Reed v. ROYAL CARIBBEAN CRUISES, LTD.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 20-CV-24979-RAR

IVY REED and PAUL REED,

Plaintiffs,

v.

ROYAL CARIBBEAN CRUISES LTD.,

d/b/a ROYAL CARIBBEAN INTERNATIONAL,

Defendant.

___________________________________________/

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART

DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

The facts in this case are tragic. What was promoted as an adventure of a lifetime, and an

unforgettable opportunity to have one of New Zealand’s most epic experiences, turned into a

verifiable nightmare when the White Island volcano erupted during a shore excursion taken by

passengers on Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.’s (“RCCL”) ship, Ovation of the Seas (the “Ship”).

The volcanic eruption claimed the lives of 22 people and seriously injured 25 more. Among the

injured are Plaintiffs Ivy and Paul Reed (collectively “the Reeds” or “Plaintiffs”).

Before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint [ECF No. 50]

(“Motion”). Having reviewed the Motion, Plaintiffs’ Response in Opposition [ECF No. 54]

(“Response”), Defendant’s Reply in Support of the Motion [ECF No. 60] (“Reply”), the record,

applicable law, and being otherwise fully advised, it is hereby

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED IN

PART and DENIED IN PART as set forth herein.

BACKGROUND

The parties are familiar with the procedural background of the case which is not particularly

relevant to the instant Motion. Accordingly, the Court begins with the facts contained within

Plaintiffs’ Complaint, which as explained below, must be accepted as true at this stage of the

proceedings.

I. The Incident

On May 28, 2019, after booking the cruise with RCCL, the Reeds purchased tickets from

RCCL for several shore excursions during the cruise. Compl. ¶ 27. One of those excursions was

an outing at the Tauranga port in New Zealand described as a “Journey to sunny Whakatane for a

scenic boat ride along the picturesque Bay of Plenty to White Island for an unforgettable guided

tour of New Zealand’s most active volcano.” Id.

On the morning of the tour, and after docking in Tauranga, the Reeds were handed an

excursion voucher which would permit them to board the tour boat. Id. at ¶ 39. The front side of

the excursion voucher advised that the passengers should wear walking shoes but specified nothing

else regarding specialized clothing or safety equipment that might be needed to hike near the crater

of the volcano. Id. at ¶ 40. There was no warning as to any potential hazards of visiting an active

volcano, any past eruptions or volcanic activity, the elevated volcanic threat level as explained

below, or injuries that might be suffered. Id. There was also no general warning written on the

voucher; only a statement that guests in wheelchairs and others with limited mobility should not

select the volcano tour as a shore excursion. Id.

The Reeds disembarked the Ship at the direction of crew members and boarded a bus to

Whakatane arranged by RCCL. Id. at ¶ 41. After a short bus ride, the Reeds and fellow passengers

from the Ship arrived at Whakatane and the dock of White Island Tours (“WIT”). Id. Once the

Reeds arrived at the dock in Whakatane, they and their fellow passengers were immediately put

aboard a WIT company vessel, the Te Puia Whakaari. Id. at ¶ 42. The Reeds maintain this was

the first indication that the shore excursion would be led by WIT as opposed to RCCL. Id.

After a trip lasting approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes from the dock at Whakatane, the

Te Puia Whakaari arrived at White Island at approximately 1:00 P.M. Id. at ¶ 43. Prior to

disembarking the vessel, the Reeds and their fellow passengers were provided yellow plastic

helmets and instructed by the WIT guides to wear them at all times while on the island, as well as

air filters, which the guides advised several times were for visitors’ comfort if bothered by the

sulfurous smell. Id. This was the only safety information conveyed to the Reeds on the Te Puia

Whakaari. Id. At no time before the vessel reached White Island were the Reeds warned by

RCCL, the tour operator, or anyone else of the elevated volcanic alert level. Nor were they

provided any demonstration on how to use safety equipment while on White Island, given written

safety information, or presented with any written disclosure of the risks of the excursion or any

other documentation. Id. at ¶ 42. Although a refuge had been created on White Island and

designated as a shelter of last resort in the event of an eruption, no one from RCCL or WIT advised

the Reeds of the shelter’s existence. Id. Further, neither RCCL nor WIT ever advised the Reeds

about any rescue plan in the event of an eruption. Id.

The excursion passengers, including the Reeds, were transferred first to an inflatable,

Zodiac dinghy to reach the jetty consisting of ladders to climb onto the rock (visitors donned life

jackets for the transfer, which they returned to WIT once on the island). Id. at ¶ 43. The eruption

occurred around 2:10 P.M., once the group was on the island. Id. at ¶ 46. The resulting emissions

of volcanic gas, rock, and ash heated to between 390° and 730° Fahrenheit, caused the Reeds

immediate fear for their lives; severe, life threatening burns over large portions of their bodies;

permanent and disfiguring scarring; reduced use of their limbs and extremities; immediate,

ongoing, and future needs for medical and psychological treatment; ongoing pain and suffering;

rumination by Ms. Reed on a daily basis about the events surrounding the incident; occasional

terrifying flashbacks for Ms. Reed; and emotional distress. Id. at ¶ 24. The Reeds also allege their

injuries were exacerbated by the fact they received “little if any first aid equipment” and there

appeared to be no medical or first aid trained personnel among the crew of the WIT boat, which

rescued them from the island and transferred them to Whakatane where they received medical

attention. Id. at ¶¶ 55, 56.

On December 11, 2019, two days after the eruption, RCCL informed all its cruise

passengers that future shore excursions to all active volcanoes had been canceled. Id. at ¶ 25.

II. Past Eruption & Warning Signs

Plaintiffs allege that RCCL and its tour operator were aware of a 2016 volcanic eruption at

White Island that spewed ash and debris over the same hiking trails used by cruise passengers

during shore excursions. Id. at ¶ 14. Specifically, in a report on the 2016 eruption, New Zealand’s

earthquake and geological hazard information organization, GeoNet, noted that it had found

“hundreds of ballistics per square meter,” or lava and rocks thrown out by the volcano, “around

the tourist track at Whakaari.” Id. at ¶ 15. Moreover, On November 18, 2019, just a few weeks

prior to the December 9, 2019 eruption, GeoNet raised the volcanic alert level for White Island to

Level 2, indicating that “unrest hazards on the volcano . . . could include eruptions of steam, gas,

mud and rocks[,]” and that “[t]hese eruptions can occur with little or no warning.” Id. at ¶ 16.

RCCL did not warn the Reeds or its other passengers of the elevated threat of a catastrophic

volcanic eruption at White Island. Id. at ¶ 17. Plaintiffs allege that the alert bulletin was widely

disseminated and GeoNet had specifically conveyed this information to RCCL’s White Island

excursion operator. Id. at ¶ 21. Further, Plaintiffs allege that after one passenger on the Ship

became aware of the elevation of the volcanic alert level to Level 2 and requested to back out of

the White Island shore excursion, an RCCL staffer acknowledged that the warning level had been

raised to Level 2. Id. at ¶ 22.

Only six days before the 2019 eruption, in a Volcanic Alert Bulletin issued on December

3, 2019, GeoNet noted that “[m]oderate volcanic unrest continues at Whakaari/White Island, with

substantial gas, steam and mud bursts observed . . . the Volcanic Alert Level stays at Level 2.” Id.

at ¶ 38. The Bulletin noted volcanic activity “regularly throwing mud and debris 20-30 meters

into the air above the vent” of the White Island volcano. Id. The Bulletin provided that

“[o]bservations and data to date suggest that the volcano may be entering a period where eruptive

activity is more likely than normal.” Id.

III. RCCL’s Representations About the Excursion

RCCL marketed discounts available to cruise passengers that booked excursions, including

the excursion at issue here, directly through RCCL. Id. at ¶ 28. Additionally, RCCL recommended

to the Reeds that they not engage in excursions, tours, or activities other than those sold through

RCCL. Id. Plaintiffs allege that RCCL benefited financially from the direct sale of shore

excursions to its passengers, including the White Island shore excursion purchased by the Reeds,

and created incentives for passengers including the Reeds to book the White Island excursion

directly through RCCL. Id. RCCL handled payment arrangements, promoted, and branded the

excursion on brochures and vouchers as an RCCL activity for the Ship’s passengers. Id.

Further, RCCL advertised the White Island excursion on its website, claiming that RCCL

had chosen the providers and characterized them as “our excursions.” Id. at ¶ 31. In additional

promotional material on its website, RCCL classified shore excursions and/or excursion operators

as having been “Certified for Quality.” Id. at ¶ 34. RCCL represented that it “thoroughly reviewed

its tour operators,” including each excursion’s “guide” that “provides proper equipment and

ensures the safety of gear used on excursions.” Id. RCCL’s website promoting the White Island

excursion did not include any warning about its potential hazards. Id. Specifically, RCCL

promoted and marketed the visit to White Island on its website as the “adventure of a lifetime” and

an “unforgettable” opportunity to see one of New Zealand’s “epic” adventures. Id. at ¶ 20.

LEGAL STANDARD

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When

reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a court must accept as true all factual

allegations contained in the complaint, and the plaintiff should receive the benefit of all favorable

inferences that can be drawn from the facts alleged. See Chaparro v. Carnival Corp., 693 F.3d

1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2012); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A court considering a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion is generally limited to the facts contained in the complaint and attached exhibits but may

also consider documents referred to in the complaint that are central to the claim and whose

authenticity is undisputed. See Wilchombe v. TeeVee Toons, Inc., 555 F.3d 949, 959 (11th Cir.

2009). “Dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is not appropriate unless it appears beyond doubt that

the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.”

Magluta v. Samples, 375 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004) (citation and quotation omitted).

ANALYSIS

Defendant moves to dismiss all counts in Plaintiffs’ Complaint. Thus, the Court will

analyze the merits of the Motion as it pertains to each count, in turn. At the outset, the Court notes

that RCCL passengers who were injured in the same volcanic eruption as the one at issue have

brought suit in two related matters in this district: Barham v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., 556

F. Supp. 3d 1318 (S.D. Fla. 2021), appeal dismissed, No. 21-13119-JJ, 2021 WL 6197353 (11th

Cir. Nov. 22, 2021); and Singh v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., No. 20-24987-CIV, 2021 WL

6884873 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 10, 2021). The Court is guided by the wisdom of its colleagues in both

Barham and Singh, and largely reaches the same conclusions on nearly identical claims—aside

from a few factual differences present here.

I. Negligence/Failure to Warn (Count I)

Count I alleges that RCCL was negligent as it failed to advise the Reeds about “potential

dangers beyond the point of debarkation[,]” Compl. ¶ 76, namely the increased potential for

volcanic eruption at the time they toured the island. Id. In their Motion, RCCL claims they had

no duty to warn Plaintiffs because the risk of eruption was open and obvious and RCCL did not

know, nor should it have known, that the volcano would erupt. Mot. at 2. This argument is

unpersuasive under the standard for negligence in maritime actions, which both parties agree

applies in this matter. See Mot. at 2 (quoting Compl. ¶ 74) (“[f]ederal maritime law applies to

actions arising from alleged torts committed aboard a vessel sailing in navigable waters.”).

When analyzing a maritime claim alleging tortious conduct, the Eleventh Circuit has

explained that courts should “rely on general principles of negligence law.” Chaparro v. Carnival

Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1336 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Daigle v. Point Landing, Inc., 616 F.2d 825,

827 (5th Cir. 1980)) (internal quotation omitted). To plead negligence, a plaintiff must allege that

(1) the defendant had a duty to protect the plaintiff from a particular injury; (2) the defendant

breached that duty; (3) the breach actually and proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury; and (4)

the plaintiff suffered actual harm. Id. (citing Zivojinovich v. Barner, 525 F.3d 1059, 1067 (11th

Cir. 2008)).

With respect to duty, “a shipowner owes the duty of exercising reasonable care towards

those lawfully aboard the vessel who are not members of the crew.” Kermarec v. Compagnie

Generale Transatlantique, 358 U.S. 625, 630 (1959) (emphasis added). This standard of

reasonable care “requires, as a prerequisite to imposing liability, that the carrier have had actual or

constructive notice of the risk-creating condition.” Keefe v. Bahama Cruise Line, Inc., 867 F.2d

1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 1989). And while a cruise line operator has a duty to warn its passengers of

dangers, “this obligation extends only to those dangers which are not apparent and obvious to the

passenger.” Isbell v. Carnival Corp., 462 F. Supp. 2d 1232, 1237 (S.D. Fla. 2006).

RCCL lodges its attack solely against the duty elements of Plaintiffs’ failure to warn claim.

Specifically, RCCL alleges (1) it had no duty to warn Plaintiffs of the risk of volcanic eruption

because the dangers were “open and obvious”; (2) Plaintiffs have failed to allege that RCCL knew,

or should have known, about the volcanic eruption; and (3) Defendant had no duty to warn against

the eruption because it was an “Act of God.” Mot. at 2. All three of these arguments are

misplaced.

“Open and obvious conditions are those that should be obvious by the ordinary use of one’s

senses.” Lancaster v. Carnival Corp., 85 F. Supp. 3d 1341, 1344 (S.D. Fla. 2015). This standard

is judged by that of a reasonable person, meaning that it is an objective test rather than a subjective

one. Lugo v. Carnival Corp., 154 F. Supp. 3d 1341, 1346 (S.D. Fla. 2015) (“[The plaintiff’s]

subjective observations are irrelevant in determining whether a duty to warn existed.”). RCCL

focuses on whether the risk of visiting an active volcano is an open and obvious risk when the

correct question is whether the increased risk of visiting a volcano that had just been upgraded to

a higher risk designation, had erupted merely three years prior, and had been subject to a recent

warning from New Zealand’s earthquake and geological hazard information organization, was an

open and obvious risk. In this respect, the case is analogous to Frasca v. NCL (Bahamas), Ltd.

where the Eleventh Circuit held that the question was not whether the risk of a deck being slippery

was open and obvious, but rather whether the risk of it being as “slippery as it actually was,” was

open and obvious. 654 F. App’x 949, 952–53 (11th Cir. 2016). In short, the extent of the risk

must be open and obvious, not just the underlying risk itself. Id. Indeed, this exact argument was

addressed, and disposed of, by the court in Barnham:

While a plethora of federal and state courts have held that naturally

occurring geographic conditions constitute open and obvious

dangers, the Court finds it goes too far to find, as a matter of law,

that it is implausible that a reasonable person would have been

unaware of the danger posed by visiting a recently active volcano

that scored a “2” on New Zealand’s alert system. To put a finer

point on it, the general, abstract risk of a volcano eruption (like

slipping on a wet deck) may be open and obvious, but the extent of

that risk—that the volcano had erupted several times in recent years

and geological warning signs were flashing—may not be.

556 F. Supp. 3d at 1329. Accordingly, this line of argument is foreclosed.

Defendant’s second line of argument, that RCCL did not have notice of the volcanic

eruption and therefore had no duty to warn its passengers of the risk of eruption, also fails. RCCL

claims that even though it “could not have anticipated the subject eruption, it nonetheless warned

Plaintiffs about the possibility.” Mot. at 6. Both statements are untrue, and the latter highlights

the fallacious nature of the former. The so-called warning RCCL points to was merely the event

description, which stated that White Island is an active volcano. Mot. at 4. Further, this reasoning

completely ignores Plaintiffs’ argument “that there is some level of volcanic activity [ ] at which

it is unacceptably risky to allow passengers to visit the volcano without forewarning and that

[RCCL] knew/should have known White Island reached that level.” Barham, 556 F. Supp. 3d at

1329. Once again, as pled, the issue is not that RCCL did not, or could not, have notice that

eruption was sure to occur, but rather that it knew or should have known of the increased risk of

eruption. Thus, Plaintiffs meet their burden of pleading facts that show RCCL knew or should

have known of the 2016 eruption, the recent warning signs, and the upgraded risk level.

Finally, in passing, RCCL mentions that it had no duty to warn Plaintiffs of the eruption

because it was an “Act of God.” Courts have held that a “Herculean effort [is required] to shoulder

the Act of God burden.” See, e.g., Barham, 556 F. Supp. 3d at 1328. That is because “An Act of

God is a loss happening in spite of all human effort and sagacity.” Incardone v. Royal Caribbean

Cruises, Ltd., 16-20924-CIV, 2020 WL 2950684, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 18, 2020) (internal quotation

omitted). Specifically, an Act of God is “any accident, due directly and exclusively to natural

causes without human intervention, which by no amount of foresight, pains, or care, reasonable to

have been expected could have been prevented.” Id. (citing Cenac Towing Co. v. Southport, LLC,

232 F. App’x 929, 932 (11th Cir. 2007)). While a volcanic eruption may be an Act of God in the

sense that no one truly knows when a volcano will erupt, the Reeds argue that their injuries could

have been prevented with proper warning had RCCL communicated the increased risk of visiting

the volcano during the time period in which the eruption occurred. See Resp. at 8–9. The Court

agrees. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have properly pled their general negligence/failure to warn claim

such that Count I survives Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

II. Negligence Based on Apparent Agency (Count II)

Next, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs have not adequately pled their claim based on

vicarious liability for the allegedly negligent actions of WIT. Mot. at 8. Defendant’s argument on

this point is twofold: (1) Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead the negligence claim underlying

their theory of vicarious liability; and (2) WIT is not RCCL’s agent as a matter of law and thus

RCCL cannot be held vicariously liable for WIT’s actions. Id.

Regarding the first point, Plaintiffs’ theory of vicarious liability is premised on the same

arguments underlying their claim for general negligence and failure to warn in Count I. Id. at 12.

Namely, that WIT knew or should have known about the increased risk of volcanic activity and

had a duty to warn Plaintiffs. Id. Given that WIT purportedly had access to all the same

information as RCCL, failed to warn Plaintiffs of the danger of eruption, and did not provide safety

equipment or inform Plaintiffs of an evacuation plan in case of eruption, the Court finds that

Plaintiffs have sufficiently established negligence on the part of WIT.

Defendant also argues that WIT is not RCCL’s agent as a matter of law and thus RCCL

cannot be held vicariously liable for WIT’s actions. Mot. at 10. As in Barham, “Defendant argues

that the Court should look to the explicit language on [RCCL’s] website and the Plaintiffs’ ticket

contract because that language confirms that tour operators are independent contractors for whose

conduct [RCCL] cannot be held responsible on a vicarious liability theory.” 556 F. Supp. 3d at

1329. In general, when considering a motion to dismiss a plaintiff’s complaint, “a court may not

consider anything beyond the face of the complaint and any documents attached thereto.” Aronson

v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 30 F. Supp. 3d 1379, 1397 (S.D. Fla. 2014) (citing Financial Sec.

Assurance, Inc. v. Stephens, Inc., 500 F.3d 1276, 1284 (11th Cir. 2007)). There is an exception to

this rule, under which a document may be considered—provided plaintiff refers to the document

in its complaint, the document is central to plaintiff’s claim, its contents are not in dispute, and the

defendant attaches the document to its motion to dismiss. Id.

While the referenced document appears to meet certain criteria for consideration, courts in

this district have found ticket contracts “not to be central to Plaintiffs’ claims when the claims are

based in tort rather than contract.” Barham, 556 F. Supp. 3d at 1330 (citing Kennedy v. Carnival

Corp., 385 F. Supp. 3d 1302 (S.D. Fla. 2019), report and recommendation adopted, No. 18-20829-

CIV, 2019 WL 2254962 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 21, 2019); Adams v. Carnival Corp., 482 F. Supp. 3d

1256 (S.D. Fla. 2020) (holding website disclaimer that all shore excursions are operated by

independent contractors is insufficient to dismiss an apparent agency claim as a matter of law);

Belik v. Carlson Travel Grp., Inc., 864 F. Supp. 2d 1302 (S.D. Fla. 2011) (holding ticket contract

was not central to plaintiff’s agency claims)) (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the Court will

look only to the facts in Plaintiffs’ Complaint to determine if they have sufficiently pled their

agency claims.

The Eleventh Circuit has “repeatedly observed that apparent agency liability requires

finding three essential elements: first, a representation by the principal to the plaintiff, which,

second, causes the plaintiff reasonably to believe that the alleged agent is authorized to act for the

principal’s benefit, and which, third, induces the plaintiff’s detrimental, justifiable reliance upon

the appearance of agency.” Franza v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 772 F.3d 1225, 1252 (11th

Cir. 2014). Plaintiffs have set forth sufficient allegations to satisfy these elements. With respect

to the shore excursion in question, RCCL handled all payment arrangements, promoted

and branded the excursion on brochures and vouchers as an RCCL activity for the Ship’s

passengers, and organized transportation for the Ship’s passengers to White Island. Compl. ¶ 20.

Further, the voucher for the White Island shore excursion did not identify WIT as the tour operator

but did prominently contain RCCL graphics and logos. Id. Finally, RCCL recommended that the

Reeds not engage in excursions, tours, or activities other than those sold through RCCL, referring

to them as “our excursions.” Id. at ¶¶ 28, 31.

The appearance of agency is clearly present with respect to the shore excursion such that a

reasonable person would believe that WIT was authorized to act for RCCL’s benefit. Indeed,

courts in this district have held as such under nearly identical circumstances. See Doria v. Royal

Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 393 F. Supp. 3d 1141 (S.D. Fla. 2019) (citing examples of evidence of

apparent agency including: “(1) Royal Caribbean making all ‘arrangements for the subject

excursion without effectively disclosing that the subject excursion was being run by another

entity;’ (2) marketing ‘the subject excursion using its company logo;’ (3) recommending that

passengers ‘not engage in excursions . . . not sold through’ Royal Caribbean; (4) maintaining a

‘shore excursion desk’ where it sold and provided information for excursions; (5) collecting

[plaintiff’s] fee; and (6) issuing [plaintiff] a receipt for his fee.”); see also Adams, 482 F. Supp. 3d

at 1270 (holding cruise line referring to an excursion as “‘our’ excursion and recommending to

[p]laintiff to not engage in excursions not sold through [the cruise line]” was sufficient to establish

apparent agency). Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ claim for negligence based on apparent agency does

not warrant dismissal.

III. Negligent Misrepresentation (Count III)

With respect to Count III, Defendant claims that Plaintiffs’ negligent misrepresentation

claim must be dismissed as Plaintiffs’ complaint “is devoid of facts supporting allegations that the

representations RCCL made were in any way false.” Mot. at 11. To prevail on a negligent

misrepresentation claim, Plaintiffs must plausibly allege (1) misrepresentation of a material fact;

(2) that the representor made the misrepresentation without knowledge as to its truth or falsity or

under circumstances in which he ought to have known of its falsity; (3) that the representor

intended that the misrepresentation induce another to act on it; and (4) that injury resulted to the

party acting in justifiable reliance on the misrepresentation. Serra-Cruz v. Carnival Corp., 400 F.

Supp. 3d 1364 (S.D. Fla. 2019), appeal dismissed, No. 19-13725-DD, 2019 WL 7167484 (11th

Cir. Nov. 25, 2019).

Here, Plaintiffs contend that RCCL “fail[ed] to disclose certain negative information

including its serious and life-threatening potential risks and hazards” and “never qualified its

representations by noting any risk of serious and disfiguring injuries from such an excursion.”

Compl. ¶¶ 103-107. As noted in Barham, it is well-established that general promises cannot be

relied on as misrepresentations. 556 F. Supp. 3d at 1326 (explaining that “‘[a] general promise

that the trip will be ‘safe and reliable’ does not constitute a guarantee that no harm will befall

plaintiff.’”) (quoting Isbell, 462 F. Supp. 2d at 1237); see also Sanlu v. Royal Caribbean Cruises,

Ltd., No. 19-20773, 2019 WL 8895223, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 15, 2019) (collecting cases). But

here, as in Barham, “there was a specific reason that Defendant shouldn’t have made these

promises. Namely, it was empirically demonstrable that a volcanic eruption was more likely than

usual.” Id. The Court agrees. Plaintiffs have properly alleged that the representations made by

RCCL omit significant information regarding the risk of eruption such that they can be considered

materially misleading. Further, in Singh, the Court explained that “[s]tating only that the activity

level is ‘strenuous’ arguably suggests that passengers should consider only their physical fitness

and medical history, rather than the risk that the volcano could erupt and cause injuries and even

death.” 2021 WL 6884873 at *17. Accordingly, because the Court must read the Complaint in

the light most favorable to Plaintiffs at the motion to dismiss stage, Plaintiffs’ negligent

misrepresentation claim survives Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

IV. Negligent Selection of Tour Operator (Count IV)

In addition to general negligence, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence through

agency, Plaintiffs allege that RCCL was negligent due to their selection of WIT as a tour operator.

Specifically, Plaintiffs aver that RCCL represented it “reviewed its tour operators, including each

excursion’s guide that provides proper equipment and ensures the safety of gear used on

excursions.” Compl. ¶ 116. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss argues that (1) Plaintiffs’ Complaint

fails to allege sufficient facts regarding the inquiry RCCL made concerning WIT prior to

contracting with ID Tours, who subcontracted the operation of the subject excursion to WIT; and

(2) the Complaint lacks factual allegations indicating that WIT was unfit or incompetent. Mot. at

12. As explained below, the allegations in Plaintiffs’ Complaint overcome these assertions.

To state a claim for negligent hiring or retention against a principal, a plaintiff must prove

that (1) the agent/employee/contractor was incompetent or unfit to perform the work; (2) the

employer knew or reasonably should have known of the particular incompetence or unfitness; and

(3) the incompetence or unfitness was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury. Flaherty v. Royal

Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 172 F. Supp. 3d 1348, 1351 (S.D. Fla. 2016). Plaintiffs allege that WIT’s

incompetence is evidenced by WIT’s failure to determine or accurately communicate the risk of

eruption, provide proper safety equipment, and provide first aid supplies or personnel trained in

first aid which could have mitigated Plaintiffs’ injuries. Mot. at 19–20. These allegations meet

the pleading requirements regarding the first and third elements for negligent hiring or retention.

With respect to the second element, Defendant is correct that there is little in the Complaint

regarding RCCL’s specific inquiry into its tour operator. However, Plaintiffs assert that RCCL

represented it “thoroughly reviewed its tour operators[.]” Compl. ¶ 34. As a thorough evaluation

of a volcano tour operator would necessarily include reviewing what safety measures they had in

place in the event of volcanic eruption—and the Reeds highlight the lack of safety measures taken

by WIT—the Court finds Plaintiffs’ allegations sufficient. See Barham, 556 F. Supp. 3d at 1327–

28 (citing Heyden v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., No. 12-21923-CIV, 2013 WL 773477, at *4 (S.D.

Fla. Feb. 28, 2013) (“And while Heyden alleges no specific facts that would indicate Celebrity’s

failure to conduct an adequate pre-selection investigation into the tour operator’s background and

conduct, it is conceivable that the alleged pattern of misbehavior could have begun prior to

Celebrity’s selection of this particular contractor.”)). And while the court in Singh dismissed

plaintiffs’ negligent selection and retention claims without prejudice, this is because the court

found the allegations were “wholly conclusory, resting on purely naked assertions devoid of

further factual enhancement.” 2021 WL 6884873, at *10. As explained above, that is not the case

here. Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that a thorough investigation by RCCL would have

invariably revealed the unfitness and incompetence of WIT. Accordingly, Count IV survives

Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

V. Loss of Consortium (Counts V & VI)

Finally, Defendant alleges, and Plaintiffs concede, that claims for loss of consortium are

not recognizable under maritime law. See, e.g., Petersen v. NCL (Bah.) Ltd., 748 F. App’x 246,

251 (11th Cir. 2018). Plaintiffs indicate that “they elect not to pursue a remedy for loss of

consortium and will amend their Complaint at the appropriate time to remove Counts V and VI.”

Resp. at 22. Given that Plaintiffs have not amended their Complaint as of the entry of this Order,

Counts V and VI must be dismissed with prejudice.

CONCLUSION

As explained herein, the allegations contained in Plaintiffs’ Complaint are sufficient to

plausibly support their claims under Counts I-IV. However, Counts V and VI warrant dismissal

as loss of consortium claims are not recognizable in maritime actions. Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 50] is

GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. Counts V and VI are DISMISSED with

prejudice.'

DONE AND ORDERED in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, this 1st day of August, 2022.

RODOLFO A. RUIZ I

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

' As the parties concede that claims for loss of consortium are not recognizable under maritime law, no

amendment will be able to remedy this deficiency in Plaintiffs’ Complaint and dismissal with prejudice of

Counts V and VI is warranted as a matter of law. See Dragash v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n, 700 F. App’x

939, 946 (11th Cir. 2017) (“While leave to amend ordinarily should be freely given, a district court need

not grant... leave to amend where amendment would be futile.”).

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