Holley v. Carnival Corporation

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 20-cv-20495-BLOOM/Louis

ANTOINETTE HOLLEY (GAUNTLETT),

Plaintiff,

v.

CARNIVAL CORPORATION,

Defendant.

________________________________/

ORDER ON OMNIBUS MOTION IN LIMINE

THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Defendant Carnival Corporation’s (“Defendant”)

Omnibus Motion in Limine, ECF No. [39] (“Motion”), filed on August 20, 2021. Plaintiff

Antoinette Holley (Gauntlett) (“Plaintiff”) filed her Response and Objections to the Motion, ECF

No. [50] (“Response”), to which Defendant filed a Reply, ECF No. [56] (“Reply”). The Court has

carefully reviewed the Motion, all opposing and supporting submissions, the record in this case,

the applicable law, and is otherwise fully advised. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is

granted in part and denied in part.

I. BACKGROUND

The Court assumes the parties’ familiarity with the facts of this case.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

“In fairness to the parties and their ability to put on their case, a court should exclude

evidence in limine only when it is clearly inadmissible on all potential grounds.” United States v.

Gonzalez, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1341, 1345 (S.D. Fla. 2010). “The movant has the burden of

demonstrating that the evidence is inadmissible on any relevant ground.” Id. “Unless evidence

meets this high standard, evidentiary rulings should be deferred until trial so that questions of

foundation, relevancy, and potential prejudice may be resolved in proper context.” In re Seroquel

Prods. Liab. Litig., Nos. 6:06-md-1769-Orl-22DAB, 6:07-cv-15733-Orl-22DAB, 2009 WL

260989, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 4, 2009). Likewise, “[i]n light of the preliminary or preemptive

nature of motions in limine, ‘any party may seek reconsideration at trial in light of the evidence

actually presented and shall make contemporaneous objections when evidence is elicited.’” Holder

v. Anderson, No. 3:16-CV-1307-J-39JBT, 2018 WL 4956757, at *1 (M.D. Fla. May 30, 2018)

(quoting Miller ex rel. Miller v. Ford Motor Co., No. 2:01CV545FTM-29DNF, 2004 WL

4054843, at *1 (M.D. Fla. July 22, 2004)); In re Seroquel Prod. Liab. Litig., 2009 WL 260989, at

*1 (“The court will entertain objections on individual proffers as they arise at trial, even though

the proffer falls within the scope of a denied motion in limine.” (citing United States v. Connelly,

874 F.2d 412, 416 (7th Cir. 1989))).

Evidence is admissible if relevant, and evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to prove

or disprove a fact of consequence. Fed. R. Evid. 401, 402; Advisory Comm. Notes, Fed. R. Evid.

401 (“The standard of probability under the rule is ‘more probable than it would be without the

evidence.’”); United States v. Patrick, 513 F. App’x 882, 886 (11th Cir. 2013). A district court

may exclude relevant evidence under Rule 403 if “its probative value is substantially outweighed

by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting

of time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. “Rule 403 is an

extraordinary remedy which the district court should invoke sparingly, and the balance should be

struck in favor of admissibility.” Patrick, 513 F. App’x at 886 (citing United States v. Lopez, 649

F.3d 1222, 1247 (11th Cir. 2011); United States v. Alfaro-Moncada, 607 F.3d 720, 734 (11th Cir.

2010)). Rule 403’s “major function . . . is limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative

probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect.” United States v.

Grant, 256 F.3d 1146, 1155 (11th Cir. 2001). The movant has the burden to demonstrate that the

evidence is inadmissible. Gonzalez, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 1345.

III. DISCUSSION

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff from introducing the following categories of evidence

at the upcoming trial:

(a) Testimony that goes beyond Plaintiff’s answers given in her discovery responses or at

her deposition;

(b) Expert testimony by Plaintiff’s treating physicians;

(c) Plaintiff’s medical records;

(d) Plaintiff’s reference to hearsay medical testimony;

(e) Evidence that qualifies as inadmissible hearsay;

(f) Evidence as to the need and cost of future medical care;

(g) Evidence regarding loss of earnings and ability to earn money as a result of the subject

incident;

(h) Introduction of medical expenses as evidence of damages as to the amount that Plaintiff

actually paid and to exclude as evidence any other amounts billed;

(i) Speculating that the alleged water on the floor in Emile’s Restaurant was from rain or

children dripping water form the outside pool;

(j) Referencing jury verdicts or settlements in unrelated cases;

(k) Referencing immaterial matters and events;

(l) Comments by counsel concerning personal knowledge or justness of cause;

(m) Urging the jury to “send a message” or “teach a lesson” to Defendant;

(n) Using inflammatory language as evidence; and

(o) Referencing unrelated media reports and/or matters wholly unrelated to this case

involving other maritime accidents or incidents.

In her Response, Plaintiff does not oppose the categories of evidence addressed in (e), (g),

(j), (k)-(o). As such, Defendant’s Motion is granted with respect to (e), (g), (j), (k)-(o). The Court

now considers Defendant’s requests to exclude the remaining categories of evidence.

i. Testimony that goes beyond Plaintiff’s answers given in her discovery responses

or at her deposition

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff from testifying about any injuries, facts, or damages

beyond what has been furnished throughout the discovery process. ECF No. [39] at 2. Plaintiff

objects on the basis “that this motion assumes that Defendant has asked all the right questions”

and “that the Plaintiff’s life is stagnant and [does not] change.” ECF No. [50] at 2.

“Motions in limine should be limited to specific pieces of evidence and not serve as

reinforcement regarding the various rules governing trial, or (re)-addressing substantive motions

such as motions for summary judgment.” Holder, 2018 WL 4956757, at *1 (citing Royal Indem.

Co. v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., No. 07-80172-CIV-COOKE, 2008 WL 2323900, at *1 (S.D. Fla.

June 5, 2008). Further, a district court may deny a motion in limine when it “lacks the necessary

specificity with respect to the evidence to be excluded.” Bowden ex rel. Bowden v. Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc., No. CIV. A. 99-D-880-E, 2001 WL 617521, at *1 (M.D. Ala. Feb. 20, 2001) (quoting

Nat’l Union v. L.E. Myers Co. Grp., 937 F. Supp. 276, 287 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)).

The Court concludes that this motion in limine is overbroad in that it “lacks the necessary

specificity with respect to the evidence to be excluded.” Id. Additionally, the Court will not exclude

any allegedly improper testimony that was not disclosed in the abstract. Thus, until the purportedly

offensive testimony is known with more specificity, this motion must be denied. See Thompkins

v. Lil' Joe Recs., Inc., No. 02-61161CIV, 2003 WL 25719229, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 3, 2003).

Lastly, to the extent that Plaintiff is requesting that the Court enforce the rules governing trial, this

request is not properly the subject of a motion in limine. See Holder, 2018 WL 4956757, at *1.

Thus, the Motion is denied as to this matter.

ii. Expert testimony by Plaintiff’s treating physicians

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff’s treating physicians from testifying regarding

“causation of Plaintiff’s damages and other inappropriate opinions” on the basis that it amounts to

expert testimony. ECF No. [39] at 3. Plaintiff objects, arguing that “[i]t is well settled that treating

physicians are non-hired experts who can testify within their treatment, prognosis and diagnoses.”

ECF No. [50] at 2.

“When a treating physician testifies regarding opinions ‘formed and based upon

observations made during the course of treatment,’ the treating physician need not produce a Rule

26(a)(2)(B) report.” In re Denture Cream Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 09-2051-MD, 2012 WL

5199597, at *4 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 22, 2012) (citation omitted). Likewise, “because a treating physician

considers not only the plaintiff’s diagnosis and prognosis, opinions as to the cause of injuries do

not require a written report if based on the examination and treatment of the patient.” Levine v.

Wyeth, Inc., No. 8:09-cv-854-T-33AEP, 2010 WL 2612579, at *1 (M.D. Fla. June 25, 2010).

“Treating physicians commonly consider the cause of any medical condition presented in a patient,

the diagnosis, the prognosis, and the extent of disability, if any, caused by the condition or injury.”

Id.; see also McGuire v. Davis, 437 F.2d 570, 572-73 (5th Cir. 1971) (finding objection to doctor’s

testimony as to causation without merit because “a physician who has examined an injured party

may describe what he has seen and give his expert inferences therefrom”);1 Jones v. Royal

Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., No. 12-20322-CIV, 2013 WL 8695361, at *5 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 4, 2013).

1 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981), the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh

Circuit adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit issued prior

to October 1, 1981.

On the other hand, “[w]here a doctor’s opinion extends beyond the facts disclosed during care and

treatment of the patient and the doctor is specially retained to develop opinion testimony, he or she

is subject to the provisions of Rule 26(a)(2)(B).” Levine, 2010 WL 2612579, at *1 (citing Brown

v. Best Foods, 169 F.R.D. 385, 388 (N.D. Ala. 1996)).

Plaintiff’s treating physicians are permitted to discuss the treatment and care provided to

Plaintiff, as well as any future medical intervention, so long as they testify about their observations

based on their personal knowledge and treatment of Plaintiff. Because Defendant does not clearly

specify which opinions it seeks to preclude, the Court will address the testimony of Plaintiff’s

treating physicians at trial. Thus, the Motion is denied as to this matter.

iii. Plaintiff’s medical records

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff from introducing her medical records as evidence

because “Plaintiff has offered no foundation for her admission under an exception to the rule

against hearsay, and Plaintiff has also failed to authenticate the documents or provide [Defendant]

a notice of intent to rely on the documents as self-authenticating” under Rule 902(11). ECF No.

[39] at 4; see Fed. R. Evid. 902(11) (“Before the trial or hearing, the proponent must give an

adverse party reasonable written notice of the intent to offer the [business] record—and must make

the record and certification available for inspection—so that the party has a fair opportunity to

challenge them.”). Plaintiff objects on the basis that Defendant has a copy of Plaintiff’s medical

records, Plaintiff’s medical records fall with an exception to the rule against hearsay, and Plaintiff

can authenticate her own medical records. ECF No. [50] at 3.

Upon review, the Court finds no basis to exclude Plaintiff’s medical records. Indeed,

despite Defendant’s representation that it “has been prevented from having a fair opportunity to

challenge [the records],” ECF No. [56] at 4, Defendant does not dispute that it received a copy of

Plaintiff’s medical records during the course of discovery. See generally ECF Nos. [39] and [56].

To the extent Defendant contends that Plaintiff has failed to timely authenticate these records under

Rule 902(11), Plaintiff is not precluded from laying a proper foundation for the admissibility of

her medical records at trial. Additionally, to the extent Defendant seeks to preclude the use of the

medical records as inadmissible hearsay, the records may fall within various exceptions to the rule.

See, e.g., Fed. R. Evid. 803(4) (“Statement Made for Medical Diagnosis or Treatment”); see also

Fed. R. Evid. 803(6) (“Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity”). Thus, the Motion is denied

as to this matter.

iv. Plaintiff’s reference to hearsay medical testimony

Defendant “seeks to preclude reference to hearsay medical testimony asserted by Plaintiff

to prove injury or illness.” ECF No. [39] at 6. As Plaintiff correctly highlights, Defendant has

failed to identify any hearsay statements it believes are inadmissible. ECF No. [50] at 3. To be

appropriate, motions in limine should address specific pieces of evidence that are inadmissible on

any relevant ground. See Gonzalez, 718 F. Supp. 2d at 1345. Importantly, such motions should not

be used as an attempt to ensure that the rules of court will be enforced at trial. See Holder, 2018

WL 4956757, at *1. Thus, Defendant’s Motion is denied as to this matter.

v. Evidence as to the need and cost of future medical care

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff from introducing evidence as to the need and cost of

future medical care because “she has no future medical treatment planned at present and no

medical professional has opined that future medical care is needed.” ECF No. [39] at 7. Plaintiff,

however, represents that she will call as an expert, Dr. Anthony Albert, who will opine as to future

medical care, treatment and costs, and who was also properly disclosed and deposed in this action.

ECF No. [50] at 4. Based upon Plaintiff’s representations, to which Defendant failed to address in

its Reply, the Court finds no basis to exclude Dr. Albert from testifying as to future medical care

and cost. The exact boundaries of Dr. Albert’s testimony should be addressed with specific

objections to specific testimony in the context of trial. Thus, the Motion is denied as to this matter.

vi. Introduction of medical expenses as evidence of damages as to the amount that

Plaintiff actually paid and to exclude as evidence any other amounts billed

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff from introducing the full amount of her medical

expenses billed as a result of the subject incident. According to Defendant, “it is improper to

introduce medical bills which represent the total amount billed rather than the amount that was

actually accepted as payment in full satisfaction of the bills.” ECF No. [39] at 9. Plaintiff maintains

that Defendant’s precise argument was rejected by the Eleventh Circuit in Higgs v. Costa Crociere

S.P.A. Co., 969 F.3d 1295 (11th Cir. 2020). ECF No. [50].

In Higgs, the Eleventh Circuit addressed “how to calculate past medical expense damages

in a maritime tort action where, as has become common, there is a dramatic disparity between the

amount a healthcare provider bills a plaintiff for treatment and the amount her insurer actually

pays the provider in satisfaction.” Id. at 1308. Higgs addressed the appropriate calculation for past

medical expense damages, in light of the significant deviation between the amounts paid versus

amounts billed that have become common in modern healthcare, and held “that the appropriate

measure of medical damages is a reasonable value determined by the jury upon consideration of

all relevant evidence. Both the amount billed by healthcare providers and the amount paid by

insurers are admissible as relevant to the question of fixing reasonable value.” Id.

Critically, in applying the collateral source rule to permit the introduction of evidence on

the amount paid, the Eleventh Circuit rejected any bright-line cap to the calculation of medical

damages based on the amount paid, and concluded instead that the jury should be presented with

all relevant evidence in determining the reasonable value of the medical services received. Id. at

1314-16. Specifically, the Higgs Court emphasized:

The resolution of this question turns on the construction of a principle of tort law

known as the collateral source rule. The collateral source rule is both a substantive

principle of damages and an evidentiary rule. In its substantive role, the collateral

source rule provides that a plaintiff is entitled to recover the full value of the

damages caused by a tortfeasor, without offset for any amounts received in

compensation for the injury from a third party (like an insurance company or a

family member). See Bourque v. Diamond M. Drilling Co., 623 F.2d 351, 354 (5th

Cir. 1980); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 920A(2) (“Payments made to or

benefits conferred on the injured party from other sources are not credited against

the tortfeasor’s liability, although they cover all or a part of the harm for which the

tortfeasor is liable.”). In its evidentiary role, the collateral source rule bars the

admission of evidence of payments made by third parties. Bourque, 623 F.2d at 354

(“[T]he rule prohibits the introduction of evidence offered to show that [a plaintiff]

already has been compensated for his injuries.”).

The collateral source rule is thus an exception to the basic tort principle that

damages are designed to make the plaintiff whole—the rule allows a plaintiff to

recover damages for a harm for which she has already been compensated. In fact,

it makes her more than whole. 25 C.J.S. Damages § 189 (“The collateral-source

rule is an exception to the general rule of damages preventing a double recovery by

an injured party, or in other words, it is an exception to the general rule that in a

tort action, the measure of damages is that that will compensate and make the

plaintiff whole.”). But the law conceptualizes the collateral source payment as

necessarily a windfall—after all, a party other than the victim or the alleged

tortfeasor has voluntarily chosen to bear the costs of the victim’s injury—that is

better awarded to the plaintiff than the tortfeasor. See Sweep v. Lear Jet Corp., 412

F.2d 457, 459 (5th Cir. 1969) (summarizing justifications for the collateral source

rule). Moreover, the rule is understood to avoid discouraging plaintiffs from

prudently paying for insurance by limiting their recoveries, and it deters negligence

by punishing tortfeasors for the full amount of their wrongdoing. Id.

It is also well established that the collateral source rule—both in its substantive and

evidentiary roles—applies to maritime tort cases. See Bourque, 623 F.2d at 352,

354. Its proper application to contemporary medical expenses is a vexing question,

however. See McConnell v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 995 F. Supp. 2d 1164, 1169 (D.

Nev. 2014) (“As controversial as the collateral source rule is, whether the rule

should apply to ‘write-downs’ is even more so.”). It is uncontested that as a

substantive, general matter, the collateral source rule applies to the calculation of

Higgs’s medical damages. That is, Higgs is entitled to recover medical damages

over and above the amount she paid out of pocket, even though those costs were

settled by her insurer. Both parties agree—as they must—that Higgs is entitled to

recover some amount for which United Healthcare was solely responsible. Thus, in

some real way, she is going to receive a windfall. The question before us is how

much, and how that figure should be calculated.

Id. at 1310-11 (footnote omitted).

Additionally, while this method of computation necessarily contemplated introducing to

the jury evidence of discounts or write offs made by third parties, it did not otherwise alter the

basic principles that underlie the collateral source doctrine. See id. at 1316 (“In this way, admitting

evidence of the paid amount—which could have been paid by the plaintiff (indeed, part of it was),

the insurer, or anyone else—does not violate the letter or the spirit of the collateral source rule. It

is simply a figure, described as the total actual amount of payment, that provides a benchmark for

the jury’s consideration of the reasonable value of a provider’s medical services.”). Ultimately, the

“guiding principle is that plaintiffs are entitled to recover the reasonable value of treatment for

injuries they have sustained, regardless of whether their medical expenses have been paid and by

whom.” Id. at 1311.

To the extent that the Defendant reads Higgs in a manner that would permit a tortfeasor to

set off payments made by third parties in order to reduce its own liability amount, that reading is

clearly contrary to Higgs’ holding and to the collateral source rule. As the Eleventh Circuit

emphasized, “[i]n its substantive role, the collateral source rule provides that a plaintiff is entitled

to recover the full value of the damages caused by a tortfeasor, without offset for any amounts

received in compensation for the injury from a third party (like an insurance company or a family

member).” Id. at 1310 (emphasis added). Furthermore, the jury’s entitlement to consider evidence

of a healthcare write-off in determining the reasonable value of a plaintiff’s medical damages has

no impact on a tortfeasor’s ability to reduce its liability by amounts paid from collateral sources.

“In other words, because the amount billed does not create a debt in any meaningful sense, the

write-off is not a reduction of debt in any meaningful sense[.]” Id. at 1315. Thus, the Motion is

granted in part as to this matter.

Case No. 20-cv-20495-BLOOM/Louis

vii. Speculating that the alleged water on the floor in Emile’s Restaurant was from

rain or children dripping water from the outside pool

Defendant seeks to preclude Plaintiff from introducing evidence that: (1) “Carnival

crewmembers failed to warn guests that the alleged area in the Emile’s Restaurant may be wet

and/or slippery after it was raining outside;” and (2) “wet children coming from the pool were

running into the area dripping wet with water[.]” ECF No. [39] at 11. In sum, Defendant is

requesting that the Court preclude Plaintiff from introducing any evidence as to her theory of notice

in this case. The Court declines the invitation. To the extent Defendant claims that Plaintiffs

evidence of notice is speculative, the Court already rejected Defendant’s contention in its Order

denying Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. See ECF No. [59]. Thus, the Motion is

denied as to this matter.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s Motion, ECF No.

[39], is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART consistent with this Order.

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, on November 15, 2021.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies to:

Counsel of Record

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Case No. 20-cv-20495-BLOOM/Louis

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