The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
ORLANDO DIVISION
MARISSA GIANNERINI,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No: 6:22-cv-2075-RBD-LHP
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL
UNIVERSITY, INC.,
Defendant
ORDER
This cause came on for consideration without oral argument on the following
motions filed herein:
MOTION: DEFENDANT EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL
UNIVERSITY, INC.’S TIME-SENSITIVE MOTION
FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER REGARDING
DEPOSITION OF ITS IN-HOUSE COUNSEL (Doc.
No. 85)
FILED: January 10, 2024
THEREON it is ORDERED that the motion is DENIED.
MOTION: MOTION TO SEAL PURSUANT TO PROTECTIVE
ORDER GOVERNING DISCOVERY (Doc. No. 86)
FILED: January 16, 2024
THEREON it is ORDERED that the motion is DENIED as moot.
I. MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER.
Defendant moves for a protective order preventing the deposition of its Vice
President and General Counsel, Charlie Sevastos (“Sevastos”), which deposition
Plaintiff has noticed for January 25, 2024. Doc. Nos. 85, 85-1. Plaintiff opposes.
Doc. No. 87. Upon review, the motion for protective order will be denied.
First, Defendant’s argument that Sevastos’s deposition should be precluded
under the apex doctrine, assuming the doctrine applies, is unpersuasive.1 As the
1 As explained by another Court in this District:
[T]he apex doctrine “operates to protect high-level officers from depositions
unless they possess ‘unique or superior knowledge of discoverable
information.’” While there is no per se rule prohibiting depositions of high-
level officers, “courts frequently restrict efforts to depose senior executives
where the party seeking the deposition can obtain the same information
through a less intrusive means, or where the party has not established that
the executive has some unique knowledge pertinent to the issues in the case.”
Simon v. Pronational Ins. Co., No. 07-60757, 2007 WL 4893478, at *1 (S.D. Fla.
Dec. 13, 2007) (quoting Cardenas v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 2003 WL
21293757 at *1 (D. Minn. May 16, 2003)). “[W]hen a high-ranking official of a
corporation does not have any direct knowledge of the facts, it is
inappropriate to compel his deposition without first deposing lesser-ranking
employees who have more direct knowledge of the facts at issue.” Little
League Baseball, Inc. v. Kaplan, No. 08-60554-CIV, 2009 WL 426277, at *2 (S.D.
Fla. Feb. 20, 2009) (quoting Stelor Prods., Inc. v. Google, Inc., No. 05-80387, 2008
WL 4218107, at *4 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 15, 2008)).
Howard v. Coonrod, No. 6:21-cv-62-PGB-EJK, 2022 WL 20668007, at *2 (M.D. Fla. July 13,
record reflects, and the Court has previously found, Sevastos was directly involved
in the investigation into Plaintiff that is at issue in this case. See Doc. Nos. 64, 76.
Indeed, Sevastos’s own declaration documents same. See Doc. No. 85-2 ¶¶ 4–8
(stating participation in 2019 investigation, receipt of threats to sue by student
parents, communications with Plaintiff during the investigation, emails from
parents, presence at interview with Plaintiff, and interviews with student athletes).
Thus, this is not a case where Plaintiff is seeking to depose “a high-ranking official
of a corporation [who] does not have any direct knowledge of the facts” at issue.
See Little League Baseball, Inc. v. Kaplan, No. 08-60554-CIV, 2009 WL 426277, at *2 (S.D.
Fla. Feb. 20, 2009).
Moreover, a self-serving and conclusory assertion that Sevastos’s knowledge
regarding the investigation is not “unique,” particularly in the absence of any legal
authority in support, does not change this result, and indeed Sevastos’s statement
that he does not have unique knowledge appears to be contradicted by the
remainder of his declaration. See Doc. No. 85-2 ¶¶ 4–9. Cf. Jernigan v. Scholastic,
Inc., No. 6:17-cv-2039-Orl-37KRS, 2018 WL 11323497, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 17, 2018)
(rejecting apex doctrine argument regarding deposition of president of company
who was admittedly involved in high-level approval of the plaintiff’s commissions
2022) (record citations omitted).
that were at issue in the case, even though the defendant disputed the extent of his
involvement and extent of his knowledge); Hickey v. N. Broward Hosp. Dist., No. 14-
CV-60542-BLOOM, 2014 WL 7495780, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 17, 2014) (permitting apex
deposition of CEO and president in Title VII case where there was indication that
the CEO could have unique, firsthand, personal knowledge about the plaintiff’s
termination and the decision not to reinstate the plaintiff’s employment, despite the
CEO’s declaration that he had no involvement in the decision to terminate the
plaintiff’s employment); Gencor Indus., Inc. v. Contractors Heaven.com, Inc., No. 6:11-
cv-653-Orl-18KRS, 2012 WL 13102511, at *1–2 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 25, 2012) (denying
protective order on apex doctrine grounds where the former chairman and CEO
averred that he had no personal knowledge of the facts alleged in the complaint,
where the record reflected his involvement in day-to-day operation of the business
and that he had knowledge of the history of the trademarks at issue, rejecting
argument that the deposition was simply an attempt to harass where there was no
evidence in support). Accordingly, the Court rejects Defendant’s argument that
the apex doctrine precludes Sevastos’s deposition in this case.
Second, Defendant argues that Sevastos’s deposition would be unreasonably
cumulative/duplicative and that any information obtained from Sevastos could be
more easily obtained from a different source. Doc. No. 85, at 2. But Defendant
fails to explain how Sevastos’s testimony would be duplicative/cumulative, and
cites no authority for the bald proposition that merely because there were multiple
persons involved in the investigation the highest-ranking employee involved
should not be deposed. See id.2 And to the extent Defendant argues that Plaintiff
is required to depose the other persons involved in the investigation/termination
of Plaintiff’s employment first, Defendant again cites no legal authority on point.
See id.3 And in any event, “[b]ecause discovery closes on [February 2, 2024],
scheduling the deposition of [Sevastos] cannot be delayed until all other depositions
are completed.” See Jernigan, 2018 WL 11323497, at *1.
Finally, insofar as Defendant argues that information sought from Sevastos
may be subject to the work-product or attorney-client privilege, Defendant fails to
demonstrate why such objections would not properly be asserted at deposition.
Cf. Evanston Ins. Co. v. Republic Props., Inc., No. 6:16-cv-1649-Orl-40GJK, 2018 WL
2 Defendant cites Cossio v. Fountainebleau Florida Hotel, LLC., No. 07-21671-CIV, 2009
WL 10699423 (S.D. Fla. June 10, 2009), but that case involved an untimely request for
deposition for use at trial, for which the Court required a showing of “compelling good
cause,” and which request the court found insufficiently supported and duplicative.
Likewise, Continuum on South Beach Condominium v. QBE Insurance Corp., 338 F.R.D. 668,
670 (S.D. Fla. 2021) involved the issuance of 32 subpoenas that the court found overbroad
and irrelevant to the plaintiff’s claim or the defendant’s defenses, and the court noted that
the defendant could more easily obtain the information sought from the plaintiff.
3 Defendant relies on Skytruck Co., LLC v. Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., No. 2:-09-cv-267-
FtM-99SPC, 2011 WL 13141023, at *2 (M.D. Fla. May 11, 2011), and Asberry v. School Board
of Pasco County, Florida, No. 8:18-cv-02222-T-35SPF, 2019 WL 12383128, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Aug.
20, 2019). However, in both of those cases there was a finding that the high-level officials
had no personal knowledge of the issues in the case, unlike here.
11350656, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 30, 2018) (denying motion for protective order related
to deposition and noting that objections that questions pertain to issues outside of
the scope of discovery may be raised during the deposition); see also F.D.I.C. v.
Brudnicki, No. 5:12-CV-00398-RS-GRJ, 2013 WL 5814494, at *4 (N.D. Fla. Oct. 29,
2013) (“[W]ithout the benefit of specific questions and objections the Court cannot
determine before the deposition has been conducted whether answers to the
questions would require the disclosure of work-product or possibly attorney-client
privileged information.”). However, if Defendant asserts privilege objections at
the deposition, Defendant must fully comply with the Standing Order Regarding
Privilege Logs. See In Re: Procedure for Assertion of Privilege, No: 6:19-mc-32-Orl-
LRH, Doc. No. 1 (M.D. Fla. June 17, 2019), available at
https://www.flmd.uscourts.gov/standing-order-judge-hoffman-price-regarding-
privilege-logs.
II. MOTION TO SEAL.
Plaintiff, in response to Defendant’s motion for protective order, asked to file
under seal items marked by Defendant as confidential during discovery. Doc. No.
86. Given that the Court has now resolved the motion for protective order without
consideration of the documents at issue, the motion will be denied as moot.
However, the Court also notes that the motion was due to be denied in any event
because it fails to comply with Local Rule 3.01(a). In addition, the motion fails to
comply with Local Rule 1.11(d), as it is Defendant’s allegedly confidential
information at issue.
III. CONCLUSION.
For the reasons discussed herein, Defendant’s Time-Sensitive Motion for
Protective Order Regarding Deposition of Its In-House Counsel (Doc. No. 85) is
DENIED. Plaintiff’s Motion to Seal Pursuant to Protective Order Governing
Discovery (Doc. No. 86) is DENIED as moot.
DONE and ORDERED in Orlando, Florida on January 17, 2024.
LESLIE 3 AN PRICE
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Copies furnished to:
Counsel of Record
Unrepresented Parties
_7.