“Even this action … , 21 when combined with the firm’s underlying representation of a California client, does not 22 constitute purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities within 23 California.”
How later courts described this case
- “Even this action … , 21 when combined with the firm’s underlying representation of a California client, does not 22 constitute purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities within 23 California.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 NICOLE UHLIG and MICHELLE Case No.: 20-cv-00887-DMS-MSB
STOLDT, as Trustees of (1) the
12
Survivor’s Trust Established Under the ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’
13 Wolfgang and Elke Uhlig Revocable MOTION TO DISMISS
Living Trust U/A/D April 16, 1998; (2)
14
the Marital GST Non-Exempt Trust
15 Established Under the Wolfgang and Elke
Uhlig Revocable Living Trust U/A/D
16
April 16, 1998, as Amended; (3) the
17 Marital GST Exempt Trust Established
Under the Wolfgang and Elke Uhlig
18
Revocable Living Trust U/A/D April 16,
19 1998, as Amended; and (4) the Bypass
Trust Established Under the Wolfgang and
20
Elke Uhlig Revocable Living Trust U/A/D
21 April 16, 1998, as Amended,
22 Plaintiffs,
23 v.
24 FAIRN & SWANSON HOLDINGS,
INC., a Delaware corporation; LEON
25
FALIC, an individual; SIMON FALIC, an
26 individual; JEROME FALIC, an
individual;
27
Defendants.
28
1 This case comes before the Court on Defendants Fairn & Swanson Holdings, Inc.,
2 Leon Falic, Simon Falic, and Jerome Falic’s motion to dismiss. Defendants argue the Court
3 lacks personal jurisdiction over the individual defendants (“the Falics”) and Count III fails
4 to state a claim. Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion, and Defendants filed a reply.
5 For the reasons discussed below, the motion is granted.
6 I.
7 BACKGROUND
8 This case arises out of a Letter of Intent (“the LOI”) entered into between Plaintiffs1
9 and Defendant Fairn & Swanson Holdings, Inc. (“Holdings”) in March 2020. (First Am.
10 Compl. (“FAC”) ¶ 4; Ex. 1 to FAC.) The LOI involves the sale of stock of Fairn &
11 Swanson, Inc. (“F&S”), a closely held California corporation which, prior to filing for
12 bankruptcy, supplied duty-free retail products to international travelers. (FAC ¶¶ 4, 12.)
13 In 2015, the Falics formed Holdings for the purpose of purchasing stock holdings in
14 F&S. (Id. ¶ 9.) That same year, the Falics, as individual purchasers, acquired 20% of the
15 stock of F&S from Plaintiffs pursuant to an agreement which also gave Holdings an option
16 to purchase the remaining 80% of stock. (Id. ¶¶ 9, 10; Decl. of Nicole Uhlig ¶¶ 6, 8.)
17 Subsequently, the parties began negotiating for the purchase of the remaining 80% of F&S
18 stock. (See Decl. of Nicole Uhlig ¶ 8.) This culminated in the March 2020 LOI between
19 Plaintiffs and Holdings, signed by Plaintiffs and the Falics. (Ex. 1 to FAC.)
20 Per the 2020 LOI’s terms, Plaintiffs agreed to convey to Holdings 80% of the stock
21 in F&S, as well as all right, title, and interest in Plaintiffs’ retail real property located in
22
23
1 The Court refers to Plaintiffs Nicole Uhlig and Michelle Stoldt, as Trustees of (1) the
24
Survivor’s Trust Established Under the Wolfgang and Elke Uhlig Revocable Living Trust
25 U/A/D April 16, 1998; (2) the Marital GST Non-Exempt Trust Established Under the
Wolfgang and Elke Uhlig Revocable Living Trust U/A/D April 16, 1998, as Amended; (3)
26
the Marital GST Exempt Trust Established Under the Wolfgang and Elke Uhlig Revocable
27 Living Trust U/A/D April 16, 1998, as Amended; and (4) the Bypass Trust Established
Under the Wolfgang and Elke Uhlig Revocable Living Trust U/A/D April 16, 1998, as
28
1 Imperial County, California. (Id. ¶ 4.) In return, Holdings agreed to assume specified
2 debts of F&S, to purchase the Imperial County property, and to pay Plaintiffs $5 million.
3 (Id.) The LOI provides that the parties will make good faith efforts to negotiate one or
4 more “Definitive Agreements” further detailing the terms of sale of stock and terms of the
5 sale of the real property, but that the LOI “is not contingent on the preparation of the
6 Definitive Agreements.” (FAC ¶ 7; see Ex. 1 to FAC.) After the LOI’s execution, the
7 parties began to finalize such an agreement, and Leon Falic sent Plaintiffs a draft agreement
8 for review on March 15, 2020, but this draft agreement was never signed by the parties.
9 (FAC ¶ 8; Decl. of Nicole Uhlig ¶ 14; Ex. 7 to Decl. of Nicole Uhlig.) Instead, Defendants
10 declined to consummate the transactions provided for in the LOI. (FAC ¶ 7.) Specifically,
11 Defendants refused to sign the draft Definitive Agreement and refused to provide the
12 promised performance of purchasing the F&S stock and the Imperial County property.
13 (Id. ¶ 8.)
14 Based on these allegations, Plaintiffs filed this diversity action against Holdings and
15 the Falics on May 12, 2020.2 On August 17, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a FAC, claiming breach
16 of contract and fraud. Plaintiffs seek specific performance, damages, and attorneys’ fees.
17 II.
18 DISCUSSION
19 The Court first considers Defendants’ evidentiary objections to the Declaration of
20 Nicole Uhlig. The Court then analyzes Defendants’ motion to dismiss and concludes
21 dismissal of the claims against the Falics is warranted for lack of personal jurisdiction.
22 As a preliminary matter, Defendants object to the Declaration of Nicole Uhlig and
23 attached exhibits filed in support of Plaintiffs’ opposition to the motion to dismiss, on the
24 grounds that that they are improper extrinsic evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 608.
25
26 2 Plaintiffs are domiciled in California. (FAC ¶ 1.) Holdings is a Delaware corporation
27 with its headquarters allegedly in Florida. (Id.) Simon Falic is domiciled in Panama, and
Leon and Jerome Falic are domiciled in Florida. (Id.) The amount in controversy exceeds
28
1 In the context of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2), the Court may consider
2 affidavits, along with the pleadings, to determine whether the plaintiff has made a prima
3 facie showing of personal jurisdiction. See Doe v. Unocal Corp., 248 F.3d 915, 922 (9th
4 Cir. 2001); Caruth v. Int’l Psychoanalytical Ass’n, 59 F.3d 126, 128 (9th Cir. 1995). Since
5 the Court does not reach Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) argument, it need not consider
6 evidence for that purpose. Defendants’ objections are overruled.
7 Turning to Defendant’s motion to dismiss, Defendants maintain personal
8 jurisdiction is lacking over the Falics because Plaintiffs fail to show either that Holdings is
9 an alter ego of the Falics or that the Court has specific jurisdiction over the Falics. The
10 parties do not dispute that the Court has personal jurisdiction over Holdings.
11 On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of
12 Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden “to establish the district court’s
13 personal jurisdiction over the defendant.” Harris Rutsky & Co. Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Bell &
14 Clements Ltd., 328 F.3d 1122, 1128–29 (9th Cir. 2003). “Where, as here, the defendant’s
15 motion is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need
16 only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts to withstand the motion to dismiss.”
17 Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing
18 Brayton Purcell LLP v. Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1127 (9th Cir. 2010)).
19 “Uncontroverted allegations in the complaint must be taken as true, and factual disputes
20 are construed in the plaintiff’s favor.” Freestream Aircraft (Berm.) Ltd. v. Aero Law Grp.,
21 905 F.3d 597, 602 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Rio Props., Inc. v. Rio Int’l Interlink, 284 F.3d
22 1007, 1019 (9th Cir. 2002)).
23 Because “California’s long-arm statute allows courts to exercise personal
24 jurisdiction over defendants to the extent permitted by the Due Process Clause of the
25 United States Constitution[,]” this Court “need only determine whether personal
26 jurisdiction in this case would meet the requirements of due process.” Harris Rutsky, 328
27 F.3d at 1129 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “For a court to exercise
28 personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant consistent with due process, that
1 defendant must have ‘certain minimum contacts’ with the relevant forum ‘such that the
2 maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
3 justice.’ ” CollegeSource, Inc. v. AcademyOne, Inc., 653 F.3d 1066, 1073–74 (9th Cir.
4 2011) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 216 (1945)).
5 Defendants contend first that Holdings is not an alter ego of the Falics and thus its
6 contacts with California are not imputed to the Falics for the purposes of personal
7 jurisdiction.
8 Generally, a corporation’s contacts with a forum cannot be imputed to its owners or
9 officers. See Davis v. Metro Prods, Inc., 885 F.2d 515, 520 (9th Cir. 1989). However,
10 “[t]he corporate form may be ignored in cases in which the corporation is an … alter ego
11 of the individual defendant.” Id. at 520–21. The alter ego exception allows for “imputed”
12 general jurisdiction, in which the corporate entity’s contacts with the forum state can be
13 “fairly attributed” to its owners. Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1071 (9th Cir. 2015)
14 (citation omitted). To satisfy this test, the plaintiff “must make out a prima facie case
15 (1) that there is such unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the
16 two entities no longer exist and (2) that failure to disregard their separate identities would
17 result in fraud or injustice.” Id. at 1073 (internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations
18 omitted). The first prong of this test “requires a showing that the [owner] controls the
19 [corporate entity] to such a degree as to render the latter the mere instrumentality of the
20 former.” Id. (citation omitted). Because disregarding the corporate entity is an “extreme
21 remedy” which will be done only “in exceptional circumstances,” plaintiffs who invoke
22 the alter ego theory to assert personal jurisdiction have a “slightly higher burden.” TV
23 Ears, Inc. v. SYK Grp., LLC, No. 16CV867-GPC(WVG), 2016 WL 6248539, at *5 (S.D.
24 Cal. Oct. 26, 2016) (citing Calvert v. Huckins, 875 F. Supp. 674, 678 (E.D. Cal. 1995).
25 Here, Plaintiffs contend the Falics control Holdings and are its sole members,
26 officers, and owners. (Pls.’ Opp’n 15 (citing Decl. of Leon Falic ¶ 1; Decl. of Simon Falic
27 ¶ 1; Decl. of Jerome Falic ¶ 1).) Plaintiffs further allege on information and belief that
28 Holdings is undercapitalized and lacks sufficient capital to consummate the LOI
1 transaction, that its corporate separateness from the Falics has not been respected, and that
2 “it would be inequitable to shield the Individual Defendants from Holdings’ liability by
3 reason of Holdings’ corporate shield.” (FAC ¶ 9.)
4 In support of their argument, Plaintiffs allege the individual Falics held themselves
5 out as the actual purchasers of the F&S stock under the LOI, even though the LOI named
6 Holdings as the buyer. (FAC ¶ 10.) Plaintiffs further point to the Falics’ attempt as
7 individuals to purchase F&S in 2005, their purchase of 20% of F&S’s stock in 2015 as
8 individuals, their individual signatures on the LOI, and their designation as buyers in the
9 draft Definitive Agreement. (Id.)
10 Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ allegations on information and belief are insufficient to
11 establish that Holdings is the Falics’ alter ego. Defendants contend the Falics’ actions of
12 individually purchasing 20% of the stock in F&S, forming Holdings around the same time,
13 and planning to have Holdings purchase the remaining 80% of stock through the 2020 LOI,
14 do not establish alter ego liability.
15 The Court agrees with Defendants. Plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations are insufficient
16 to justify piercing the corporate veil to exercise personal jurisdiction over the Falics. See
17 Sandoval v. Ali, 34 F. Supp. 3d 1031, 1040 (N.D. Cal. 2014). The Falics’ ownership and
18 control of Holdings alone do not establish the requisite level of control for alter ego
19 jurisdiction. See Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1073. Plaintiffs contend the Falics are financially
20 liable for Holdings, but Plaintiffs fail to offer any evidence to support this contention
21 beyond the Falics’ varying levels of individual involvement in the purchase of F&S stock,
22 and Plaintiffs do not articulate how the terms of the 2015 purchase agreement commingle
23 funds. (Pls.’ Opp’n 17; FAC ¶ 10; Decl. of Nicole Uhlig ¶ 6.) Plaintiffs do not plead any
24 specific facts that show Holdings is undercapitalized. To the contrary, Holdings paid $1.5
25 million into escrow under the terms of the LOI. (Decl. of Nicole Uhlig ¶ 10.) Nor do
26 Plaintiffs present evidence that Holdings fails to observe other corporate formalities, such
27 as maintaining records and documenting transactions. See Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1074
28 (finding no alter ego where plaintiff presented no evidence that subsidiary was
1 undercapitalized, lacked adequate records, or that parent freely transferred its assets, which
2 would be “signs of a sham corporate veil”). Neither the FAC nor Plaintiffs’ opposition
3 provides sufficient facts to support the alter ego theory of personal jurisdiction over the
4 Falics.
5 Next, Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to make a prima facie showing that the Falics
6 are subject to specific jurisdiction in California.3 “Specific jurisdiction … depends on an
7 ‘affiliatio[n] between the forum and the underlying controversy,’ principally, activity or an
8 occurrence that takes place in the forum State and is therefore subject to the State’s
9 regulation.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)
10 (citations omitted). The Ninth Circuit has established a three-prong test for determining
11 whether a court may exercise specific jurisdiction:
12
(1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities
13 or consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or
perform some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of
14
conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and
15 protections of its laws;
(2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the
16
defendant’s forum-related activities; and
17 (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and
substantial justice, i.e., it must be reasonable.
18
19 Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 802 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting
20 Lake v. Lake, 817 F.2d 1416, 1421 (9th Cir. 1987)). This “minimum contacts” test
21 “ ‘ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of random,
22 fortuitous, or attenuated contacts[.]’ ” Freestream Aircraft, 905 F.3d at 602 (quoting
23 Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985)). “Each defendant’s contacts
24 with the forum State must be assessed individually.” Davis, 885 F.2d at 521 (quoting
25
26 3 Plaintiffs do not contend that the Falics are subject to general jurisdiction in California
27 other than through their alter ego theory. General jurisdiction exists when a defendant’s
“continuous and systematic” contacts with the forum state render him essentially “at home”
28
1 Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 770, 790 (1984)). For purposes of personal jurisdiction, the
2 Supreme Court has rejected the notion “that employees who act in their official capacity
3 are somehow shielded from suit in their individual capacity.” Id. (quoting Calder, 465
4 U.S. at 781 n.13).
5 First, Plaintiffs contend the Falics purposefully availed themselves of California
6 laws through the LOI. Although Plaintiffs are correct that the LOI contemplates
7 enforcement of its provisions in California, the Falics are not parties to the LOI. (See Ex
8 1 to FAC.) As officers of Holdings, the Falics signed the LOI, but the LOI does not name
9 them individually as buyers. (See id.) Rather, the LOI states “Fairn & Swanson Holdings,
10 Inc.” is the sole “Buyer.” (Id.) “A corporate officer does not become a party to the contract
11 simply by ‘signing it in the officer’s representative capacity.’ ” In re Boon Glob. Ltd., 923
12 F.3d 643, 651 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.01). Plaintiffs’
13 reliance on Roth v. Garcia Marquez, 942 F.2d 617 (9th Cir. 1991), and Sher v. Johnson,
14 911 F.2d 1357 (9th Cir. 1990), is inapposite. In Roth, the defendant who contested personal
15 jurisdiction was a party to the alleged contract, unlike here. See 942 F.2d at 620–21. In
16 Sher, which involved a malpractice action against a Florida law firm, the Ninth Circuit
17 found the partnership availed itself of California law. 911 F.2d at 1363. But the court
18 found the plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of jurisdiction over the individual
19 partners, even where one defendant traveled to California on three occasions in connection
20 with the partnership’s representation of the plaintiff. Id. at 1364 (“Even this action … ,
21 when combined with the firm’s underlying representation of a California client, does not
22 constitute purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities within
23 California.”). Similarly, here, the terms of the LOI, which apply to Holdings, do not subject
24 the Falics to personal jurisdiction in California.
25 Plaintiffs nevertheless contend that the overall business relationship between
26 Plaintiffs and the Falics involving F&S renders the Falics subject to specific jurisdiction in
27 California, relying on Global Commodities Trading Group., Inc. v. Beneficio de Arroz
28 Choloma, S.A., 972 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2020). Plaintiffs’ argument is unpersuasive. In
1 Global Commodities, the Ninth Circuit found specific jurisdiction over a corporation’s
2 officers based on their “extensive contacts” with California in a “years-long business
3 relationship” involving hundreds of contracts and millions of dollars of goods. Id. at 1108,
4 1110. The individual defendants met with the plaintiff’s employees in California to
5 negotiate the transactions at issue in the suit and had “previously traveled to California on
6 multiple occasions as part of the ongoing business relationship” between the two
7 companies. Id. Moreover, the individual defendants signed a personal guaranty, which
8 subjected them to personal jurisdiction. Id. (noting corporate officer who personally
9 guarantees a corporation’s obligation “interject[s] himself into the transaction” (quoting
10 Forsythe v. Overmyer, 576 F.2d 779, 783 (9th Cir. 1978)).
11 Here, the Falics signed no such personal guaranty for any debt of Holdings. Nor did
12 any of the Falics travel to California in connection with the LOI negotiations or the
13 transaction at issue here. 4 (Decl. of Leon Falic ¶¶ 7–8; Decl. of Simon Falic ¶ 7; Decl. of
14 Jerome Falic ¶ 7.) Cf. Davis, 885 F.2d at 522–23 (holding two corporate officers had
15 sufficient contacts with Arizona when they conducted meetings with clients in Arizona and
16 ultimately entered into six agreements with Arizona residents on behalf of the corporation).
17 The individual Falics did have previous business dealings involving F&S: the 2015 stock
18 purchase and the 2005 attempted purchase. (Decl. of Nicole Uhlig ¶¶ 5–6). But these
19 interactions do not rise to the level of the years-long closely intertwined business
20 relationship that supported the exercise of personal jurisdiction in Global Commodities,
21 especially given the Falics’ lack of travel to California in connection with these dealings
22 and the fact that Plaintiffs’ suit does not allege any breach of the 2015 stock purchase
23 contract. As Global Commodities reiterates, although individuals’ status as corporate
24 officers may give rise to personal jurisdiction over them, it does not guarantee it. Id. at
25
26
27
4 The only in-person meetings concerning the transaction took place in Miami, Florida,
28
1 1109. The Falics’ actions here are insufficient to support the Court’s exercise of personal
2 jurisdiction over them.
3 Plaintiffs’ remaining claimed bases for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the
4 Falics are likewise unavailing. Plaintiffs argue the Falics submitted to California
5 jurisdiction under the terms of the draft “Definitive Agreement,” but this draft agreement,
6 which the Falics did not sign, is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. See Jorio v.
7 Benmansour, No. 15-CV-00063 NC, 2015 WL 12829619, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2015)
8 (finding unsigned draft contract “does not constitute either proof of an enforceable contract
9 or conduct by [defendant] sufficient for this Court to exercise specific personal jurisdiction
10 over him”). Plaintiffs’ claim that the Falics are assignees of Holdings’ rights similarly
11 fails, as Plaintiffs point only to a generic assignment clause in the LOI and language in the
12 unsigned draft agreement. (See Ex. 1 to FAC, § 7(c); Ex. 7 to FAC.) This is insufficient
13 to establish that Holdings assigned its rights under the LOI to the Falics, and in any event,
14 “the contacts of a contracting party are not imputed to an assignee or third-party beneficiary
15 under a minimum contacts analysis.” Allied Professionals Ins. Co. v. Anglesey, No. CV
16 14-00665 CBM, 2018 WL 6219926, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2018), aff’d and remanded,
17 No. 18-56513, 2020 WL 1179772 (9th Cir. Mar. 12, 2020).
18 The Court finds Plaintiffs have not established the requisite minimum contacts
19 between the Falics and California, nor have Plaintiffs established that their claims arise out
20 of any such contacts. Thus, Plaintiffs have failed to satisfy either the first or second prong
21 of the specific jurisdiction test. In the absence of this showing, the Court need not consider
22 whether the exercise of jurisdiction would be reasonable. See Harris Rutsky, 328 F.3d at
23 1132 (stating burden shifts to defendant to show exercise of jurisdiction would be
24 unreasonable, but only after plaintiff establishes minimum contacts).
25 There is no basis for the Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over the Falics.
26 Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ claims against the Falics are dismissed. The Court therefore need
27
28
1 reach Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count III for failure to state a claim under the
2 ||economic loss rule and Rule 9(b).°
3 II.
4 CONCLUSION AND ORDER
5 For the reasons set out above, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED.
6 || Plaintiffs’ claims against the Falics are dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiffs’ first and
7 ||second causes of action may proceed against Holdings.
8 IT IS SO ORDERED.
9
10 ||Dated: November 23, 2020
ns my. L4\
Hon. Dana M. Sabraw
12 United States District Judge
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 ||° While Counts I and II allege breach of contract by all defendants, Count III alleges fraud
2g by the Falics only. (See FAC 4§ 26, Prayer for Relief D.) Since the Court lacks personal
jurisdiction over the Falics, Count III is dismissed.