Bahr v. Secretary, Department of Corrections (Pinellas County)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

TAMPA DIVISION

FRANCIS BAHR,

Petitioner,

v. Case No. 8:18-cv-2847-MSS-JSS

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT

OF CORRECTIONS,

Respondent.

____________________________________/

O R D E R

Bahr petitions for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and challenges his

state court convictions for attempted first-degree murder with a firearm and attempted

second-degree murder with a firearm. (Docs. 1 at 1 and 9-2 at 1235–36) After reviewing the

petition (Doc. 1), the response and the appendix containing the relevant state court record

(Doc. 9), and the reply (Doc. 12), the Court DENIES the petition.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A jury found Bahr guilty of attempted first-degree murder with a firearm and attempted

second-degree murder with a firearm (Doc. 9-2 at 1226–33), and the trial court sentenced Bahr

to two concurrent life sentences. (Doc. 9-2 at 1237–39) Bahr appealed (Doc. 9-2 at 1262), and

the state appellate court affirmed. (Doc. 9-2 at 1324) The post-conviction court denied relief

without an evidentiary hearing (Doc. 9-2 at 1354–59), and the state appellate court affirmed.

(Doc. 9-2 at 1462) Bahr’s federal petition follows.

FACTS

On a Friday afternoon, Bahr drank beer and watched television at home with Dayle

Drollett and Damian Blanchard. Around 11:00 PM, Bahr and Blanchard went to a local bar

where they continued to drink alcohol until the bar closed. In the early morning, Bahr and

Blanchard returned home, and Bahr listened to a voicemail on his mobile telephone. Bahr

became outraged when he heard a male tell him to stay away from Rosa Pereira. Pereira was

Bahr’s friend, and Bahr wanted a romantic relationship with Pereira, but Pereira did not.

After replaying the voicemail many times, Bahr walked to Pereira’s home. Drollett and

Blanchard followed.

Blanchard could not remember many details from that night because he was very

drunk. Blanchard remembered that he and Bahr walked up to the front door of Pereira’s

home, while Drollett stood back near a shed. Blanchard knocked on the front door, walked

away, and heard Bahr yell, “Nobody ever f*cks with me!” Four gunshots followed. Blanchard

denied seeing Bahr shoot anyone. Bahr and Blanchard walked together back home, and Bahr

continued to repeatedly mutter, “Nobody ever f*cks with me.” On cross-examination,

Blanchard contradicted himself and denied remembering walking up to and knocking on

Pereira’s door. Also, Blanchard initially told police that he “would never think [Bahr] would

do something like that,” referring to the shooting, because Bahr has a “heart of gold.”

Drollett, who drank only two beers that night and did not go to the bar, remembered

more. When Bahr and Blanchard returned from the bar, Drollett observed Bahr listen to the

voicemail on a speakerphone, heard a male’s voice, and observed Bahr become outraged after

playing the voicemail many times. Drollett walked with Bahr and Blanchard to Pereira’s

home and walked up with Bahr to the front door, while Blanchard hid behind a shed. Bahr

knocked on the front door, a male answered the door, and Bahr pulled out a gun. Drollett

retreated down the driveway, heard Bahr yell, “[Y]ou’ll never f*ck with me again,” heard a

gunshot, turned around, and saw Bahr raise his gun and shoot Pereira in the chest. Drollett

ran back to Bahr’s home. Bahr and Blanchard returned shortly after, and Drollett heard Bahr

say, “[I]f you are going to do a crime like this, you have to know how to get rid of the

evidence.” Drollett left the trailer park when police arrived.

Pereira heard a knock at her door and heard Blanchard say, “[Bahr] got a DUI.”

Pereira opened her door, turned on the light above the carport, and saw Bahr leaning on the

hood of her car. Pereira was angry that Bahr had come to her home. David Sharp, Pereira’s

boyfriend, came outside. Bahr shot Sharp in the neck, helped Sharp to the ground, stood over

him, and asked him if he “wanted another.” Bahr then turned his gun to Pereira and fired two

gunshots hitting her in the face and grazing the back of her head.

Pereira agreed that telephone records showed that she had called Bahr several times

the night of the shooting, but she could not explain why she called Bahr or what she spoke

about with Bahr. Sharp denied calling Bahr with Pereira’s telephone. Telephone records

showed that between 11:58 PM and 4:51 AM, Bahr called and spoke with Pereira three times,

Pereira called and spoke with Bahr twice, Pereira called Bahr and left a voicemail three times,

Bahr sent Pereira a text message once, and Pereira sent Bahr a text message once. Also, Bahr

listened to voicemails on his telephone six times.

Bahr testified in his own defense. Bahr denied going to Pereira’s home and denied

shooting Pereira and Sharp. Bahr conceded that he owned a gun but claimed that he sold the

gun a week before the shooting. That night, Bahr drank beer and watched television at home

with neighbors until 10:00 PM and walked to another neighbor’s home where he saw Pereira

and Sharp. He stayed at the neighbor’s home for an hour and went to the bar with Blanchard

and two other people. While at the bar, Bahr called Pereira to ask her to come to the bar to

sing karaoke. Bahr and Blanchard left the bar around 2:30 AM or 3:00 AM and returned

home. Bahr received a voicemail from Pereira but she sounded really drunk. Bahr replayed

the voicemail because he could not understand what Pereira said. Bahr fell asleep and later

woke up when he heard a commotion outside. Bahr went outside and police arrested him and

Blanchard. Bahr denied feeling jealous over Pereira and Sharp’s relationship.

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

AEDPA

Because Bahr filed his federal petition after the enactment of the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act, AEDPA governs his claims. Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320,

327 (1997). AEDPA amended 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) to require:

An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person

in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not

be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on

the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of

the claim —

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to,

or involved an unreasonable application

of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the

United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in

light of the evidence presented in the State

court proceeding.

A decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law “if the state court arrives

at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the U.S. Supreme Court] on a question of law

or if the state court decides a case differently than [the U.S. Supreme Court] has on a set of

materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412–13 (2000). A

decision involves an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law “if the state

court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the U.S. Supreme Court’s]

decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.”

Williams, 529 U.S. at 413. Clearly established federal law refers to the holding of an opinion

by the U.S. Supreme Court at the time of the relevant state court decision. Williams, 529

U.S. at 412.

“[AEDPA] modified a federal habeas court’s role in reviewing state prisoner

applications in order to prevent federal habeas ‘retrials’ and to ensure that state-court

convictions are given effect to the extent possible under law.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694

(2002). A federal petitioner must show that the state court’s ruling was “so lacking in

justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law

beyond any possibility of fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103

(2011).

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Bahr asserts ineffective assistance of counsel — a difficult claim to sustain. Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984) explains:

First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was

deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so

serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel”

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second,

the defendant must show that the deficient performance

prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s

errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial,

a trial whose result is reliable.

“There is no reason for a court . . . to address both components of the inquiry if the defendant

makes an insufficient showing on one.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. “[C]ounsel is strongly

presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the

exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. “[A] court

deciding an actual ineffectiveness claim must judge the reasonableness of counsel’s

challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s

conduct.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690.

“An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting

aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. To demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must show “a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. A reasonable probability

is a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 694.

Strickland cautions that “strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law

and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at

690–91. A defendant cannot meet his burden by showing that the avenue chosen by counsel

was unsuccessful. White v. Singletary, 972 F.2d 1218, 1220–21 (11th Cir. 1992).

Because the standards under Strickland and AEDPA are both highly deferential,

“when the two apply in tandem, review is ‘doubly’ so.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. “Given the

double deference due, it is a ‘rare case in which an ineffective assistance of counsel claim

that was denied on the merits in state court is found to merit relief in a federal habeas

proceeding.’” Nance v. Warden, Ga. Diag. Prison, 922 F.3d 1298, 1303 (11th Cir. 2019)

(citation omitted).

In a decision without a written opinion, the state appellate court affirmed the order

denying Bahr post-conviction relief. (Doc. 9-2 at 1462) A federal court “‘look[s] through’

the unexplained decision to the last related state-court decision that does provide a relevant

rationale [and] presume[s] that the unexplained decision adopted the same reasoning.”

Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018). The post-conviction court provided reasons

for denying Bahr’s claims in a written order. (Doc. 9-2 at 1354–59)

Exhaustion and Procedural Default

A petitioner must exhaust the remedies available in state court before

a federal court can grant relief on habeas. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). The petitioner must

(1) alert the state court to the federal nature of his claim and (2) give the state court one full

opportunity to resolve the federal claim by invoking one complete round of the state’s

established appellate review process. O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999); Picard

v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 278 (1971). The state court must have the first opportunity to review

and correct any alleged violation of a federal right. Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004).

A federal court may stay — or dismiss without prejudice — a habeas case to allow a

petitioner to return to state court to exhaust a claim. Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005);

Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509 (1982). If the state court would deny the claim on a state

procedural ground, the federal court denies the claim as procedurally barred. Snowden v.

Singletary, 135 F.3d 732, 736 (11th Cir. 1998) (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722,

735 n.1 (1991)).

Also, the failure to comply with a state procedural rule governing the proper

presentation of a claim generally bars review of that claim on federal habeas. Coleman, 501

U.S. at 729. “[A] state court’s rejection of a federal constitutional claim on procedural

grounds will only preclude federal review if the state procedural ruling rests upon [an]

‘independent and adequate’ state ground.” Judd v. Haley, 250 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir.

2001). A state court’s procedural ruling rests on an independent and adequate state ground

if (1) the last state court rendering a judgment in the case clearly and expressly relies on a

state procedural rule to resolve the federal claim without reaching the merits of the claim,

(2) the state court’s decision rests solidly on state law grounds and is not intertwined with

an interpretation of federal law, and (3) the state procedural rule is not applied in an

“arbitrary or unprecedented fashion,” or in a “manifestly unfair” manner. Judd, 250 F.3d at

1313 (citing Card v. Dugger, 911 F.2d 1494, 1516–17 (11th Cir. 1990)).

To excuse a procedural default on federal habeas, a petitioner must demonstrate

either (1) cause for the default and actual prejudice from the alleged violation of federal law

or (2) a miscarriage of justice. Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 280 (2012); House v. Bell, 547

U.S. 518, 536–37 (2006).

ANALYSIS

Ground One

Bahr asserts that the state court violated his federal rights to due process and a fair

trial by imposing a life sentence based on the jury’s ambiguous findings on the jury verdict

form. (Doc. 1 at 3) Section 775.087(2)(a)(3), Florida Statutes, requires a sentence of 25 years

to life if a defendant commits attempted murder and discharges a firearm causing death or

great bodily harm. Bahr contends that the verdict form was ambiguous because the jury

found both that he “discharged a firearm causing great bodily harm” and that he

“threatened, used, carried, or displayed a firearm.” (Doc. 1 at 3)

The Respondent asserts that the claim is unexhausted and procedurally barred. (Doc.

9 at 4) Bahr raised this claim as issue two in his brief on direct appeal but neither “cit[ed] in

conjunction with the claim the federal source of law on which he relies or a case deciding

such a claim on federal grounds,” nor “simply label[ed] the claim ‘federal.’” Reese, 541 U.S.

at 32. (Doc. 9-2 at 1280–81) He instead cited state court opinions and argued that

fundamental error arose from the defective jury verdict form. (Doc. 9-2 at 1280–81)

Fundamental error is an issue of state law. Pinkney v. Sec’y, Dep’t Corrs., 876 F.3d 1290, 1299

(11th Cir. 2017). Because Bahr did not cite the federal constitution or other federal

authority, he failed to alert the state court to the federal nature of his claim. Reese, 541 U.S.

at 29 (“To provide the State with the necessary ‘opportunity,’ the prisoner must ‘fairly

present’ his claim in each appropriate state court . . ., thereby alerting that court to the

federal nature of the claim.”).

If Bahr returned to state court to exhaust the claim, the state court would deny the

claim as procedurally defaulted. Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(c) (“This rule does not authorize

relief based on grounds that could have or should have been raised at trial and, if properly

preserved, on direct appeal of the judgment and sentence.”). Bahr does not demonstrate

either cause and actual prejudice or a miscarriage of justice to excuse the default in federal

court. (Doc. 12 at 5) Maples, 565 U.S. at 280; House, 547 U.S. at 536–37. Consequently, the

claim is barred from federal review. Snowden, 135 F.3d at 736.1

Ground One is DENIED.

1 In his reply, Bahr asserts that ground one presents a “substantial claim having significant merit” and

“by procedurally barring this claim he will not have had a meaningful opportunity to raise the issue

complained of.” (Doc. 12 at 5) If Bahr attempts to assert cause and prejudice under Martinez v. Ryan,

566 U.S. 1 (2012), Martinez does not apply to a trial error claim. Gore v. Crews, 720 F.3d 811, 816–17

(11th Cir. 2013).

Ground Two

Bahr asserts that the state court violated his federal right to due process because the

prosecution failed to prove premeditation to support the conviction for attempted

first-degree murder. (Doc. 1 at 3–5)

The Respondent asserts that the claim is unexhausted and procedurally barred. (Doc.

9 at 6–7) Bahr raised this claim as issue three in his brief on direct appeal but neither cited

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979) nor labeled the issue “federal.” Reese, 541 U.S. at 32.

(Doc. 9-2 at 1281–82) He instead cited state court opinions and argued that “there was an

insufficient basis for the jury to conclude that there was a premeditated design to kill

[Pereira].” (Doc. 9-2 at 1282) Because Bahr did not cite the Fourteenth Amendment right

to due process or other federal authority, he failed to alert the state court to the federal

nature of his claim. Cascante v. Florida, 816 F. App’x 429, 431 (11th Cir. 2020) (citing Preston

v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t Corrs., 785 F.3d 449, 451 (11th Cir. 2015)).

If Bahr returned to state court to exhaust the claim, the state court would deny the

claim as procedurally defaulted. Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(c). Bahr does not demonstrate either

cause and actual prejudice or a miscarriage of justice to excuse the default in federal court.

(Doc. 12 at 5) Maples, 565 U.S. at 280; House, 547 U.S. at 536–37. Consequently, the claim

is barred from federal review. Snowden, 135 F.3d at 736.

Even if Bahr adequately exhausted the claim, the state court did not unreasonably

deny the federal claim. A defendant is entitled to relief “if it is found that upon the record

evidence adduced at the trial no rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324. The court views the evidence at trial in the

light most favorable to the prosecution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.

The information charged Bahr in Count Two with attempted first-degree murder of

Pereira. The jury found Bahr guilty of attempted first-degree murder in Count Two. (Doc.

9-2 at 1230) (Doc. 9-2 at 12) The Florida Supreme Court in Glover v. State, 226 So. 3d 795,

805–06 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Morrison v. State, 818 So. 2d 432, 452 (Fla. 2002)), defined

premeditation as follows:

Premeditation is defined as more than a mere intent to kill; it is

a fully formed conscious purpose to kill. Premeditation may be

formed in a moment and need only exist for such a time as will

allow the accused to be conscious of the nature of the act he is

about to commit and the probable result of that act.

Premeditation can be shown by circumstantial evidence.

“‘[E]vidence from which premeditation may be inferred includes such matters as the nature

of the weapon used, the presence or absence of adequate provocation, previous difficulties

between the parties, the manner in which the homicide was committed, and the nature and

manner of the wounds inflicted.’” Glover, 226 So. 3d at 806 (quoting Sochor v. State, 619 So.

2d 285, 288 (Fla. 1993)). “Intent is almost always inferred from circumstantial evidence.”

State v. Alexander, 406 So. 2d 1192, 1194 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981).

Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence proved that Bahr

attempted to kill Pereira with a premeditated intent. Before the shooting, Bahr listened to a

voicemail from a male who told Bahr to stay away from Pereira, a woman who had rejected

his romantic interest. (Doc. 9-2 at 536–37, 666–72) After listening to the voicemail over and

over and becoming enraged, Bahr walked over to Pereira’s home armed with a loaded gun.

(Doc. 9-2 at 537–39) Bahr knocked on Pereira’s front door. (Doc. 9-2 at 557–58) Sharp,

Pereira’s boyfriend, came outside, and Bahr said, “[Y]ou’ll never f*ck with me again,” shot

him in the neck, and asked him if he “wanted another.” (Doc. 9-2 at 541, 686–89, 778–79)

Bahr then turned his gun and fired two gunshots directly at Pereira hitting her in the face

and grazing the back of her head. (Doc. 9-2 at 542, 689–90, 779–80) As Bahr walked back

home, Bahr repeatedly said, “Nobody ever f*cks with me.” (Doc. 9-2 at 447)

Bahr’s unrequited love for Pereira, his anger from the voicemail before the shooting,

his deliberate decision to walk to Pereira’s home armed with a loaded gun, his deliberate

decision to point his loaded gun at Pereira and shoot her in the face at close range just after

shooting Sharp, and his comments before and after the shooting, circumstantially proved

his premeditated intent to kill Pereira. Veney v. State, 217 So. 3d 1189, 1190 (Fla. 1st DCA

2017); Skanes v. State, 821 So. 2d 1102, 1104 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002); Cummings v. State, 696

So. 2d 1306, 1307 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997).

Even though Bahr denied shooting Pereira, a rational juror could have found proof

of premeditation beyond a reasonable doubt. Consequently, the state court did not

unreasonably apply Jackson by denying the claim. Cavazos v. Smith, 565 U.S. 1, 7 (2011)

(“[Jackson] unambiguously instructs that a reviewing court ‘faced with a record of historical

facts that supports conflicting inferences must presume — even if it does not affirmatively

appear in the record — that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the

prosecution, and must defer to that resolution.’”) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326); Coleman

v. Johnson, 566 U.S. 650, 655 (2012) (“Jackson leaves juries broad discretion in deciding what

inferences to draw from the evidence presented at trial, requiring only that jurors ‘draw

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’”) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319).

Ground Two is DENIED.

Ground Three

Bahr asserts that the trial court violated a state rule of evidence by admitting at trial

the out-of-court statement that Drollett heard on the voicemail. (Doc. 1 at 5–6) He contends

that the state rule of evidence governing hearsay barred the admission of the statement.

(Doc. 1 at 5)

The Respondent asserts that the claim is not cognizable on federal habeas because

Bahr contends that the state court violated state law. (Doc. 9 at 8) Because “it is only

noncompliance with federal law that renders a State’s criminal judgment susceptible to

collateral attack in the federal courts,” the claim is not cognizable on federal habeas. Wilson

v. Corcoran, 562 U.S. 1, 5 (2010) (italics in original). Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67 (1991)

(“We have stated many times that ‘federal habeas corpus relief does not lie for errors of state

law.’”) (citation omitted). Panzavecchia v. Wainwright, 658 F.2d 337, 340 (5th Cir. Unit B

1981) (“It is well settled that ‘mere violation of evidentiary rules by the state trial court does

not in itself invoke habeas corpus relief . . . .’”).

The Respondent further asserts that, even if the Court could construe ground three

as raising a claim based on the Sixth Amendment right to confrontation, the claim is

procedurally barred because Bahr failed to preserve the issue for review on direct appeal.

(Doc. 9 at 9) When objecting to the admission of the out-of-court statement, trial counsel

cited the rule governing hearsay and did not cite either the Sixth Amendment or the federal

right to confrontation. (Doc. 9-2 at 523–31) In his brief on direct appeal, Bahr argued for

the first time that the admission of the out-of-court statement violated his federal right to

confrontation. (Doc. 9-2 at 1284) However, in the answer brief, the State failed to argue that

Bahr did not preserve the federal constitutional issue for review on appeal and instead only

briefed the merits. (Doc. 9-2 at 1311–13) Because the State briefed only the merits and the

state appellate court could have reviewed the unpreserved federal issue for fundamental

error, this Court cannot presume that the state court’s affirmance without a written opinion

(Doc. 9-2 at 1324) relied on a procedural default to reject the claim. Phillips v. State, 316 So.

3d 779, 782 (Fla. 1st DCA 2021). Bennett v. Fortner, 863 F.2d 804, 807 (11th Cir. 1989) (“The

state’s attorney may have briefed only the procedural default issue; he may have briefed

only the merits; or he may have briefed both issues. . . . [O]nly when the state’s attorney

briefs the merits alone should the federal court also reach the merits.”).

Thus, the Court construes ground three as raising a claim based on Bahr’s federal

right to confrontation and finds the claim is without merit. The state appellate court’s

affirmance without a written opinion (Doc. 9-2 at 1324) is an adjudication on the merits

owed deference under Section 2254(d), and Bahr must show no reasonable basis for the

denial of relief. Richter, 562 U.S. at 98–99.2

Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53–54 (2004), holds that the Confrontation

Clause under the Sixth Amendment bars “admission of testimonial statements of a witness

who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had

a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” An out-of-court statement is testimonial if “in

light of all the circumstances, viewed objectively, the ‘primary purpose’ of the conversation

was to ‘creat[e] an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.’” Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. 237,

245 (2015) (quoting Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 358 (2011)). “[T]he Confrontation

Clause ‘prohibits only statements that constitute impermissible hearsay’ because ‘[t]he

Clause . . . does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing

2 Neither in his brief on direct appeal (Doc. 9-2 at 1282–84) nor in his federal petition (Doc. 1 at 5)

does Bahr assert that the state court violated his federal right to due process. The claim is waived,

unexhausted, and procedurally barred from federal review. Boerckel, 526 U.S. at 845. Duncan v. Henry,

513 U.S. 364, 366 (1995).

the truth of the matter asserted.’” United States v. Pendergrass, 995 F.3d 858, 879 (11th Cir.

2021) (quoting United States v. Jiminez, 564 F.3d 1280, 1286–87 (11th Cir. 2009)).

At trial, the prosecutor proffered the following testimony by Drollett after Bahr

lodged his objection to the admission of the statement. Drollett testified that he observed

Bahr and Blanchard repeatedly listen to a voicemail on a mobile telephone with the

speakerphone turned on. (Doc. 9-2 at 527–28) Drollett heard a male voice “asking [Bahr]

not to call [Pereira] anymore and not to come by,” but Drollett did not recognize the voice.

(Doc. 9-2 at 528) After listening to the voicemail, both Bahr and Blanchard angrily left for

Pereira’s home and Drollett followed. (Doc. 9-2 at 527)

The trial court ruled that the out-of-court statement was not hearsay and was,

therefore, not barred by the hearsay doctrine (Doc. 9-2 at 529–30):

[Court:] What number is effect on the listener?

Okay. Here it is. It is 801.4 in Ehrhardt, the

2014 volume, page 861, and that’s under

801.6, statements offered to show the state

of mind of the listener or hearer when

evidence of an out-of-court statement is

offered — sorry, Madam Court Reporter.

I’ll slow down — to prove the state of

mind of a person who heard the statement.

The statement is not hearsay because it is

not being offered to prove the truth of the

statement’s contents.

If testimony concerning an out-of-court

statement by A to B is offered to show that

B was on notice of an event, the statement

is not being offered to prove — the

statement is not being offered to prove its

truth and, therefore, is not excluded by the

hearsay rule. Whenever a material issue in

an action involves the state of mind of a

person, out-of-court statements, which are

probative of that issue, are admissible if

they are offered to prove the state of mind.

Okay. So I’ll overrule the objection. . . .

Drollett testified consistently with his proffer. (Doc. 9-2 at 536–38) In closing argument, the

prosecutor argued that Bahr purposefully went to Pereira’s home with a loaded gun to shoot

her after listening to the voicemail and becoming enraged. (Doc. 9-2 at 1070–73, 1151–52)

Whether the out-of-court statement was admissible non-hearsay is an issue of state

law, and a state court’s determination of state law receives deference in federal court. Machin

v. Wainwright, 758 F.2d 1431, 1433 (11th Cir. 1985). Because the trial court did not admit

the out-of-court statement as proof of the truth of the matter asserted, the admission of the

statement did not violate the Confrontation Clause. Pindergrass, 995 F.3d at 879–80.

Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50, 57–58 (2012). Also, because the primary purpose of the

speaker on the voicemail to Bahr was not to create an out-of-court substitute for trial

testimony, the statement was not testimonial, and the admission of the statement did not

violate Bahr’s federal constitutional right of confrontation. Clark, 576 U.S. at 245. United

States v. Brown, 441 F.3d 1330, 1360 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that a “private telephone

conversation between mother and son, which occurred while [the defendant’s mother] was

sitting at her dining room table with only her family members present” was not testimonial).

Consequently, the state court did not unreasonably apply Crawford.

Ground Three is DENIED.

Ground Four

Bahr asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for not moving for judgment of

acquittal based on the lack of evidence of premeditation. (Doc. 1 at 6–9) He concedes that

the claim is unexhausted and procedurally defaulted (Doc. 1 at 9) but contends that cause

and prejudice under Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012) excuse the default. (Doc. 1 at 6)

Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14, holds that when a state court requires a defendant to raise

an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a collateral proceeding, a petitioner can

establish cause by showing either that the state court did not appoint him counsel in the

proceeding or that appointed counsel was ineffective for not raising the claim, and he can

establish prejudice by showing that the claim is a substantial one or has “some merit.”

Florida law requires a defendant to raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a

collateral proceeding. Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413, 423–28 (2013); Robards v. State, 112

So. 3d 1256, 1266–67 (Fla. 2013). The state court did not appoint Bahr post-conviction

counsel. (Doc. 9-2 at 1354–59). Consequently, Bahr may seek to excuse the procedural

default merely by showing that the ineffective assistance of counsel claim has “some merit.”

Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14. Bahr fails to clear this low bar.

As the Court explains in ground two above, the prosecution presented sufficient

evidence to prove that Bahr attempted to kill Pereira with premeditated intent. Bahr further

asserts that the prosecution failed to rebut his reasonable hypothesis of innocence. (Doc. 1

at 7) Under state law, the prosecution carries the burden to rebut the defense’s reasonable

hypothesis of innocence only if the circumstantial evidence standard applies. Knight v. State,

186 So. 3d 1005, 1010 (Fla. 2016). “[T]he circumstantial evidence standard of review applies

only where all of the evidence of a defendant’s guilt — i.e., the evidence tending to show

that the defendant committed or participated in the crime — is circumstantial, not where

any particular element of a crime is demonstrated exclusively by circumstantial evidence.”

Id. at 1010. At trial, Drollett testified that he observed Bahr shoot Pereira, and Pereira

testified that she observed Bahr shoot her. (Doc. 9-2 at 542, 689) This testimony was direct

evidence that Bahr committed some act that would have resulted in the death of Pereira.

(Doc. 9-2 at 1175) Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 6.2. Because this testimony was direct

evidence of Bahr’s guilt of the attempted murder of Pereira, the circumstantial evidence

standard did not apply. Knight, 186 So. 3d at 1010. Deloach v. State, 270 So. 3d 457, 461 (Fla.

1st DCA 2019).

A motion for judgment of acquittal would not have succeeded, and trial counsel was

not ineffective. Pinkney, 876 F.3d at 1297 (“[A]n attorney will not be held to have performed

deficiently for failing to perform a futile act, one that would not have gotten his client any

relief.”). Because Bahr fails to demonstrate that the claim has “some merit,” the claim is

procedurally barred from federal review. Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14.

Ground Four is DENIED.

Ground Five

Bahr asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for not presenting testimony by an

ophthalmologist and an expert in eyewitness identification. (Doc. 1 at 10–11) The

post-conviction court denied the claim as follows (Doc. 9-2 at 1357–58) (state court record

citations omitted):

The Defendant alleges that counsel was ineffective for failing to

call expert witnesses. The Defendant indicates that counsel

should have called “an eyewitness identification expert” and an

ophthalmologist. The Defendant asserts that the eyewitness

identification expert would have testified that eyewitness

identification is not reliable, is influenced by a number of

factors, and leads to misidentification. As to the

ophthalmologist, the Defendant claims this expert would have

testified that the victim, Rose Pereira, was legally blind without

her glasses and that she was not wearing them at the time of the

shooting. The Defendant seems to suggest that had both of

these experts testified, they would have undermined the

victims’ identification of the Defendant and the outcome of the

proceedings would have been different.

To establish a facially sufficient claim of failure to call a

witness, a defendant must provide the identity of the

prospective witness, the substance of the witness’s testimony,

an explanation about how the omission of this evidence

prejudiced the outcome of the trial, and an assertion that the

witness was available to testify. See Barthel v. State, 882 So. 2d

1054, 1054–55 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (citing Nelson v. State, 875

So. 2d 579, 582–83 (Fla. 2004)). However, when alleging that

counsel should have called an expert witness, a defendant does

not need to name a specific expert or allege that the expert was

available to testify. See State v. Lucas, 183 So. 3d 1027 (Fla.

2016); see also Terrell v. State, 9 So. 3d 1284 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009).

To establish prejudice, a defendant must show, based on the

circumstances of the case, “‘that there is a likelihood that the

deficient conduct affected the outcome of the court

proceedings.’” Nelson, 875 So. 2d at 583 (quoting Smith v. State,

445 So. 2d 323, 325 (Fla. 1983)).

As an initial matter, the Court notes that the Defendant’s claim

that he was misidentified completely contradicts his claim in

[an earlier ground] that he did not make a conscious decision to

kill the victims due to his intoxication at the time of the

offenses. Davis v. State, 938 So. 2d 555, 558 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006)

([a]ffirming denial of motion in part because the defendant’s

allegations contradict each other).

Moreover, the Court finds that the Defendant fails to establish

that he suffered prejudice because there was significant

evidence to identify him as the shooter of the victims. The

record reflects that both victims knew and were familiar with

the Defendant prior to the shooting. One of the victims, Rosa

Pereira, testified that she had been friends with the Defendant

for two years prior to the shooting and that he bought her a

Pandora friendship bracelet. The other victim, David Sharp,

testified that he had seen the Defendant at least four times prior

to the shooting and that Rosa had called him outside right

before the shooting occurred because the Defendant was there.

Both of the victims testified that although the shooting was

early in the morning, the area was well lit and they were

positive it was the Defendant. Rosa Pereira further testified that

she argued with the Defendant before he shot her and David.

Rosa told an eyewitness that the Defendant was the shooter by

indicating that the person who bought her the bracelet shot her

and confirmed to law enforcement that it was the Defendant

while she was recovering in the hospital. David also

communicated to law enforcement that the Defendant shot him

and that he never had any doubt that the Defendant was the

shooter. The record thoroughly reflects that both victims knew

the Defendant, that this was not a case of mistaken identity, and

that they both also argued with the Defendant prior to the

shooting. Therefore, any testimony by an ophthalmologist or

an eyewitness identification expert would not have changed the

outcome of the proceedings.

Further, two additional witnesses who were present at the

shooting identified the Defendant as the shooter. Damien

Blanchard testified that he lived with the Defendant, saw the

Defendant with a revolver, he went with the Defendant to

Rosa’s residence where the Defendant started arguing with her,

and that he heard four gunshots. Dayle Drollett testified that

the Defendant bought Rosa a Pandora bracelet, that the night

of the shooting the Defendant came home from the bar

intoxicated and very angry at Rosa, the Defendant had a

revolver and went to Rosa’s, and that he saw the Defendant

shoot Rosa. Many witnesses testified that the area of the

shooting was well lit, mitigating any potential misidentification

problems. Based on the foregoing, the Defendant fails to

establish that he suffered prejudice and this claim is denied.

The state court did not unreasonably apply Strickland’s prejudice prong. At trial,

Pereira testified that she met Bahr two years before the shooting, had cut his hair, had visited

his home, and regularly went out to eat with him and drank alcohol with him. (Doc. 9-2 at

1407–12) The night of the shooting, Pereira heard a knock at her door, turned on the light

over the carport, and saw Bahr sitting on top of her car’s hood. (Doc. 9-2 at 1416) Pereira

denied experiencing any difficulty seeing Bahr after she turned on the light. (Doc. 9-2 at

1420) Pereira exchanged angry words with Bahr, and Sharp went outside. (Doc. 9-2 at 1417,

1421) Pereira saw Bahr shoot Sharp, turn around, and shoot her in the face. (Doc. 9-2 at

1421–22) At the hospital, Pereira told a detective that Bahr shot her, identified Bahr in a

photograph, and testified at trial that she was “one-hundred percent certain” that Bahr was

the shooter. (Doc. 9-2 at 1423, 1426–27)

Sharp testified that he had never met Bahr but had seen Bahr when Bahr frequented

a car repair shop where Sharp worked. (Doc. 9-2 at 1428–29) Also, Sharp saw Bahr a couple

of weeks before the shooting when Bahr drove his car behind Pereira’s car in the

neighborhood and when Pereira and Sharp visited the home of her nephew. (Doc. 9-2 at

1429–30) On the night of the shooting, Sharp was inside Pereira’s home and heard Pereira

frantically yell that Bahr was outside. (Doc. 9-2 at 1431) Sharp walked outside, saw the light

above the carport turned on, and observed Bahr standing in front of Pereira’s car. (Doc.

9-2 at 1432) Sharp immediately recognized Bahr. (Doc. 9-2 at 1433) Sharp saw Bahr walk

toward him, look directly at him, raise and point the gun toward him, and shoot him. (Doc.

9-2 at 1434) Also, Sharp saw Bahr stand directly over him, point the gun at his head, and

ask him if he “want[ed] another.” (Doc. 9-2 at 1434–35) At the hospital, Sharp told a

detective that Bahr shot him, identified Bahr in a photograph (Doc. 9-2 at

1438–39), and later identified Bahr as the shooter in court. (Doc. 9-2 at 1436)

An eyewitness testified that he walked up to the carport, could see the well-lit area,

saw Pereira and Sharp wounded on the ground, and heard Pereira identify the shooter as

the person who gave her the bracelet that she wore. (Doc. 9-2 at 1398–1401) Pereira testified

that Bahr gave her the bracelet. (Doc. 9-2 at 1410)

Blanchard testified that he walked with Bahr to Pereira’s home and heard Bahr

yelling, “Nobody ever f*cks with me.” (Doc. 9-2 at 1381–82) Blanchard retreated toward a

shed and heard four gunshots. (Doc. 9-2 at 1382–83) Drollett testified that he, Bahr, and

Blanchard walked to Pereira’s home, and he heard Bahr say, “[Y]ou’ll never f*ck with me

again,” followed by a gunshot, and he saw Bahr shoot Pereira. (Doc. 9-2 at 1389–93,

1395-96) When asked whether he was certain that Bahr shot Pereira, Drollett responded,

“Yes, sir. lam dead serious.” (Doc. 9-2 at 1393)

This reliable and consistent testimony by Pereira, Sharp, Blanchard, and Drollett

proved Bahr’s identity. Because Bahr could not demonstrate a reasonable probability that

the outcome at trial would have changed if an expert had testified concerning the reliability

of eyewitness identification or if an ophthalmologist had impeached Pereira concerning her

ability to identify Bahr, the state court did not unreasonably apply Strickland. Strickland, 466

U.S. at 694. Knight v. Fla. Dep’t Corrs., 936 F.3d 1322, 1340-41 (11th Cir. 2019); Solomon v.

Kemp, 735 F.2d 395, 402 (11th Cir. 1984).°

Ground Five is DENIED.

Accordingly, it is ORDERED that Bahr’s petition (Doc. 1) is DENIED. The Clerk

is DIRECTED to enter a judgment against Bahr and CLOSE this case.

DENIAL OF CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY AND

LEAVE TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS

Because Bahr neither makes a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right nor demonstrates that reasonable jurists would find debatable both the merits of the

underlying claims and the procedural issues that he seeks to raise, a certificate of

appealability and leave to appeal in forma pauperis are DENIED. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 478 (2000).

DONE AND ORDERED in Tampa, Florida on March 24, 2022,

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

> Also, the state court correctly concluded (Doc. 9-2 at 1357) that Bahr contradicted himself by

swearing under oath in his state post-conviction motion that “his incapacitation that was caused by

intoxication of alcoholl[ic] beverages interfered with his ability to form a conscious decision to kill

another prior to his crime being committed.” (Doc. 9-2 at 1340)

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