The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
ORLANDO DIVISION
ERIC DE FORD and SANDRA BADER,
Plaintiffs,
v. Case No: 6:22-cv-652-PGB-DCI
JAMES KOUTOULAS, JEFFREY
CARTER, ERIK NORDEN, BRANDON
BROWN, BRANDONBILT
MOTORSPORTS, LLC, NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR STOCK CAR
AUTO RACING, LLC, CORPORATE
DEFENDANT DOE, ARIS GEORGE
MICHALOPOULOS, THOMAS
MCLAUGHLIN, CORAL CAPITAL
LLC, CORAL CAPITAL
MANAGEMENT LLC, CORAL DEFI
LP and ALEXANDER HOPE
MASCIOLI,
Defendants.
ORDER
This cause comes before the Court for consideration without oral argument on the
following motion:
MOTION: Motion for Alternate Service (Doc. 107)
FILED: August 30, 2022
THEREON it is ORDERED that the motion is GRANTED in part and
DENIED without prejudice in all other respects.
1, Background
Plaintiffs seek to have the Court approve alternative service means for effectuating service
on Defendants Jeffrey Carter and Alexander Hope Mascioli (collectively, for purposes of this
Order, Defendants), including via email, LinkedIn and Twitter direct message, online publication,
and (most creatively) non-fungible token. Doc. 107 (the Motion). The Motion is due to be granted
in part and denied without prejudice in all other respects.
This case revolves around LGBCoin, a self-proclaimed meme cryptocurrency, ! created
using the Ethereum blockchain, which derives its namesake from the anti-Biden Administration
slogan “Let’s Go Brandon.” Doc. 74 at 15, 16 (the Complaint). While meme cryptocurrencies
' Meme cryptocurrencies have gained growing attention and popularity over the past decade.
Dogecoin, created in 2013, is considered the original and (currently) is the largest (by market cap)
meme cryptocurrency. See Dan Ashmore, What Are Meme Coins? Are They Worth Investing In?,
FORBES (August 4, 2022, 1:34 P.M.),
https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/cryptocurrency/what-are-meme-coins-are-they-worth-
investing-in/; see also Catherine Ostroff, Bitcoin and Dogecoin Prices Soar to Records as
Coinbase Lists, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL (April 14, 2021, 6:25 P.M.),
https://www.ws].com/articles/cryptocurrencies-soar-to-records-ahead-of-coinbase-listing-
11618400809. Just as LGBCoin is based on the “Let’s Go Brandon” slogan, Dogecoin is based
on the “doge” meme—represented by a particular picture of Kabosu the Shiba Inu—which is
incorporated into Dogecoin’s logo, for reference:
See Kalhan Rosenblatt, Iconic ‘Doge’ Meme NFT Breaks Record, Selling for $4 Million, NBC
News (June 11, 2021, 2:36 P.M.), □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□
news/iconic-doge-meme-nft-breaks-records-selling-roughly-4-million-n1270161; see also David
Rodeck and Benjamin Curry, An Introduction to Dogecoin, the Meme Cryptocurrency, FORBES
(April 8, 2022, 3:37 P.M.), https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/cryptocurrency/what-is-
dogecoin/.
allude—as implied by their name—to lighthearted memes,2 Plaintiffs allege in the Complaint that
Defendants are at the heart of a fraudulent meme crypto-conspiracy. Doc. 74 at 6, 10, 17. Plaintiffs
allege that LGBCoin is the brainchild of Defendant Mascioli, id. at 2, and that Defendant Carter
deployed all 330 trillion LGBCoins through his cryptocurrency wallets, id. at 16–17. As described
in the Motion and the accompanying declaration, Plaintiffs have attempted numerous times to
personally serve Defendants over several months, all to no avail. Doc. 108 at 1–7. Plaintiffs have
also sent the Complaint and Summonses to emails associated with Defendants, to Defendant
Mascioli’s Twitter account, and to Defendant Carter’s LinkedIn account. Id. at 6–8; Doc. 107 at
3. Plaintiffs also published the Complaint and Summonses online at https://scott-
scott.com/cryptocurrency-cases/lgbcoin/. Doc. 108 at 9.
II. Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e) allows a plaintiff to serve a defendant “within a
judicial district of the United States by . . . following state law for serving a summons in an action
brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located or where
service is made[.]”
“Under Florida Statutes section 48.181, any person who . . . conducts or operates a business
in [Florida], and who conceals his or her whereabouts has effectively appointed the Secretary of
State as their agent on whom all process may be served.” Walker v. Kirkman Mgmt., LLC, 2021
WL 3518276, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 25, 2021) (citation omitted). “Because the statute allowing
substituted service is an exception to the general rule requiring a defendant to be personally served,
there must be strict compliance with the statutory requirements so as to protect due process
2 Meme, MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/meme (“An amusing or interesting item (such as a captioned picture or
video) or genre of items that is spread widely online especially through social media.”).
guarantees.” Great Am. Assurance Co. v. Walters, No. 3:15-CV-1008-J-39JBT, 2016 WL
9526443, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 14, 2016) (quoting Hernandez v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
32 So. 3d 695, 698 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2010)). In addition, “the service must strictly comply with
Section 48.161, which sets forth the method of substituted service of process.” Id.; see also
Lombard v. Another S. Holding Co., LLC, No. 6:17-cv-1952-ORL-31DCI, 2019 WL 4694535, at
*1 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 26, 2019) (vacating judgment based on finding of improper service under
section 48.161).
To effectuate proper service of process pursuant to Florida Statutes section 48.161, a
plaintiff must: (1) allege facts in the complaint that bring the defendant within the purview of the
substitute service statute; (2) serve the Secretary of State by providing him or her (or their delegate)
with a copy of the summons and complaint; (3) pay the requisite fee to the Secretary of State; (4)
provide Notice of service upon the Secretary of State to the defendant by sending him or her a
copy of the summons and the complaint by registered or certified mail; (5) file the registered or
certified mail return receipt; and (6) file an affidavit of compliance on or before the return date of
the process. Fla. Stat. § 48.161(1); see also EHR Aviation v. Lawson, 2011 WL 46119, at *1–2
(M.D. Fla. Jan. 6, 2011) (citing Hernandez, 32 So. 3d 695, 699).
III. Discussion
a. Section 48.161
Plaintiffs have not complied with the requirements of section 48.161. Section 48.161 first
requires that Plaintiffs allege facts in the Complaint that bring Defendants within the purview of
the statute. See Lawson, 2011 WL 46119, at *1. Plaintiffs have not done so.
Section 48.161 also requires that Plaintiffs “send notice of service and a copy of the process
by registered or certified mail” to Defendants. Smith v. Leaman, 826 So. 2d at 1078. Plaintiffs
assert that they have complied with this requirement by stating that they have “sent the Summonses
and Complaint via certified mail to the last known addresses of [Defendants].” Doc. 108 ¶19; see
Doc. 107 at 14 n.17. This is insufficient. Nowhere do Plaintiffs allege that they have served the
Secretary of State and thereafter sent “notice of service and a copy of the process” to Defendants.
Leaman, 826 So. 2d at 1078; see Jennings v. Montenegro, 792 So. 2d 1258, 1261 (Fla. 4th DCA
2001) (“Our review of the amended complaint supports that while [Plaintiffs] may have exercised
due diligence in attempting to locate [Defendants], they failed to serve the Secretary of State with
their latest amended complaint. . . . Therefore, we reverse and remand with instructions that the
trial court afford [Plaintiffs] another chance to properly effect service of process.”).
Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to comply with the requirements of section 48.161, and,
therefore, the Court finds that the Motion is due to be denied without prejudice in this regard.
b. Other Methods of Alternate Service
Plaintiffs also seek approval of other alternate methods of service besides section 48.161—
including email, LinkedIn and Twitter direct message, online publication, and non-fungible token.
However, almost all the cases Plaintiffs cite supporting these alternate methods involve Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 4(f), which “sets forth the procedural requirements for effecting service
upon individuals in foreign countries.” TracFone Wireless, Inc. v. Bitton, 278 F.R.D. 687, 689
(S.D. Fla. Jan. 11, 2012). Nowhere do Plaintiffs assert that Defendants are in “a place not within
any judicial district of the United States,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f), so it is unclear how these cases are
relevant to the instant case. And as these cases do not appear to rely on any Florida state law, it is
unclear what their relevance is to Rule 4(e)(1).3 See Verizon Trademark Servs., LLC v. Producers,
3 For the same reason, the Court finds Plaintiffs’ citations of non-Florida state court cases, which
do not apply Florida law, to be unhelpful. Further, it does not appear that Plaintiffs are asserting
Inc., 2011 WL 3296812, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 2, 2011) (“[Rule 4(e)] allows a plaintiff to serve a
defendant within ‘a judicial district of the United States by . . . following the state law for serving
a summons in an action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court
is located or where service is made.’”). Accordingly, the Court finds these cases unhelpful and
unpersuasive.
Plaintiffs do cite two Florida state cases, but the relevance of these cases to the instant case
is also unclear. For instance, one case dealt with service requirements before terminating a
teacher’s employment, Schimenti v. School Bd. of Hernando Cty., 73 So. 3d 831 (Fla. 5th DCA
2011), and the other dealt with service requirements before terminating parental rights, M.J.W. v.
Dept. of Children and Families, 825 So. 2d 1038 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002). Neither case appears to
apply any Florida statute or caselaw that is relevant to this proceeding, and Plaintiffs do not explain
these cases’ relevance to the instant case, so the Court also finds these cases unhelpful and
unpersuasive.
Finally, the Court notes that section 48.161 “sets forth the ‘method’ of substitute service,
rather than any authorization to serve by substitute service.” U.S. v. Faro, 2022 WL 111229, at
*1 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 12, 2022). Plaintiffs have not identified any Florida law that would generally
authorize substitute service in this case.
that New York state law (or any other state law besides Florida, for that matter) applies here via
Rule 4(e)(1), and the Court will not make Plaintiffs’ argument for them. See, e.g., E.L.V.H. v.
Bennett, 2018 WL 6131947, at *1 (C.D. Cal. May 2, 2018) (“[Rule 4(e)] provides for service of
process on an individual in the United States according to the laws of the state where the district
court is located or where service is made. . . . In this case, [Defendant] can be served according to
the laws of New York, (where he is believed to live), or under California law, the state where this
Court is located.”).
Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not shown that any of their asserted
alternate methods of service apply to the instant case and, therefore, the Motion is due to be denied
without prejudice in this regard.
c. Extension of Time to Make Service
Finally, in the alternative, Plaintiffs request an extension of time to serve Defendants.
Based on the representations in the Motion, the Court finds that an extension is warranted here.
Accordingly, Plaintiffs shall have up to and including January 17, 2023, to serve Defendants.
Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that the Motion (Doc. 107) is GRANTED in part,
such that:
1) Plaintiffs’ deadline to serve Defendants Jeffrey Carter and Alexander Hope Mascioli
pursuant to Rule 4(m) is extended to January 26, 2023; and
2) The Motion (Doc. 107) is DENIED without prejudice in all other respects.
ORDERED in Orlando, Florida on December 12, 2022.
— =
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE