26-39, 41, 43-47, 49, 51-57, 59-87, 89-92, 94, 99, 102-

103, 104-106, 109, 111, 113, 115-116, 119-122, 126, 129, 130, 133-137, 140, 142-143,

145-148, 151, 153-155, 157, 159, 161-162, 164-166, 169, 171-172, 174, 176-179, 189,

191, 192, 195-196, 198, 199, 204-209, 211, 215-216, 218-220, 223-224, 226-227, 234,

237-249, 251-254, 256-257, 259, 260-272, 275-286 and 288. I FURTHER

RECOMMEND that the Court award Plaintiff statutory damages of $100,000.00 against

each Defaulting Defendant and that the Court award Plaintiff attorneys’ fees that total

$28,682.50, and costs in the amount of $402.00, for a total amount of $29,084.50.9

V. OBJECTIONS

No later than fourteen (14) days from the date of this Report and

Recommendation the parties may file any written objections to this Report and

Recommendation with the Honorable Kathleen M. Williams, who is obligated to make a

9 At the conclusion of its Motion, Plaintiff asks the Court to award “prejudgment interest in the

foregoing amounts”. (ECF No. 83 at 15). Plaintiff provides no actual amount and cites no legal

authority to support its request. Moreover, Plaintiff’s Proposed Final Default Judgment and

Permanent Injunction (ECF No. 83-8) states nothing regarding prejudgment interest. I therefore

recommend that the Court deny this request.

de novo review of only those factual findings and legal conclusions that are the subject of

objections. Only those objected-to factual findings and legal conclusions may be reviewed

on appeal. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 106 S. Ct. 466, 88 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1985),

Henley v. Johnson, 885 F.2d 790, 794 (11th Cir. 1989), 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), 11th Cir. R.

3-1 (2016).

VI. ORDER

During the objection period Plaintiff shall file with the Court a proposed final

default judgment and permanent injunction, that tracks the language of the draft order

Plaintiff filed at ECF No. 83-8, with modifications that reflect the remedies recommended

in this Report and Recommendation.

RECOMMENDED and ORDERED in chambers at Miami, Florida this 7th day of

November 2022.

(7, sm = dy:

CHRIS McALILEY

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

cc: Honorable Kathleen M. Williams

Counsel of record

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