Oil Com Uganda v. Wessel Van Tonder

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

FORT MYERS DIVISION

OIL COM UGANDA and ISLAM

EDHA ABDALLAH NAHDI,

Plaintiffs,

v. Case No: 2:21-cv-916-JES-NPM

ESTATE OF BRUWER WESSEL VAN

TONDER,

Defendant.

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on defendant’s Motion for

Preliminary Injunction (Doc. #35), to which plaintiffs responded

(Doc. #38). For the reasons set forth, the motion is DENIED.

I.

A. Algae-X International Corporation (AXI)

On January 18, 2013, plaintiff Oil Com Uganda (OCU), plaintiff

Islam Edha Abdallah Nahdi (Mr. Nahdi) (collectively, plaintiffs),

and decedent Bruwer Wessel Van Tonder (Mr. Van Tonder) executed a

Shareholders Agreement for the ownership of AXI. (Doc. #9-2.)

Mr. Nahdi signed the agreement on behalf of himself and OCU. (Id.)

Mr. Nahdi was named President and a director of AXI; Mr. Van Tonder

was named CEO and a director of AXI. It is undisputed that, on

August 1, 2013, the ownership structure of AXI was the following:

51% to OCU, 9% to Mr. Nahdi, and 40% to Mr. Van Tonder. (Doc. #9,

¶¶ 14-15; Doc. #13, ¶¶ 14-15.)

B. Actions taken by Mr. Van Tonder

Plaintiffs allege that, “between 2016 and 2017, Mr. Van Tonder

represented to OCU and NAHDI that Chase Bank was requiring NAHDI’s

name to be removed from the AXI corporate bank accounts because he

is a foreign national and because he is Muslim,” and that OCU and

Nahdi needed to be removed “from public corporate records and as

a signatory to the bank account so Chase Bank would continue doing

business with AXI.” (Doc. #5, ¶¶ 19-20.) Plaintiffs admit that

they agreed to be removed from the bank account and public records,

however, contend that they only agreed if they would maintain their

same ownership interest in AXI. (Id. ¶¶ 23, 25.)

On October 1, 2017, Mr. Van Tonder executed a Unanimous

Written Consent of the Board of Directors of AXI International

(“Written Consent”), which removed Mr. Nahdi from the board of

directors and terminated Mr. Nadhi’s power in the company. (Id.

¶ 27; Doc. #5-11.) The Written Consent authorized Mr. Van Tonder

and Michael Campbell (Mr. Campbell), Chief Financial Officer and

Secretary of AXI, to “take any and all necessary actions to

effectuate this resolution.” (Doc. #5-11). Although there is a

signature from “Nahdi” on the Written Consent, plaintiffs contend

that the signature is a forgery. (Doc. #5, ¶ 30.)

After the Written Consent was executed, plaintiffs allege

that Mr. Van Tonder “caused a new corporate book to be created,”

“removed the original share certificates,” and “had a brand new

share certificate issued showing newly issued 200,000 shares (full

ownership) of AXI to him alone.” (Doc. #5, ¶ 32.) Tax documents

after 2018 support this allegation, showing Mr. Van Tonder as 100%

owner of AXI. (Docs. ## 5-13, 5-14.)

Throughout this time, from 2013 when the parties purchased

AXI to 2018, plaintiffs transferred approximately $5 million USD

to Mr. Van Tonder’s personal bank account for investment into AXI.

(See Doc. #38, Exhibit B.) According to plaintiffs, instead of

investing all the money into AXI, Mr. Van Tonder used some of the

money for personal expenses. (See id., Exhibits C, D.)

C. Mr. Van Tonder’s Death

On September 26, 2021, Mr. Van Tonder committed suicide.

Relevant to this case, Mr. Van Tonder’s will provided:

In the case of my death, I wish the following:

That Islam Edha Abdallah Nahdi inherit AXI

International Corporation on the following

conditions.

-That my spouse, Michelle Marie Van Tonder,

must be paid 2 million dollars.

-AXI International must pay her a salary of

$120,000.00 every year for a total of five

years including healthcare.

-My home on, 3371 Brantley Oaks Drive, Fort

Myers Florida, 33905, must be paid off in full

between Islam Edha Abdallah and my loan

account in AXI International Corporation.

-The Mercedes G 63AMG will go to my spouse,

Michelle Marie Van Tonder.

-Whenever AXI International gets sold, 10% of

purchase price is to be paid to my spouse,

Michelle Marie Van Tonder.

(Doc. #9-16, p. 7.) The will was signed on March 11, 2020 and

witnessed by Mr. Campbell and Camille Henry, another person

associated with AXI. (Id. pp. 5-7.)

D. After Mr. Van Tonder’s Death & Current Litigation

Plaintiffs maintain that they discovered Mr. Van Tonder’s

alleged fraudulent takeover of AXI after his death. Since his

death, the parties have engaged in contentious disagreement over

the ownership and governance of AXI. The following has occurred:

December 7, 2021 Plaintiffs initiate the action against

defendant the Estate of Bruwer Wessel Van

Tonder (Estate). (Doc. #1).

December 10, 2021 Mr. Van Tonder’s will is admitted to the Lee

County Circuit Court Probate Division, and

Michelle Marie Van Tonder (Mrs. Van Tonder)

is appointed as personal representative of

the Estate. (Doc. #9-16.)

December 11, 2021 Plaintiffs file the operative Amended

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Complaint. (Doc. #5.)

January 3, 2022 Mrs. Van Tonder executes a shareholder’s

resolution, as personal representative of the

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On July 21, 2022, plaintiffs filed an opposed and amended

motion for leave to amend the complaint, which motion remains

pending before the Magistrate Judge. (Doc. #40.)

Estate, which appoints Mrs. Van Tonder as

president of AXI. (Doc. #35-1.)

January 19, 2022 Plaintiffs execute a similar resolution,

naming Mr. Nahdi as president and asserting

OCU and Mr. Nahdi’s 60% ownership interest in

AXI. (Doc. #35-3.)

January 20, 2022 Plaintiffs’ counsel sends the resolution to

Weiss Serota Helfman Cole & Bierman,

corporate counsel for AXI (Corporate

Counsel), and instructs Corporate Counsel

that defendant’s resolution “should have no

effect whatsoever” because it misidentifies

AXI as a Florida corporation (instead of a

Nevada corporation). (Doc. #14-1, p. 3.)

January 21, 2022 Corporate Counsel sends Mr. Nadhi’s

resolution to defendant’s counsel and informs

defendant’s counsel that he instructed Mr.

Campbell to revoke Mrs. Van Tonder’s

resolution and enforce Mr. Nahdi’s

resolution. (Id.)

January 24, 2022 Mrs. Van Tonder, as personal representative

of the Estate, executes another shareholder’s

resolution that is nearly identical to the

January 3, 2022 resolution, but does not

identify AXI as a Florida corporation. (Doc.

#35-2.)

January 25, 2022 Plaintiffs file their motion for preliminary

injunction seeking to enjoin Mrs. Van Tonder

from exercising any control over AXI, its

finances, or its personnel. (Doc. #9.)

February 4, 2022 Defendant’s counsel emails Corporate Counsel,

purporting to terminate Corporate Counsel’s

representation of AXI. (Doc. #16-1.)

February 11, 2022 Defendant’s counsel sends Mr. Campbell a

notice of termination of his employment with

AXI based on Mr. Campbell’s: (1) refusal to

recognize Mrs. Van Tonder’s authority; (2)

ignoring his past sworn statements and prior

acknowledgements; and (3) unilaterally

recognizing and taking direction from a third

party. (Doc. #35-5 p. 1.)

February 14, 2022 Plaintiffs’ counsel sends Mr. Campbell and

Christian Smith, AXI’s Chief Operating

Officer, a letter stating that plaintiffs

“expressly authorize the continued retention

of Mr. Campbell and any attempt to terminate

him must be ignored.” (Doc. #35-5, p. 2.)

February 28, 2022 The Court denies plaintiffs’ motion for

preliminary injunction. (Doc. #18.)

March 3, 2022 Following the Court’s Order, defendant’s

counsel sends a letter to Mr. Campbell and

Mr. Smith, again asserting control over AXI.

(Doc. #35-6.)

March 4, 2022 Corporate Counsel responds to the letter,

disputing Mrs. Van Tonder’s “attempts to

interfere with the day to day operations” and

maintaining its position as corporate counsel

for AXI. (Doc. #35-7.)

March 31, 2022 Mr. Campbell files an annual report with the

Florida Secretary of State, which names Mr.

Nadhi as President, Mr. Campbell as CFO, and

Mr. Smith as COO. (Doc. #35-8.)

July 12, 2022 Defendant files a motion for preliminary

injunction seeking to enjoin plaintiffs from

participation, involvement, or control of

AXI, or disturbing defendant’s shareholder

resolution recognizing Mrs. Van Tonder as

sole shareholder. (Doc. #35.)

II.

A.

“The purpose of the preliminary injunction is to preserve the

positions of the parties as best we can until a trial on the merits

may be held.” Bloedorn v. Grube, 631 F.3d 1218, 1229 (11th Cir.

2011) (citation omitted). “A preliminary injunction is an

extraordinary and drastic remedy not to be granted unless the

movant clearly establishes ‘the burden of persuasion’ as to each

of the four prerequisites.” Siegel v. LePore, 234 F.3d 1163, 1176

(11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting All Care Nursing Serv., Inc.

v. Bethesda Mem'l Hosp., Inc., 887 F.2d 1535, 1537 (11th Cir.

1989)) (citations omitted).

“A preliminary injunction is appropriate if the movant

demonstrates all of these elements: (1) a substantial likelihood

of success on the merits; (2) that the preliminary injunction is

necessary to prevent irreparable injury; (3) that the threatened

injury outweighs the harm the preliminary injunction would cause

the other litigant; and (4) that the preliminary injunction would

not be averse to the public interest.” Chavez v. Fla. SP Warden,

742 F.3d 1267, 1271 (11th Cir. 2014) (citing Parker v. State Bd.

of Pardons & Paroles, 275 F.3d 1032, 1034–35 (11th Cir. 2001)).

“The first two factors are ‘the most critical.’” State of Fla. v.

Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 19 F.4th 1271, 1279 (11th Cir. 2021)

(quoting Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009)). Because the

movant “must meet all four prerequisites to obtain a preliminary

injunction, failure to meet even one dooms” the motion. Wreal,

LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc., 840 F.3d 1244, 1248 (11th Cir. 2016).

B.

1. Irreparable Harm

“Irreparable harm is the ‘sine qua non of injunctive relief.’”

Oscar Ins. Co. of Fla. v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc.,

360 F. Supp. 3d 1278, 1284 (M.D. Fla. 2019) (quoting Siegel, 234

F.3d at 1176). “Importantly, the possibility of an irreparable

injury is not enough.” State of Fla., 19 F.4th at 1279 (citing

Winter v. NRDC, 555 U.S. 7 (2008) (explaining that issuing a

preliminary injunction “based only on a possibility of irreparable

harm” would be “inconsistent” with treating a preliminary

injunction as a an “extraordinary remedy”)). “[T]he asserted

irreparable injury must be neither remote nor speculative, but

actual and imminent.” Siegel, 234 F.3d at 1176 (citations

omitted).

Defendant claims that it will be irreparably harmed if

plaintiffs are not enjoined from their participation, involvement,

or control of AXI, or from disturbing defendant’s shareholder

resolution recognizing Mrs. Van Tonder as sole shareholder. (Doc.

#35, p. 16.) Defendant claims that it has, and will continue to

suffer irreparable harm because Mrs. Van Tonder, as personal

representative of the Estate, “has lost any ability to manage,

oversee, participate, or in any way direct the operations of AXI.”

(Doc. #35, p. 14.) Defendant further claims that plaintiffs’

2

tactics have “barred any theoretical sale of” AXI. (Id. p. 14.)

Defendant’s irreparable injuries are speculative. Defendant

has not shown that the day-to-day operations of AXI have or will

be irreparably harmed absent giving Mrs. Van Tonder complete

authority over AXI. Any theoretical sale of AXI is just that –

theoretical. And, like the Court previously explained when denying

plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction, assuming Mr. Nahdi

is properly an officer of AXI, he owes a fiduciary duty to the

corporation and its shareholders. Chur v. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct.

in & for Cty. of Clark, 458 P.3d 336, 340 (Nev. 2020); In re Aqua

Clear Techs., Inc., 361 B.R. 567, 575 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2007)

3

(citing Cohen v. Hattaway, 595 So.2d 105 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992)).

If Mr. Nahdi mismanages the company, defendant would be able to

2

Defendant also claims that “plaintiffs have weaponized AXI

by use of its corporate counsel to [] file a mirroring complaint

for litigious strategy in Lee County, Circuit Court against The

Estate and Michelle Van Tonder personally.” (Doc. #34, p. 14.)

Defendant provides no other details on this lawsuit, so it cannot

support a showing of irreparable harm.

3

Neither party discusses choice of law. “The Florida

Business Corporation Act provides that the internal affairs of a

corporation are governed by the laws of the state of

incorporation.” Mukamal v. Bakes, 378 Fed. App’x. 890, 896 (11th

Cir. 2010) (citing Fla. Stat. § 607.15015(3)). AXI is a Nevada

corporation and Nevada law may apply to one, some, or all claims.

However, because defendant fails to carry its burden for equitable

relief, the Court makes no determination at this time what law

applies to each claim.

seek compensatory damages against Mr. Nahdi for that

mismanagement. Oscar Ins. Co., 360 F. Supp. 3d at 1284 (quoting

Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 90 (1974)) (“‘The possibility that

adequate compensatory ... relief will be available at a later date,

in the ordinary course of litigation, weighs heavily against a

claim of irreparable harm.’”). Defendant has not shown actual and

imminent irreparable harm.

2. Substantial Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Plaintiffs’ operative Amended Complaint asserts eight counts

against defendant: (1) fraud; (2) breach of fiduciary duty; (3)

conversion; (4) constructive trust; (5) unjust enrichment; (6)

accounting; (7) permanent injunction; and (8) declaratory

judgment. (Doc. #5.) Defendant’s motion focuses on Counts I-IV.

Defendant argues that it is likely to succeed on the merits

of plaintiffs’ fraud claim because “[n]ot one written form or

document exists to corroborate the allegations of fraud.” (Doc.

#35, p. 10.) Specifically, defendant cites plaintiffs’ discovery

responses, which verify that “no communications” (other than oral

communications) exist which support plaintiffs’ claims of fraud

(or any other claim). (Id. p. 35; Doc. #35-12.) However, in

response to defendant’s motion, plaintiffs argue circumstantial

evidence which could support the fraud claim, such as plaintiffs’

continued investment of funds into AXI after the alleged fraud,

which would not have occurred had they known of the alleged fraud.

(Doc. #38, p. 6.) Fraud claims are often based on circumstantial

evidence. E.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Weiss, 410 F.

Supp. 2d 1146, 1159 (M.D. Fla. 2006) (citations omitted) (denying

motion for summary judgment due to circumstantial evidence).

Although defendant may be successful at the end of the day,

defendant has not carried its burden of showing a substantial

likelihood of success on the fraud claim.

Defendant also argues that it is likely to succeed on the

merits on plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim because “[n]o

documents exist to demonstrate VAN TONDER misused any funds, that

any funds actually received were for purposes of injection into

AXI, nor that any agreements or oral assertions were made that if

money was received by VAN TONDER that he agreed to use said funds

for purposes alleged in the Amended Complaint.” (Doc. #35, pp.

11-12.) However, in response to defendant’s motion, plaintiffs

provide checks from AXI to Mr. Van Tonder of varying amounts and

which purport to show Mr. Van Tonder’s misuse of corporate funds.

(Doc. #38, Exs. C, D.) Although these may ultimately show no

misuse of funds or no breach, defendant has not carried its burden

of showing a substantial likelihood of success on the breach of

fiduciary duty claim.

Defendant last argues that it is likely to succeed on

plaintiffs’ conversion and constructive trust claims because

plaintiffs have not identified a specific and identifiable

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property. (Doc. #35, p. 12.) However, in response to defendant’s

motion, plaintiffs provide bank transfer statements which

plaintiffs contend could adequately identify the specific

property. (Doc. #38, Ex. B.) Defendant has not carried its burden

of showing a substantial likelihood of success on the conversion

and constructive trust claims.

3. Conclusion

Defendant’s motion is premised in large part on what it

believes should happen – Mrs. Van Tonder’s recognized ownership

and presidency of AXI - to maintain the status quo. To be sure,

the Court previously acknowledged that, when construing the

factual statements in plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary

injunction as true, the status quo since 2017 was Mr. Van Tonder’s

complete control over the company because plaintiffs agreed to be

taken off the corporate record books and public records.

The status quo was then disrupted by Mr. Van Tonder’s death,

leading both parties to move for preliminary injunctions, two

motions which sought the same relief: a merits determination by

4

E.g., IberiaBank v. Coconut 41, LLC, 984 F. Supp. 2d 1283,

1306 (M.D. Fla. 2013), aff’d, 589 F. App’x 479 (11th Cir. 2014)

(citations omitted) (Florida conversion claim for money requires

“specific and identifiable money”); Finkelstein v. Se. Bank, N.A.,

490 So. 2d 976, 983 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (““[I]t is well settled

that Florida courts will impress property with a constructive trust

only if the trust res is specific, identifiable property or if it

can be clearly traced in assets of the defendant which are claimed

by the party seeking such relief.”).

the Court on who is the rightful, majority shareholder of AXI.

Plaintiffs’ motion failed because plaintiffs did not demonstrate

the two most critical elements - a substantial likelihood of

success on the merits and irreparable harm. Plaintiffs’ motion

failed in large part because plaintiffs showed no harm to the day-

to-day operations of AXI, which could impact the value of company

at the conclusion of the litigation and may warrant the

extraordinary remedy of immediate equitable relief. Defendant’s

motion now similarly fails. When reaching this conclusion, the

Court makes no determination on who is the rightful, majority

owner. Nor is the Court making any determination on how the

parties should proceed with the day-to-day operations of AXI during

the course of the litigation.

Accordingly, it is now

ORDERED :

Defendant’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction (Doc. #35) is

DENIED.

DONE and ORDERED at Fort Myers, Florida, this 27th day of

July, 2022.

JGHN E. STEELE

si IOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies:

Counsel of Record