Ferenchak v. Zormati

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 21-cv-22401-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

BROOKE A. FERENCHAK,

Plaintiff,

v.

SAM ALEXANDRE ZORMATI,

Defendant.

____________________________/

ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS

THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Defendant Sam Alexandre Zormati’s

(“Defendant”) Motion to Dismiss and Incorporated Memorandum of Law, ECF No. [10]

(“Motion”). Plaintiff Brooke A. Ferenchak (“Plaintiff”) filed a Response in Opposition, ECF No.

[21] (“Response”), to which Defendant filed a Reply, ECF No. [25] (“Reply”). The Court has

carefully reviewed the Motion, the record in this case, the applicable law, and is otherwise fully

advised. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is granted.

I. BACKGROUND

On December 3, 2020, Plaintiff initiated her action against Defendant in the Eleventh

Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, Florida. See ECF No. [1-1]. The Complaint asserts

four counts against Defendant: breach of contract (“Count I”); breach of fiduciary duty (“Count

II”); unjust enrichment (“Count III”); and fraud in the inducement (“Count IV”). See id. On July

1, 2021, Defendant timely removed the case to federal court pursuant to the Court’s diversity

jurisdiction. See ECF No. [1].

According to the Complaint, Plaintiff is an attorney practicing law in Miami. ECF No. [1-

1] ¶ 3. Defendant is a French national doing business in Miami. Id. ¶ 4. On or about March 6, 2017,

Plaintiff entered into an agreement with Defendant for Plaintiff to provide legal and business

consulting services for Defendant’s business ventures in consideration for a two percent interest

in a project financing corporation (“Agreement”). See id. ¶¶ 5, 7. Between May 2014 and July

2020, Plaintiff provided legal and business consulting services to Defendant and fully performed

her obligations pursuant to the Agreement. See id. ¶¶ 5, 12. Defendant, however, failed to pay the

full amount of Plaintiff’s invoices, which gave rise to the lawsuit. See id. ¶ 14.

On August 9, 2021, Defendant filed his Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint. ECF No.

[10]. Defendant contends that the Complaint should be dismissed because (1) the Court lacks

personal jurisdiction over Defendant; (2) service of process was improper; (3) the doctrine of

forum non conveniens mandates dismissal; and (4) Counts II and IV fail to state a claim for which

relief can be granted. See generally id. Plaintiff responds that the Complaint should not be

dismissed because (1) the Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant; (2) service of process

was proper; (3) the doctrine of forum non conveniens does not mandate dismissal; and (4) Counts

II and IV state a claim for which relief can be granted. See generally ECF No. [21].

I. LEGAL STANDARD

A pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader

is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Although a complaint “does not need detailed factual

allegations,” it must provide “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the

elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127

S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929, (2007); see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937,

173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (explaining that Rule 8(a)(2)’s pleading standard “demands more than an

unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”). Additionally, a complaint may not

rest on “‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129

S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955). “Factual allegations must be

enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct.

1955. If the facts satisfy the elements of the claims asserted, a defendant’s motion to dismiss must

be denied. Id. at 556.

“A plaintiff seeking to establish personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant ‘bears

the initial burden of alleging in the complaint sufficient facts to make out a prima facie case

of jurisdiction.’” Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A. v. Mosseri, 736 F.3d 1339, 1350 (11th Cir.

2013) (quoting United Techs. Corp. v. Mazer, 556 F.3d 1260, 1274 (11th Cir. 2009)). “Once the

plaintiff pleads sufficient material facts to form a basis for in personam jurisdiction, the burden

shifts to the defendant to challenge plaintiff’s allegations by affidavits or other

pleadings.” Carmouche v. Carnival Corp., 36 F. Supp. 3d 1335, 1388 (S.D. Fla. 2014), aff’d sub

nom. Carmouche v. Tamborlee Mgmt., Inc., 789 F.3d 1201 (11th Cir. 2015). A defendant

challenging personal jurisdiction must present evidence to counter the plaintiff’s allegations.

Internet Sols. Corp. v. Marshall, 557 F.3d 1293, 1295 (11th Cir. 2009).

“Where . . . the Defendant submits affidavit(s) to the contrary, the burden traditionally

shifts back to the plaintiff to produce evidence supporting jurisdiction.” Meier ex rel. Meier v. Sun

Int’l Hotels, Ltd., 288 F.3d 1264, 1269 (11th Cir. 2002); see also Internet Sols. Corp., 557 F.3d at

1295; Cable/Home Commc’n Corp. v. Network Prods., Inc., 902 F.2d 829, 855 (11th Cir. 1990).

If the defendant makes a sufficient showing of the inapplicability of the long-arm statute, “the

plaintiff is required to substantiate the jurisdictional allegations in the complaint by affidavits or

other competent proof, and not merely reiterate the factual allegations in the complaint.” Polskie

Linie Oceaniczne v. Seasafe Transp. A/S, 795 F.2d 968, 972 (11th Cir. 1986). Conclusory

statements, “although presented in the form of factual declarations, are in substance legal

conclusions that do not trigger a duty for Plaintiffs to respond with evidence of their own

supporting jurisdiction.” Posner v. Essex Ins. Co., 178 F.3d 1209, 1215 (11th Cir. 1999).

In addressing whether personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant exists, “[t]he

district court must accept the facts alleged in the complaint as true, to the extent they are

uncontroverted by the defendant’s affidavits.” Madara v. Hall, 916 F.2d 1510, 1514 (11th Cir.

1990) (citing Morris v. SSE, Inc., 843 F.2d 489, 492 (11th Cir. 1988)). Moreover, “where the

plaintiff’s complaint and the defendant’s affidavits conflict, the district court must construe all

reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Id.

Furthermore, a court must conduct a two-part inquiry when deciding the issue of personal

jurisdiction. Sculptchair, Inc. v. Century Arts, Ltd., 94 F.3d 623 (11th Cir. 1996). First, the court

must determine whether the applicable state statute governing personal jurisdiction is

satisfied. Sculptchair, 94 F.3d at 626. Florida’s long-arm statute recognizes two kinds of personal

jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant: general jurisdiction and specific jurisdiction. See Fla.

Stat. §§ 48.193(1)–(2); see also easyGroup Ltd. v. Skyscanner, Inc., No. 20-20062-CIV, 2020 WL

5500695, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 11, 2020). The Eleventh Circuit has held that the reach of Florida’s

long-arm statute is a question of state law, and that federal courts must adhere to the statutory

constructions offered by the Florida Supreme Court and Florida’s District Courts of Appeal. See

Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A., 736 F.3d at 1352. If the requirements of the long-arm statute are

satisfied, under either general jurisdiction or specific jurisdiction, then the court must also consider

the federal Due Process Clause. Future Tech. Today, Inc. v. OSF Healthcare Sys., 218 F.3d 1247,

1250-51 (11th Cir. 2000).

The court’s analysis of the Due Process Clause depends on three factors: (1) defendant’s

purposeful availment of the forum state; (2) the cause of action arising out of the activities of which

the defendant purposefully availed himself; and (3) reasonable foreseeability of the defendant

being haled into court in the forum state. See id. (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475). In addition,

the court must determine whether exercising jurisdiction will comport with traditional notions of

fair play and substantial justice, meaning the court must balance: “(a) the burden on the defendant;

(b) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; (c) the plaintiff’s interest in obtaining

convenient and effective relief; (d) the interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the most

efficient resolution of controversies; and (e) the shared interest of the several states in furthering

fundamental substantial social policies.” Id. at 1251 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 466).

II. DISCUSSION

A. Waiver

As an initial matter, the Court addresses Plaintiff’s argument that Defendant waived any

challenge to personal jurisdiction when he removed the case to federal court. ECF No. [21] at 3-4.

Plaintiff’s argument is based on Lapides v. Board of Regents of University System of Georgia, 535

U.S. 613, 619 (2002). In Lapides, the defendant, the Georgia state university system, removed a

case in state court to federal court. See id. at 616. Upon removal, the defendant claimed Eleventh

Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. See id. The Supreme Court found that the

defendant waived its right to claim immunity when the defendant removed the case to federal court

because the defendant invoked the “Judicial power of the United States.” See id. at 619. Plaintiff’s

contention is that, similar to the defendant in Lapides, Defendant sought the “Judicial power of the

United States” when he removed the case, and that he cannot challenge the same power that he

invoked. ECF No. [21] at 4.

The Court is not persuaded. The Supreme Court and several Courts of Appeals, including

the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, have established that defendants who remove cases to

federal court do not waive their challenge to personal jurisdiction. See, e.g., Reynolds v. Behrman

Capital IV L.P., 988 F.3d 1314, 1323 (11th Cir. 2021) (noting that defendants who remove cases

do not waive their right to challenge personal jurisdiction) (citing Freeman v. Bee Machine Co.

Inc., 319 U.S. 448, 449-51 (1943)); Danziger & De Llano, LLP v. Morgan Verkamp LLC, 948

F.3d 124, 131-132 (3d Cir. 2020) (“Our sister circuits have long held that ‘[r]emoval, in itself,

does not constitute a waiver of any right to object to lack of personal jurisdiction. . . . We now

adopt this rule.”) (internal citations omitted); Nationwide Eng’g & Control Sys., Inc. v.

Thomas, 837 F.2d 345, 347-48 (8th Cir. 1988) (“Removal, in and of itself, does not constitute a

waiver of any right to object to lack of personal jurisdiction. . . .”). Furthermore, as Defendant

rightly argues, Lapides is distinguishable because the Supreme Court was not considering a

challenge to personal jurisdiction but a state’s right to claim sovereign immunity under the

Eleventh Amendment. See 535 U.S. at 619; ECF No. [25] at 6, n.1. A state’s waiver of Eleventh

Amendment immunity is materially different from an individual’s waiver of personal jurisdiction.1

Accordingly, Defendant did not waive his challenge to personal jurisdiction by removing the case

to federal court.

B. Prima Facie Case for Personal Jurisdiction

Before the Court looks to the pleadings and affidavits on the issue of personal jurisdiction,

the Court must address whether Plaintiff has made a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction in

its Complaint and attached exhibits. See Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A., 736 F.3d at 1350 (“A

1 Plaintiff also cites Beckham v. National R.R. Passenger Corp., 569 F. Supp. 2d 542, 554 (D. Md. 2008).

ECF No. [21] at 4. However, Beckham similarly involved a state entity’s invocation of Eleventh

Amendment immunity after a transfer of venue. See 569 F. Supp. 2d at 554. Therefore, Beckham is also

inapposite to the instant Motion.

plaintiff seeking to establish personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant ‘bears the initial

burden of alleging in the complaint sufficient facts to make out a prima facie case

of jurisdiction.’”) (quoting United Techs. Corp., 556 F.3d at 1274).

Defendant argues that the Complaint fails to set forth the necessary allegations to make a

prima facie case for the Court’s personal jurisdiction over Defendant. ECF No. [10] at 11.

However, as Plaintiff correctly argues, the Complaint alleges that Defendant is a French citizen

doing business in Miami-Dade County, Florida. ECF No. [1-1] ¶ 4; see also ECF No. [21] at 5.

The Complaint alleges that the Agreement was entered into in Miami-Dade County, Florida. ECF

No. [1-1] ¶ 15.2 The Complaint alleges that Defendant’s omissions that gave rise to the lawsuit

occurred in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Id. The face of the Agreement, included in the

Complaint as an exhibit, provides a Miami Beach address. ECF No. [21-1] at 16.3 Based on the

allegations, it appears that the Parties entered into a contractual relationship centered in Miami.

Therefore, after reviewing the factual allegations in the Complaint and the supporting exhibit, and

construing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, the Court determines that Plaintiff has set

forth a prima facie claim for specific personal jurisdiction over Defendant for an alleged breach of

contract centered in Miami.

Because Plaintiff made a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction, the Court now

considers Defendant’s pleadings and affidavits that challenge Plaintiff’s contention that the Court

has personal jurisdiction. See Carmouche, 36 F. Supp. 3d at 1388 (“Once the plaintiff pleads

sufficient material facts to form a basis for in personam jurisdiction, the burden shifts to the

2 As the Court notes below, this allegation is later contradicted by Plaintiff’s own exhibit. ECF No. [21-2]

at 11.

3 The exhibits in the Complaint were not included when Defendant removed the case to federal court. As

such, Plaintiff filed the Complaint along with the exhibits in its Response. ECF No. [21-1]. The exhibit to

the Response, therefore, is a part of the Complaint and subject to the Court’s review in determining whether

Plaintiff made a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction.

defendant to challenge plaintiff’s allegations by affidavits or other pleadings.”). The Eleventh

Circuit has established that a defendant challenging personal jurisdiction must present evidence to

counter the plaintiff’s allegations. Internet Sols. Corp., 557 F.3d at 1295. “Where . . . the

Defendant submits affidavit(s) to the contrary, the burden traditionally shifts back to the plaintiff

to produce evidence supporting jurisdiction.” Meier ex rel. Meier, 288 F.3d at 1269; see

also Internet Sols. Corp., 557 F.3d at 1295; Cable/Home Commc’n Corp., 902 F.2d at 855.

Defendant challenges both general and specific personal jurisdiction under Florida’s long-

arm statute. See Fla. Stat. §§ 48.193(1)–(2) (setting forth two types of personal jurisdiction); see

also easyGroup Ltd., 2020 WL 5500695, at *6. As such, the Court addresses each type of personal

jurisdiction in turn.

C. General Jurisdiction

General jurisdiction arises from a nonresident defendant’s contacts with the forum state

that are unrelated to the cause of action being litigated. See Consol. Dev. Corp. v. Sherritt, Inc.,

216 F.3d 1286, 1292 (11th Cir. 2000). Under Florida’s long-arm statute, courts may exercise

general personal jurisdiction over any defendant “who is engaged in substantial and not isolated

activity within this state, whether such activity is wholly interstate, intrastate, or otherwise, is

subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state, whether or not the claim arises from that

activity.” Fla. Stat. § 48.193(2). Furthermore, the Eleventh Circuit has determined that the reach

of general jurisdiction under Fla. Stat. § 48.193(2) “extends to the limits on personal jurisdiction

imposed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Carmouche, 789 F.3d at 1204

(quoting Fraser v. Smith, 594 F.3d 842, 846 (11th Cir. 2010)). As such, for the purposes of

determining general jurisdiction, the general jurisdiction analysis and the Due Process analysis are

one and the same, and the Court only needs to determine whether the exercise of general

jurisdiction over Defendant would exceed constitutional bounds. See id.; easyGroup Ltd., 2020

WL 5500695, at *14.

Plaintiff argues that the Court has general jurisdiction over Defendant because Defendant

ran multiple businesses from Florida, used the same Florida address for each business, and utilized

the services of a Florida attorney to create the appearance of being an American. ECF No. [21] at

8. Plaintiff argues that such activities in Florida were substantial and not isolated, giving rise to

this Court’s general personal jurisdiction over Defendant. Plaintiff relies on Caicedo v. Food for

Life Experience, Inc., No. 1:13–cv–00258–GRJ, 2014 WL 2991090, at *7 (N.D. Fla. Jul. 2, 2014),

in which the court listed examples of continuous and systemic contact that could establish general

jurisdiction “such as owning property, running a business, or maintaining a bank account.” ECF

No. [21] at 8.

The Court is not persuaded for several reasons. First, as Defendant rightly argues, the

Supreme Court has determined that “for an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of

general jurisdiction is the individual’s domicile.” Daimler AG v. Bauman et al., 571 U.S. 117, 137

(2014) (citations omitted); ECF No. [25] at 7. “Beyond [being domiciled in the forum], the

Supreme Court has provided two other instances in which the exercise of general jurisdiction over

an individual is proper: where the individual consents to the forum’s jurisdiction, and where the

individual is present within the forum when served with process.” McCullough v. Royal Caribbean

Cruises, Ltd., 268 F. Supp. 3d 1336, 1350 (S.D. Fla. 2017) (alteration added; citations omitted). It

is well-established, therefore, that for individuals, general jurisdiction is limited to the individual’s

domicile. See, e.g., easyGroup Ltd., 2020 WL 5500695, at *14 (concluding that the court did not

have general personal jurisdiction over an individual defendant because he was a citizen and

resident of Colombia who was not served in and did not consent to jurisdiction in Florida); Argos

Glob. Partner Servs., LLC v. Ciuchini, 446 F. Supp. 3d 1073, 1086 (S.D. Fla. 2020) (concluding

general personal jurisdiction over the defendant was lacking because he was a citizen of Brazil and

Italy, was a resident of France, and was neither served in nor consented to jurisdiction in

Florida); Mar. Exec., LLC v. Larson Elecs., LLC, No. 17-cv-60323, 2018 WL 2938376, at *3 (S.D.

Fla. Jun. 11, 2018) (finding no general jurisdiction where the defendant was “a resident of Texas,

[and] [ ] was not served in and did not consent to jurisdiction in Florida.” (alterations added));

Dohler S.A., 2017 WL 4621098, at *4 (stating general jurisdiction was improper because the

defendants were “both residents of North Carolina, [and] were not served in and did not consent

to jurisdiction in Florida.” (alteration added)).

Here, it is undisputed that Defendant does not reside in Florida. Defendant’s affidavit states

that Defendant has been residing in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, since 2017. ECF No. [10-1] ¶ 2.

Plaintiff describes her efforts to serve process in Dubai, not Florida. ECF No. [21] at 12-13.

According to Plaintiff’s exhibit, by the time Plaintiff first met Defendant in 2014, Defendant was

not living in Miami. ECF No. [21-2] at 2. Plaintiff’s exhibit only details how Defendant “had

lived” in Miami. Id. Plaintiff’s exhibit includes Miami eviction notices, but the notices date back

to 2005 and 2006, well before the relevant events took place. ECF No. [21-2] at 29. As such, the

eviction notices do not establish Defendant’s domicile in Florida. Similarly, Defendant’s

businesses that share an address in Miami do not establish Defendant’s domicile in Florida. See

id. at 34-42. The address establishes the business entities’ place of business, but not Defendant’s

domicile. In sum, Plaintiff has failed to allege that Defendant is domiciled in Florida. See generally

ECF No. [21].

Furthermore, Plaintiff’s reliance on Caicedo is unpersuasive as the facts in Caicedo

involved a corporate defendant, rather than an individual defendant. Considering the weight of

legal precedent limiting general jurisdiction for individuals to their domicile, the examples of

continuous and systemic contacts listed in Caicedo that could establish general jurisdiction, such

as owning property, running a business, or maintaining a bank account, should be interpreted to

apply to corporations, not individuals. 2014 WL 2991090, at *7. If Plaintiff’s claims in this case

were against Defendant’s businesses rather than the Defendant individually, then whether

Defendant’s business entities owned property, conducted business operations, or maintained a

bank account in Florida may have arguably conferred general jurisdiction over Defendant’s

corporations.4 However, because Plaintiff’s claims are against Defendant individually, Caicedo is

inapposite.

Finally, Defendant did not consent to the Court’s jurisdiction, and Defendant was not

present in Florida when he was served with process. See ECF No. [10] at 12. As such, considering

how courts have interpreted Fla. Stat. § 48.193(2) and have addressed Due Process considerations

for individuals, the Court determines that it does not have general jurisdiction over Defendant.

D. Specific Jurisdiction

The Court now addresses Plaintiff’s argument that the Court has specific jurisdiction over

Defendant. “[S]pecific personal jurisdiction authorizes jurisdiction over causes of action arising

from or related to the defendant’s actions within Florida and concerns a nonresident defendant’s

contacts with Florida only as those contacts related to the plaintiff’s cause of action.” Louis Vuitton

Malletier, S.A., 736 F.3d at 1352 (citing Oldfield, 558 F.3d at 1220 n.27). Florida’s long-

4 Even then, it should be noted that the Supreme Court stated in Daimler, which was decided in the same

year as Caicedo, that “for a corporation, [the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction] is an

equivalent place [to an individual’s domicile], one in which the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.”

571 U.S. at 137. As such, owning property, running a business, or maintaining a bank account may not

always suffice to create general jurisdiction over a corporate defendant.

arm statute, Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1), states in relevant part that the courts have specific personal

jurisdiction over defendants for any cause of action arising from any of the following acts:

1. Operating, conducting, engaging in, or carrying on a business or business

venture in this state or having an office or agency in this state.

2. Committing a tortious act within this state.

. . .

7. Breaching a contract in this state by failing to perform acts required by the

contract to be performed in this state.

Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1). Unlike general jurisdiction, upon finding the basis for specific jurisdiction,

the Court must conduct a “completely different analysis” of federal Due Process considerations.

Future Tech. Today, Inc., 218 F.3d at 1250–51. As stated above, the Court must consider: (1)

Defendant’s purposeful availment of the forum state; (2) the cause of action arising out of the

activities of which Defendant purposefully availed himself; and (3) reasonable foreseeability of

Defendant being haled into court in the forum state. Id. (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475).

Furthermore, the Court must determine whether exercising jurisdiction will comport with

traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Id. at 1251 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at

466).

The Court first considers Plaintiff’s argument that the Court has specific jurisdiction

pursuant to Fla. Stat. §§ 48.193(1)(A)(2), 48.193(1)(A)(7), which provide specific jurisdiction

when a defendant commits a tortious act within the state and when a defendant breaches a contract

by failing to perform acts required by the contract to be performed in the state. ECF No. [21] at 8.

Plaintiff’s argument rests on the contention that by refusing to make payments to Plaintiff’s Florida

bank account, Defendant committed a tortious act in Florida and failed to perform acts required by

the Agreement to be performed in Florida. See id. at 9. Defendant argues that the situs of Plaintiff’s

bank account in Florida does not confer specific jurisdiction. ECF No. [25] at 9.

Plaintiff’s argument is unavailing for several reasons. First, as Defendant correctly argues,

courts have consistently determined that the place of payment does not confer specific jurisdiction

under Florida’s long-arm statute. See Venetian Salami Co. v. Parthenais, 554 So. 2d 499, 503 (Fla.

1989) (holding that the mere failure to pay money in Florida, standing alone, would not suffice to

obtain jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant); Omega IM Grp., LLC v. Louidar, LLC, No. 17-

22141-CIV, 2018 WL 1069446, at *13 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 16, 2018), report and recommendation

adopted, No. 17-22141-CIV, 2018 WL 1875835 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 6, 2018); LaVoie v. Artists Rts.

Enf’t Corp., No. 2:20-CV-756-JLB-NPM, 2021 WL 1688848, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 29, 2021),

appeal dismissed, No. 21-11731-CC, 2021 WL 3556769 (11th Cir. Jul. 29, 2021); Herman v.

Sunset Com. Bank, 481 So. 2d 98, 98 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986). In Herman, for instance, the court held

that the defendant’s failure to make a payment in Florida and consequent breach of contract did

not create specific jurisdiction over the defendant. 481 So. 2d at 98. Consistent with the previous

cases, the Court determines that Defendant’s alleged failure to make payments to Plaintiff’s bank

account in Florida does not confer specific jurisdiction over Defendant.

Second, Plaintiff relies on Int’l Univ. of Health Sciences Ltd., Inc. v. Abeles, 299 So. 3d

405, 409 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020), to argue that the Court has specific jurisdiction based on the lack

of payment. ECF No. [21] at 10. However, in Int’l Univ. of Health Sciences Ltd., Inc., the parties

negotiated the contract at issue in Florida, the contract implicated the defendant’s operational

activity in Florida, and the plaintiff’s performance occurred primarily in Florida. 299 So. 3d at

409. The court concluded that it had specific jurisdiction because the contractual issues pertained

to Florida. See id. In the instant case, the Agreement was made in Tunisia, not Florida. ECF No.

[21-2] at 11. According to Plaintiff’s exhibit, Plaintiff, Plaintiff’s husband, and Defendant

negotiated and eventually signed the Agreement in Defendant’s office in Tunisia. See id. Because

Plaintiff’s husband cannot travel to the United States after being removed for illegally entering the

country, the negotiation necessarily could not have taken place in Florida. See Brahim v. Holder,

No. 13-23275-CIV-COHN, 2014 WL 2918598, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Jun. 26, 2014). In addition, the

Agreement did not concern Defendant’s operational activity in Florida, but in Guinea and Chad.

ECF No. [1-1] ¶ 6. Plaintiff’s performance did not primarily occur in Florida since she only made

her “permanent return to the United States in 2018[,]” well after Plaintiff began providing services

for Defendant in 2014. ECF No. [21-2] at 12. Plaintiff also concedes that “no meetings took place

in Florida.” See id. at 11. As such, Int’l Univ. of Health Sciences Ltd., Inc. is distinguishable, and

Defendant’s alleged failure to pay Plaintiff’s bank account in Florida, by itself, does not confer

specific jurisdiction.

The Court also notes that Plaintiff’s action in moving to Florida, after negotiating and

signing the Agreement in Tunisia, was the only reason Defendant had any contact with Florida

pertaining to the tortious act and breach of contract claims. As Plaintiff represents, Defendant may

have had previous contacts with Florida, such as a child from a past marriage living in Miami, a

U.S. passport, and a Florida driver’s license, see ECF No. [21] at 5-6, but none of these past

contacts pertain to Plaintiff’s causes of action.5 The Supreme Court has stated, “the plaintiff cannot

be the only link between the defendant and the forum.” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285 (2014).

In this case, Plaintiff caused Defendant’s contact with Florida that gave rise to Plaintiff’s causes

of action. As such, the Court does not have specific jurisdiction under Fla. Stat. §§ 48.193(1)(A)(2)

5 The Court notes that an active Florida driver’s license would be relevant to the Court’s analysis of general

jurisdiction. However, Plaintiff provides no record evidence of an active Florida driver’s license. In her

Response, Plaintiff refers to Exhibit B page 2 for further evidence of a Florida driver’s license. ECF No.

[21] at 6. However, Exhibit B page 2, which can be found in ECF No. [21-2] at 20, does not contain any

references to Defendant’s alleged Florida driver’s license. Furthermore, based on undisputed facts about

Defendant’s lengthy residence outside of Florida, the Court concludes that even if Defendant had a Florida

driver’s license, it is no longer active and therefore not relevant to the Court’s analysis of general

jurisdiction.

and 48.193(1)(A)(7). Because the Court concludes that none of Defendant’s pertinent contacts

confer specific jurisdiction under Fla. Stat. §§ 48.193(1)(A)(2) and 48.193(1)(A)(7), the Court

forgoes the Due Process analysis.

The Court next considers whether there are any grounds for specific jurisdiction under Fla.

Stat. § 48.193(1)(A)(1), which provides specific jurisdiction when a defendant operates, conducts,

engages in, or carries on a business or business venture in Florida and the business or business

venture gives rise to the cause of action.6 As noted above, Defendant has several corporations in

Florida, which did not confer general jurisdiction over Defendant because Defendant’s domicile

was not Florida. See ECF No. [21] at 6. However, the Court recognizes the possibility that such

businesses could confer specific jurisdiction over Defendant under Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(A)(1).

For the purposes of specific jurisdiction, it is immaterial that Defendant does not reside in Florida

as long as he availed himself to the forum by choosing to run businesses in Florida.

Plaintiff discusses ten business entities: (1) Miami Capital Holding Corp.; (2) K-Energie

SA; (3) CCP, Inc.; (4) Mobile Power Systems; (5) PW Power Systems, Inc.; (6) Tel2Kash, Inc.;

(7) GLOBCARD, Inc.; (8) Globe Kash USA, Inc.; (9) SoEnergy International, Inc.; and (10) Tactic

Homes. See ECF Nos. [21-1] ¶ 57, at 28-46, 50; [21-2] at 2, 6, 27, 34-42; [21-4] at 3. However,

the Court notes that, according to Plaintiff’s exhibits, Miami Capital Holding Corp. is located in

Dominica, see ECF No. [21-1] at 28-46; K-Energie SA is located in Guinea, see ECF No. [21-4]

at 3; CCP, Inc. is located in Dominica, see ECF No. [21-1] at 50; Mobile Power Systems is located

in Dubai, see ECF No. [21-1] ¶ 57; and PW Power Systems, Inc. is a Delaware corporation, see

6 It should be noted that Plaintiff does not argue that the Court has specific jurisdiction under this clause of

Florida’s long-arm statute. ECF No. [21] at 8. Nonetheless, to be thorough, the Court considers the final

plausible avenue for the Court’s specific jurisdiction.

ECF No. [21-4] at 3. The first five entities, therefore, do not confer specific personal jurisdiction.7

Next, Tel2Kash, Inc., GLOBCARD, Inc., Globe Kash USA, Inc. have addresses in Florida. ECF

No. [21-2] at 34, 36, 41. However, Plaintiff’s exhibits indicate that the three businesses were

dissolved well before the incidents that gave rise to the Complaint. See id. As such, the businesses

did not give rise to Plaintiff’s causes of action. The remaining businesses are SoEnergy and Tactic

Homes. By all indications, both businesses are still operational. See ECF No. [21-2] at 2, 6.

However, the Complaint does not mention SoEnergy or Tactic Homes, and they are not the

businesses that gave rise to Plaintiff’s causes of action. See generally ECF No. [1-1]. As such,

none of the businesses confer specific jurisdiction over Defendant.

Plaintiff also argues that Defendant sought her services so that he could be viewed as an

“American” for the purposes of soliciting lucrative business contracts. ECF No. [21] at 8. Plaintiff

argues that seeking her services – that is, the services of a Florida attorney – should be considered

grounds for personal jurisdiction.8 See id. However, Defendant contends and Plaintiff does not

dispute that Defendant sought Plaintiff’s services in Tunisia, not Florida. See ECF No. [10] at 8;

see generally ECF No. [21]; see also ECF No. [21-2] at 13. Plaintiff provided legal services while

residing in Tunisia, albeit under the umbrella of a Florida law firm. ECF No. [21-2] at 13. Plaintiff

does not dispute that the services Plaintiff provided did not entail Florida law. See generally ECF

No. [21]; see also ECF No. [10] at 7. As such, the Court cannot interpret Fla. Stat.

§ 48.193(1)(A)(1) (“operating, conducting, engaging in, or carrying on a business or business

7 Plaintiff indicates that the Court should consider the fact that Miami Capital Holding Corporation contains

the word “Miami” in its name. See ECF Nos. [21] at 11; [21-2] at 11-12. The Court does not consider the

name of a corporation to be material to its analysis.

8 Plaintiff argues that seeking the services of a Florida attorney is grounds for general jurisdiction. See ECF

No. [21] at 8. As stated above, however, general jurisdiction hinges on Defendant’s domicile. To be

thorough, the Court considers whether seeking the services of a Florida attorney could be grounds for

specific jurisdiction.

venture in this state or having an office or agency in this state”) to encompass Defendant’s conduct

in seeking the services of Florida attorney outside the state of Florida, on matters pertaining to

business activities outside the state of Florida, that do not require an application of Florida law.

The Court finds De Metra Hontzas v. Kaufman, Rossin & Co., 513 So. 2d 745, 746 (Fla. 3d DCA

1987) to be instructive. In De Metra Hontzas, the court held that it did not have personal

jurisdiction over nonresidents who sought services of a Florida accounting firm on matters outside

the state of Florida. See id. The Court arrives at the same conclusion in this case involving a

nonresident Defendant who sought the services of a Florida lawyer on matters outside the state of

Florida. Because there are no grounds for specific jurisdiction under Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(A)(1),

the Court once again foregoes the Due Process analysis.

Lastly, the Court notes that Defendant’s other contacts with Florida are irrelevant to the

Court’s analysis of specific jurisdiction as they do not implicate Florida’s long-arm statute. See

Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(A). As indicated above, Plaintiff notes that Defendant has a child from a past

marriage living in Miami, that Defendant has a U.S. passport, and that Defendant has a Florida

driver’s license. See ECF No. [21] at 5-6. Such allegations do not confer specific jurisdiction

because they do not implicate any clause in Florida’s long-arm statute regarding specific

jurisdiction nor do they give rise to Plaintiff’s cause of action.9 See Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(A).

Given that the Court finds that there are no grounds for personal jurisdiction, the Court is

powerless to continue. See United Techs. Corp., 556 F.3d at 1274 (holding that “[a] court without

personal jurisdiction is powerless to take further action”). Therefore, the Court declines

consideration of Defendant’s other grounds for dismissal.

9 As indicated above, these other contacts do not establish general jurisdiction since general jurisdiction

depends on an individual’s domicile. It is undisputed that Defendant is not domiciled in Florida. See ECF

Nos. [10-1] ¶ 2; [21] at 12-13.

Case No. 21-cv-22401-BLOOM/Otazo-Reyes

Il. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED as follows:

1. Defendant’s Motion, ECF No. [10], is GRANTED.

2. Defendant’s Motion to Stay Discovery, ECF No. [17], is DENIED AS MOOT.

3. Plaintiff's Complaint is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

4. To the extent not otherwise disposed of, any other pending motions are DENIED

AS MOOT and all deadlines are TERMINATED.

5. The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE the above-styled case.

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, on November 15, 2021.

BETH BLOOM

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies to:

Counsel of Record

18