Ecom Products Group Corporation v. Cox

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

TAMPA DIVISION

ECOM PRODUCTS GROUP

CORPORATION, a Florida For-Profit

Corporation,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No: 8:21-cv-1573-WFJ-AEP

MICHAEL COX,

Defendant.

__________________________________/

ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Michael Cox’s Amended

Motion for Attorneys’ Fees, Costs, and Sanctions.1 Dkts. 86 (incorporating Dkts.

79 & 80). Plaintiff ECOM Products Group Corporation did not file a response.

Upon careful consideration, the Court grants-in-part and denies-in-part

Defendant’s motion.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, a Florida e-commerce corporation, brought the present suit against

1 Defendant has filed three motions seeking the same relief. See Dkts. 86, 87, 88 (all seeking

attorneys’ fees, costs, and sanctions). The Court need only consider the first motion, as the

second motion merely requests that this Court expedite its ruling on the first motion filed two

weeks prior, and the third motion is an amended version of the second motion clarifying the

requested sanctions. See Dkt. 87 at 1−2; Dkt. 88 at 1−2.

Defendant, its former consultant, in the Circuit Court of the 6th Judicial Circuit in

and for Pinellas County, Florida, in May 2021. Dkt. 1-1. Following Defendant’s

removal of the case to this Court, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint against

Defendant. Dkt. 26. Plaintiff contended that Defendant breached both the parties’

consulting contract and Defendant’s fiduciary duty owed to Plaintiff by failing to

meet his consulting obligations. Id. Defendant thereafter brought alternatively-pled

counterclaims asserting breach of contract, quantum meruit, unjust enrichment, and

promissory estoppel, asserting that Plaintiff failed to compensate him for his

consulting services. Dkt. 27.

Throughout this litigation, Defendant has maintained that the plaintiff

company is merely “an elaborate front” used by Plaintiff’s Executive Chairman

Andrew Waters “to convert business ‘investments’ for his own personal use.” Dkt.

44 at 2. Defendant also maintained that Mr. Waters filed Plaintiff’s “baseless

lawsuit in an effort to silence and discredit [Defendant] in order to continue his

fraudulent scheme.” Id. The parties’ contentious litigation did not last long, as

Plaintiff was defaulted in September 2022 for failure to retain new counsel as

directed by the Court following the withdrawal of its attorneys. Dkt. 78.

In the weeks that followed, Plaintiff did not appear at hearings and failed to

comply with court orders. See Dkt. 82 at 4. Defendant then filed a Motion for

Default Judgment, in which he also sought attorneys’ fees and costs. Dkt. 79.

Defendant simultaneously filed a Motion for Sanctions, requesting that the Court

hold Mr. Waters jointly and severally liable for any award of attorneys’ fees and

costs entered against Plaintiff. Dkt. 80. The Court granted Defendant’s request for

the entry of a default judgment and awarded $119,999.88 in favor of Defendant

and against Plaintiff on Defendant’s breach of contract counterclaim. Dkt. 82 at

8−9. However, the Court dismissed Defendant’s Motion for Default Judgment

without prejudice to the extent the motion requested attorneys’ fees and costs. Id.

The Court acknowledged that Defendant was entitled to attorneys’ fees and certain

costs, but it could not assess the reasonableness of his requested fees and costs

absent additional information. Id. at 6−7. The Court did not reach Defendant’s

Motion for Sanctions for the same reason.

Defendant has since filed the present Amended Motion for Attorneys’ Fees,

Costs, and Sanctions.

ANALYSIS

In his amended motion, Defendant asks that Plaintiff be ordered to pay

Defendant’s attorneys’ fees of $177,123.90 and costs of $8,968.47. Dkt. 86 at 3.

Defendant further contends that Mr. Waters, who is not a named party to this case,

should be sanctioned for bad faith conduct during this litigation. Defendant asks

that these sanctions be in the form of holding Plaintiff and Mr. Waters jointly and

severally liable for Defendant’s claimed attorneys’ fees and costs, as well as the

Court’s prior default judgment award of $119,999.88. Id.; Dkt. 88 at 2. The Court

considers Defendant’s requests in turn.

I. Attorneys’ Fees

Having previously determined that Defendant is entitled to attorneys’ fees,

the Court must now determine a reasonable fee award. Courts applying Florida law

apply the lodestar method in assessing fees’ reasonableness. Fla. Patient’s Comp.

Fund v. Rowe, 472 So. 2d 1145, 1150 (Fla. 1985). Under the lodestar method, a

court must multiply the number of hours reasonably expended by a reasonable

hourly rate. Resol. Tr. Corp. v. Hallmark Builders, Inc., 996 F.2d 1144, 1147 (11th

Cir. 1993).

“[A] reasonable hourly rate is the prevailing market rate in the relevant legal

community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skills,

experience, and reputation.” Duckworth v. Whisenant, 97 F.3d 1393, 1396 (11th

Cir. 1996) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The “relevant legal

community” is generally “the place where the case is filed.” ACLU of Ga. v.

Barnes, 168 F.3d 423, 437 (11th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted). Where a court finds

requested hours to be unreasonable, it may either “conduct an hour-by-hour

analysis or it may reduce the requested hours with an across-the-board cut.” Bivins

v. Wrap it Up Inc., 548 F.3d 1348, 1350 (11th Cir. 2008).

The lodestar calculated using a reasonable hourly rate and number of hours

“almost always” subsumes additional factors pertaining to reasonableness. In re

Home Depot Inc., 931 F.3d 1065, 1091 (11th Cir. 2019). These factors include: the

time and labor required; the novelty and difficulty of the issues; the skill required;

preclusion of other employment; the customary fee; whether the fee is fixed or

contingent; time limitations imposed by the client or circumstances; the amount

involved and results obtained; the experience, reputation, and ability of counsel;

the undesirability of the case; the nature and length of the professional relationship

with the client; and awards in similar cases. Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559

U.S. 542, 551 n.4, 553 (2010).

The party seeking attorneys’ fees has the burden of proving that the hourly

rates and number of hours expended are reasonable. Norman v. Hous. Auth. of the

City of Montgomery, 836 F.2d 1292, 1303 (11th Cir. 1988). However, determining

a reasonable fee is ultimately committed to a court’s sound discretion. Perdue, 559

U.S. at 558.

A. Requested Fees

Here, Defendant seeks $177,123.90 in attorneys’ fees. Of this amount,

Defendant states that $161,381 represents fees already paid to his attorneys and

$15,742.90 constitutes future fees he “will incur.” Dkt. 86 at 2. Because Defendant

offers no support for his speculative claim of future attorneys’ fees, the Court must

disregard his request for an additional $15,742.90. The Court may, however,

consider Defendant’s claim for attorneys’ fees of $161,381 already incurred.

The requested attorneys’ fees account for the services of eighteen billing

professionals. The following table summarizes the fees Defendant seeks to recover

for each billing professionals’ services, with certain billing professionals listed

twice to account for hourly rate increases during this litigation:

BILLING HOURLY HOURS TOTAL

PROFESSIONAL RATE EXPENDED FEES

Gregory $400 33 $13,200

Gregory $410 39.9 $16,359

Anulewicz $600 27.6 $16,560

Anulewicz $625 30.7 $19,187.50

Shirley $420 140.4 $58,968

Henson $220 .2 $44

Henson $225 3 $675

Monsorno $145 4.8 $696

Monsorno $165 .2 $33

Borey $250 5.7 $1,425

Deluca $310 44.9 $13,919

Kostel $175 5.4 $945

Lee $175 1.5 $262.5

Lombard $300 20.3 $6,090

Lombard $320 6.5 $2,080

Mensah $150 1.5 $225

Walker $300 21.7 $6,510

Walker $310 3.9 $1,209

Wynn $265 1.2 $318

Pendergrass $250 1.2 $300

Seng $210 2 $420

Baxley $270 2.3 $621

Trinidad $270 3.7 $999

Hodinka $335 1 $335

OVERALL TOTALS 402.6 $161,381

See Dkt. 79-2 at 6−66.

In support of the reasonableness of the above rates and hours, Defendant

offers the declarations of three timekeepers—attorneys Geremy W. Gregory, Sean

W. Shirley, and Christopher S. Anulewicz. In his declaration, Mr. Gregory states

that he has been practicing law for sixteen years and contends that he has

recovered his hourly rates of $400 and $410 in similar cases. Id. at 2−3. In noting

that he has practiced law for over two decades, Mr. Anulewicz informs the Court

of his expertise and experience in business litigation. Dkt. 86-1 at 2−3. Like Mr.

Gregory, Mr. Anulewicz states that he regularly recovers his $610 and $620 hourly

rates. Id. at 4. Finally, Mr. Shirley states that he has over two decades of

experience practicing law, including complex commercial litigation, and offers that

he regularly recovers his rate of $420 per hour. Dkt. 86-2 at 1−6.

Mr. Shirley also sets forth the education and experience of other attorneys

listed in Defendant’s billing records. Id. at 7−8. The attorneys identified by Mr.

Shirley are Robert Baxley, Jonathan Deluca, Ryan Hodinka, Jena Lombard,

Christopher Walker, and Jace Williams. Id. Notably, there is no evidence before

the Court that Jace Williams worked on Defendant’s case, as he is not listed in

Defendant’s billing records. Defendant therefore cannot recover any fees for Mr.

Williams’ work. Concerning the other five attorneys, Mr. Shirley contends that

their rates—which range from $270 to $335 per hour—are based upon their

expertise and experience. Id. at 7.

Mr. Shirley also identifies a handful of other billing professionals listed in

Defendant’s billing records. He states that Amanda Henson, Jordan Seng, Tracey

Mensah, Erin Monsorno, Nora Pendergrass, and Stefanie Rice are “paralegals or

staff.” Id. Like Mr. Williams, Stefanie Rice is not mentioned anywhere in

Defendant’s billing records. Defendant therefore cannot recover fees for Ms.

Rice’s work. Additionally, designating the other five individuals as “paralegals or

staff” does not sufficiently identify their roles. It remains unclear to the Court

whether these five individuals are paralegals, law clerks, or other staff members.

Moreover, in failing to adequately identify these individuals’ roles,

Defendant declined to heed this Court’s prior order directing Defendant to “set[]

forth the experience of each billing professional listed in Defendant’s billing

records.[.]” Dkt. 82 at 9 (emphasis added). No mention is made of these

individuals’ experience as paralegals or staff. Having failed to provide sufficient

information concerning these five individuals, the Court cannot assess the

reasonableness of their rates. Defendant cannot recover fees for their services.

While Defendant did not sufficiently identify the roles of some timekeepers,

he made no attempt to identify the roles of others. Despite the Court’s prior order,

Defendant has not indicated whether billing professionals Jennipher A. Borey,

Kate Kostel, Paul T. Lee, Jefferson P. Wynn, and Antonia Trinidad are attorneys,

paralegals, law clerks, or staff. The only information the Court possesses about

these five individuals is that they worked on Defendant’s case for a combined total

of 17.5 hours at hourly rates ranging from $175 to $270. See Dkt. 79-2 at 6−66.

Given this lack of information, the Court has no way of assessing the

reasonableness of their rates. Defendant cannot recover the fees of these

unidentified billing professionals.

With Defendant unable to recover the fees of the five “paralegals or staff”

and five unidentified billing professionals, Defendant’s remaining claim for

attorneys’ fees only concerns Defendant’s eight identified attorneys. This reduces

Defendant’s attorneys’ fees claim to $155,038.50.2

B. Reasonable Fees

Having determined that Defendant may not recover the fees of multiple

billing professionals, the Court considers Defendant’s reduced attorneys’ fees

claim of $155,038.50. Pursuant to the lodestar method, the Court must consider

both the reasonableness of the eight identified attorneys’ requested rates and the

reasonableness of the hours they expended on this litigation.

In first assessing the reasonableness of the requested rates, the Court must

ask whether the rates are “the prevailing market rates in the relevant legal

2 The fees that Defendant cannot recover from the five “paralegals or staff” and five unidentified

billing professionals total $6,342.50, which the Court subtracts from Defendant’s initial claim of

$161,381 in attorneys’ fees. The requested attorneys’ fees for the remaining eight attorneys total

$155,038.50.

community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skills,

experience, and reputation.” See Duckworth, 97 F.3d at 1396. Because Plaintiff

filed this case in the Tampa Division of the Middle District of Florida, the relevant

legal community is Tampa, Florida. See Barnes, 168 F.3d at 437.

Though Mr. Gregory states that the requested rates—which range from $270

to $625 per hour—are “reasonable for the Middle District of Florida for the same

or similar services by attorneys of similar experience, reputation, and ability.” Dkt.

79-2 at 3, no evidence is provided to support this conclusory statement.

Defendant’s attorneys do not direct the Court to any cases in which comparable

attorneys recovered similar fees for similar services. Defendant’s attorneys further

fail to offer any cases in which they themselves recovered their requested rates.

To be sure, satisfactory evidence of a rate’s reasonableness is “more than the

affidavit of the attorney performing the work.” Loranger v. Stierham, 10 F.3d 776,

781 (11th Cir. 1994). When faced with inadequate fee applications or a lack of

documentation or testimonial support, a court “may consider its own knowledge

and experience concerning reasonable and proper fees[.]” Norman, 836 F.2d at

1303. Given Defendant has not provided adequate support for the eight attorneys’

rates, the Court will rely on its own knowledge and experience in assessing their

reasonableness.

Turning first to Defendant’s three attorneys who filed declarations, the Court

cannot say that their rates are reasonable for this case in this market. While the

Court does not discredit Mr. Anulewicz’s experience or expertise, his hourly rates

of $600 and $625 are high for this type of case and this level of work. The Court is

unaware of any comparable case. The Court notes that this case resulted in a

default judgment roughly a year-and-a-half after its filing and did not involve

complex or novel issues. The Court finds that Mr. Shirley’s hourly rate of $420

and Mr. Gregory’s hourly rates of $400 and $410 do constitute reasonable rates in

Tampa given their litigation experience and the parameters of this default case.

Assessing the reasonableness of rates of Defendant’s other five attorneys

presents a challenge due to the limited information provided by Defendant.

Defendant has only informed the Court of these attorneys’ alma maters, bar

admissions, judicial clerkships, and practice areas. See Dkt. 86-2 at 7−8. The Court

knows nothing of these attorneys’ litigation experience or lack thereof. The Court

cannot compare these attorneys’ rates to those of local attorneys of similar “skills,

experience, and reputation,” see Duckworth, 97 F.3d at 1396, because the skills,

experience, and reputation of these five attorneys are largely unknown. As the

Court will explain below, the total attorneys’ fees awarded in this case must be

reduced to reflect excessive or otherwise insufficiently supported rates.

Setting aside the reasonableness of the requested rates, the Court turns to the

reasonableness of the number of hours expended by Defendant’s attorneys on this

case. Defendant’s eight attorneys billed a total of 344.6 hours on Defendant’s case.

See Dkt. 79-2 at 6−66. As an initial matter, the Court finds that this case is

overstaffed with timekeeping attorneys. See Baby Buddies, Inc. v. Toys R Us, Inc.,

No. 8:03-cv-1377-T-17MAP, 2011 WL 4382450, at *10 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 9, 2011)

(finding number of timekeepers to be excessive “for litigation of claims

[defendant] adamantly contends are frivolous and objectively unreasonable”). And

while Defendant’s billing records adequately support some of these timekeepers’

hours, there are several entries that the Court is unable to evaluate due to heavy

redactions. For example, some redactions leave time entries with only a single

identifiable word, such as “Supplement” or “Review.” See, e.g., id. at 33, 37. What

was being supplemented or reviewed is unclear. Other redacted entries indicate

that Defendant’s attorneys handled phone calls, emails, and research with no other

context as to the purpose of those tasks. See, e.g., id. at 43−44.

When the subject of a task performed is redacted, a court is precluded from

determining whether the time spent on that task was reasonable. See People for

Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc. v. Dade City’s Wild Things, Inc., No. 8:16-cv-

2899-T-36AAS, 2020 WL 6938636, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 25, 2020). When

presented with redacted time entries or otherwise insufficient billing records, a

court may apply an across-the-board reduction to the lodestar. Id. at *4−5

(reducing lodestar by 33% due, in part, to the court’s inability to fully assess

defendant’s redacted billing records); see also Dial HD, Inc. v. ClearOne

Commc’ns, 536 F. App’x 927, 931 (11th Cir. 2013) (upholding 25% across-the-

board reduction where district court was unable to ascertain time spent on each

task through billing records). Because Defendant’s heavily redacted billing records

preclude this Court from analyzing the reasonableness of the all hours expended by

Defendant’s attorneys, an across-the-board reduction of the lodestar is warranted.

In this case, when accepting the rates and hours billed by Defendant’s eight

attorneys as reasonable, the lodestar is $155,038.50.3 However, based on its

knowledge and expertise, the Court finds that the lodestar should be reduced by

35%. This reduction accounts for: (1) Mr. Anulewicz’s rates that are too high for

this type of case; (2) the Court’s inability to full assess the reasonableness of five

other attorneys’ rates; (3) the time entries that the Court cannot review due to

heavy redactions; and (4) the case being overstaffed with timekeepers. See

McCarthy v. Atl. Cruising, Inc., No. 8:19-cv-437-T-35TGW, 2020 WL 10692521,

at *2 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 13, 2020) (applying across-the-board reduction of 20% where

defendant failed to show reasonableness of both rates and hours); see also Dade

City’s Wild Things, 2020 WL 6938636, at *6 (applying 33% reduction due to

redacted time entries, excessive hours, and duplication of tasks); McBride v.

Legacy Components, LLC, No. 8:15-cv-1983-EAK-TGW, 2018 WL 4381181, at

3 See supra note 2.

*3 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 30, 2018) (applying 35% reduction where billing records were

inadequate).

A 35% reduction results in a lodestar amount of $100,775.02, which this

Court finds to be a reasonable fee award in this litigation.

II. Costs

In addition to moving for attorneys’ fees, Defendant seeks an award of costs

against Plaintiff in the amount of $8,968.47. Dkt. 86 at 3. Though Defendant states

that the parties’ underlying consulting contract permits Defendant’s recovery of

costs, see Dkt. 79 at 2, this position is flawed. The contract provides that the party

prevailing in breach of contract action would be entitled to “reasonable attorneys’

fees[.]” Dkt. 26-1 at 5. The contract makes no mention of entitlement to costs or

expenses. However, as this Court noted in its prior order, Defendant remains

entitled to certain costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920 given his status as the

prevailing party in this action.

Even so, Defendant has yet to follow the procedural requirement set forth §

1920. That section provides that “[a] bill of costs shall be filed in the case[.]” 28

U.S.C. § 1920. A bill of costs is necessary here, as Defendant has not itemized the

costs he seeks to recover. Defendant has only provided the Court with his billing

records, which list over $10,000 in charges separate from attorneys’ fees. See Dkt.

79-2 at 6−66. In his present motion requesting $8,968.47 in costs, Defendant has

only identified $6,214.30 as deposition transcript and video costs. See Dkt. 86-1 at

5. The Court will not guess as to what other charges comprise the remaining

$2,754.17 that Defendant seeks to recover as costs.

The Court notes that Plaintiff has not raised any challenge to Defendant’s

request for costs. Accordingly, the Court will permit Defendant to file a bill of

costs as required by § 1920, as Plaintiff will not suffer prejudice. See Star2Star

Commc’ns, LLC v. AMG Grp. of Brunswick, LLC, No. 8:20-cv-2078-TPB-JSS,

2022 WL 3691190, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 5, 2022). If Defendant chooses to file a

bill of costs, he should consult 28. U.S.C. § 1924, which sets forth additional

procedural requirements, and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1), which

provides the process for taxation of costs.

III. Sanctions

Finally, Defendant moves for sanctions against Plaintiff’s Executive

Chairman Andrew Waters, who is not a party to this action. Defendant requests

that Mr. Waters be held jointly and severally liable for the $119,999.88 default

judgment award previously ordered against Plaintiff in favor of Defendant, as well

as any attorneys’ fees and costs awarded against Plaintiff in this case. Dkt. 86 at 2;

Dkt. 88 at 2.

In support of his position that this Court should sanction Mr. Waters,

Defendant relies on a test set forth in JTR Enterprises, LLC v. An Unknown

Quantity, 93 F. Supp. 3d 1331 (S.D. Fla. 2015). See Dkt. 80 at 12−15. In

determining whether to sanction a non-party for bad faith conduct, the JTR court

applied a test derived from the Eastern District of Michigan. 93 F. Supp. 3d at

1367−68 (citing Helmac Products Corp. v. Roth (Plastics) Corp., 150 F.R.D. 563

(E.D. Mich. 1993)). Under the test, for a non-party to be subject to a court’s power

to sanction, the non-party “must (1) have a substantial interest in the outcome of

the litigation and (2) substantially participate in the proceedings in which he

interfered.” Id. at 1367 (quoting Helmac, 150 F.R.D. at 568).

While Defendant sufficiently demonstrates Mr. Water’s substantial interest

in the outcome of this case as Plaintiff’s Executive Chairman and offers numerous

examples of his substantial participation in this litigation, including his

participation in depositions, Defendant overlooks an additional requirement

identified in JTR. The JTR court emphasized that the party seeking sanctions must

prove its allegations of bad faith conduct “by clear and convincing evidence.” 93 F.

Supp. 3d at 1368. Defendant has not carried this burden.

Defendant has not provided clear and convincing evidence to support his

overarching allegation that “Waters defrauded this Court by orchestrating the filing

and maintenance of this litigation when he knew it had no merit and with the

improper purpose of punishing Cox for disclosing that Waters was a con-man and

that [Plaintiff] was a mere artifice to perpetuate his scheme.” See Dkt. 80 at 1−2.

Though there may be truth to Defendant’s allegations, the Court is left with little

more than inferences to support such bad faith conduct.

Even if the Court were to find that Defendant carried his burden under this

test, the Court is reluctant to apply a test that has not been adopted by the courts in

this District. Defendant has not cited—nor has this Court found—binding case law

applying the test utilized by the JTR court. Accordingly, the Court declines to issue

the requested sanctions against non-party Mr. Waters.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-

PART Defendant’s Amended Motion for Attorneys’ Fees, Costs, and Sanctions,

Dkt. 86. The motion is GRANTED in that Defendant shall recover attorneys’ fees

of $100,775.02. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment for attorneys’ fees in this

amount in favor of Defendant and against Plaintiff. The motion is DENIED to the

extent Defendant seeks costs and sanctions. However, within ten (10) days,

Defendant may renew his request for costs by filing a bill of costs as required by

28 U.S.C. § 1920.

DONE AND ORDERED at Tampa, Florida, on October 21, 2022.

/s/ William F. Jung

WILLIAM F. JUNG

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

COPIES FURNISHED TO:

Counsel of Record