“we are less inclined to find mootness where the ‘new policy ... could be easily 26 || abandoned or altered in the future.’”
How later courts described this case
- “we are less inclined to find mootness where the ‘new policy ... could be easily 26 || abandoned or altered in the future.’”
- “changes in ordinances or regulations will not necessarily render a case moot”
- discussing the 15 requirements for Article III standing
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
9
10 JD BOLS, Case No.: 3:20-cv-00873-BEN-BLM
11 Plaintiff,
ORDER DENYING EX PARTE
12 v. APPLICATION FOR TEMPORARY
RESTRAINING ORDER
13 GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official
capacity as Governor of California, et al.,
14 [Doc. No. 10.]
Defendants.
15
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17 This matter is before the Court on an ex parte Application for a Temporary
18 Restraining Order (“TRO”) of Plaintiff JD Bols to enjoin enforcement of Defendants’
19 public health orders mandating the closure of non-essential businesses following the
20 declaration of a State of Emergency to address the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (“COVID-
21 19”). All Defendants have responded.1 For the following reasons, Plaintiff’s application
22 is DENIED.
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25 1 The Complaint names the following as defendants: Gavin Newsom in his official
capacity as the Governor of California; Xavier Becerra in his official capacity as the
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Attorney General of California; Sonia Y. Angell, M.D. in her official capacity as the
27 State Public Health Officer; Kevin Faulconer in his official capacity as Mayor of the City
of San Diego; Wilma J. Wooten, M.D. in her official capacity as Medical Officer for the
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County of San Diego; Nathan Fletcher, Kristen Gaspar, Jim Desmond, Greg Cox; and
1 I. BACKGROUND
2 JD Bols is an individual residing and doing business in San Diego County,
3 California.2 His Complaint asserts eleven federal and state constitutional challenges to
4 Governor Newsom’s emergency health directives in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.3
5 Plaintiff argues that the Governor’s orders and the related county and city orders impinge
6 upon his “civil rights and liberties by ordering generally: (1) unprecedented in American
7 history shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders; and (2) protocols effectively destroying so-
8 called ‘non-essential’ businesses all across the State of California.”4 Id. at 2.
9 Plaintiff argues, inter alia, that the orders unconstitutionally favor “essential”
10 businesses (such as banks, medical offices, and grocery stores) over “non-essential”
11 businesses (such as churches and salons) by forcing non-essential businesses to shut down
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Dianne Jacob, all in their official capacities as members of the Sand Diego County Board
15 of Supervisors; and William Gore in his official capacity as San Diego Sheriff.
2 Plaintiff JD Bols is a business owner who operates a commercial and residential
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rental property business as well as a citizen and resident of San Diego County. Many of
17 Plaintiff’s commercial properties are rented to long-term tenants negatively affected by
the Defendants’ orders and which operate churches and beauty salons on his leased
18
premises. (Doc. No. 1 at 4.)
19 3 The Complaint includes eleven claims: (1) Viol. of the Fifth Amend. to the U.S.
Const. (Right to Travel); (2) Viol. of the Fourteenth Amend. to the U.S. Const.
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(Substantive and Procedural Due Process); (3) Viol. of the Fourteenth Amend. to the
21 U.S. Const. (Equal Protection); (4) Viol. of the Fifth Amend. to the U.S. Const.
(Takings); (5) Viol. of Art. I, § 1 of the Cal. Const. (Right to Liberty); (6) Viol. of Art. I,
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§ 7 of the Cal. Const. (Due Process); (7) Viol. of Art. I, § 19 of the Cal. Const. (Takings);
23 (8) Viol. of § 8572 of the Cal. Gov’t Code (Commandeering Private Property or
Personnel); (9) Viol. of the First Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Freedom of Assembly); (10)
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Viol. of the First Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Free Exercise Clause); and (11) Viol. of the
25 First Amend. to the U.S. Const. (Right to Petition).
4 According to the Complaint, “Defendants’ Orders have caused widespread and
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catastrophic damage to the California economy through the government-mandated
27 closure of not only Plaintiff’s business, but millions of other ‘Non-Essential’ businesses
across California. These orders have had massive chilling effect on the free exercise of
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Plaintiff’s personal constitutional rights as well.” Id. at 7.
1 under threat of fine and incarceration, while essential businesses continue to operate.
2 Moreover, the orders dictate that individuals who are not employees of essential businesses
3 must stay at home. These restrictive health orders, Plaintiff argues, violate his federal and
4 state constitutional rights. Consequently, Plaintiff seeks a TRO enjoining enforcement of
5 the Governor’s emergency health orders and related mandates issued by the County’s
6 Public Health Officer, Dr. Wilma Wooten, against non-essential businesses such as
7 churches and salons operated by Plaintiff’s tenants. Plaintiff also seeks to enjoy his right
8 to travel, assemble with others, and petition for a redress of grievances by protesting within
9 the city and specifically at the County Administration building, notwithstanding the stay-
10 at-home orders. Plaintiff also argues that the ordered closure of his non-essential
11 businesses constitutes a taking for which the government is required to pay just
12 compensation.
13 II. LEGAL STANDARD
14 A TRO is an “extraordinary remedy” that should only be awarded upon a clear
15 showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief. See Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council,
16 Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008). Ordinarily, the party seeking a TRO must establish: (1) a
17 likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a likelihood of irreparable harm absent preliminary
18 relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in the plaintiff’s favor; and (4) that an injunction
19 is in the public interest. Id. at 20. Alternatively, he must demonstrate that “serious
20 questions going to the merits were raised and the balance of hardships tips sharply in the
21 plaintiff’s favor,” and that the other two Winter elements are met. Alliance for Wild
22 Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1134-35 (9th Cir. 2011). The “[l]ikelihood of success
23 on the merits is the most important Winter Factor.” Disney Enters., Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc.,
24 869 F.3d 848, 856 (9th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).
25 III. DISCUSSION
26 This case was filed only weeks ago. At this point in the litigation, there has been
27 no trial, no testimony, and no evidentiary hearings. To grant temporary injunctive relief
28 in ordinary times requires a strong likelihood of success on the merits. But these are not
1 ordinary times which give rise to Plaintiff’s Complaint. Indeed, all of his claims for
2 relief arise from the intersection and conflict between executive orders for the health of
3 the citizenry as a whole and constitutional rights enjoyed by the individual citizen. The
4 Constitution principally entrusts the safety and the health of the citizenry to the politically
5 accountable officials of state and local government. Jacobson v. Mass., 197 U.S. 11, 38
6 (1905).
7 After a trial on the merits, it may well be clear that the Defendant state and local
8 officials went too far or indelicately encroached on Plaintiff’s individual liberties.
9 However, in the current posture of a request for a temporary restraining order -- while the
10 medical facts on the ground are still developing and officials are faced with imperfect
11 information upon which to actively design the public health response – federal court
12 intervention must be modest. This is the teaching of the U.S. Supreme Court in South
13 Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom, 504 U.S.__, 140 S. Ct. 1613, (May 29,
14 2020), and this Court is compelled to follow. Concurring, Chief Justice Roberts explains
15 about the same health orders from the same officials in a similar case,
16 The precise question of when restrictions on particular social activities
should be lifted during the pandemic is a dynamic and fact-intensive matter
17
subject to reasonable disagreement. Our Constitution principally entrusts
18 the safety and the health of the people to the politically accountable officials
of the States to guard and protect. When those officials undertake to act in
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areas fraught with medical and scientific uncertainties, their latitude must be
20 especially broad. Where those broad limits are not exceeded, they should
not be subject to second-guessing by an unelected federal judiciary, which
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lacks the background, competence, and expertise to assess public health and
22 is not accountable to the people.
That is especially true where, as here, when a party seeks emergency
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relief in an interlocutory posture, while local officials are actively shaping
24 their response to changing facts on the ground.
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Id. at 1613-14 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
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1 Applying South Bay, Plaintiff's Application for a TRO is denied.”
2 IV. CONCLUSION
3 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
4 1. Plaintiff's ex parte Application for a Temporary Restraining Order is
5 DENIED without prejudice; and
6 2. A telephonic Status Hearing is scheduled for July 13, 2020 at 10:30 a.m.
7 IT IS SO ORDERED.
8 || Date: June 30, 2020
9 HON. ROGER T. BENITEZ
United States District Judge
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14 There are questions concerning Plaintiff's Article III standing for several of the eleven claims for
relief. See generally, Thole v. U.S. Bank N.A., 140 S. Ct. 1615 (June 1, 2020) (discussing the
15 requirements for Article III standing). There are also questions of Eleventh Amendment immunity for
16 the state Defendants. These can be resolved in the ordinary course of litigation such as by motions filed
under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12 and 56.
17 As to arguments that the case is rendered moot by virtue of more recent health orders, the Court
disagrees. “A case becomes moot—and therefore no longer a case or controversy for purposes of
18 |} Article I1]—when the issues presented are no longer live or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest
in the outcome.” Rosebrock v. Mathis, 745 F.3d 963, 971 (9th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks
19 omitted). However, “[t]he voluntary cessation of challenged conduct does not ordinarily render a case
0 moot because a dismissal for mootness would permit a resumption of the challenged conduct as soon as
the case is dismissed.” Jd. (quoting another source). The government’s voluntary cessation of
91 || challenged conduct will result in mootness only if a stringent standard is satisfied: “A case might
become moot if subsequent events made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could
22 || not reasonably be expected to recur.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.,
528 U.S. 167 (2000) (emphasis added). That standard is not satisfied here. Although the State has
23 permitted some communities to advance through Stage 2 more quickly, the State is not constrained from
later retuning to the more stringent restrictions which existed at the outset of the stay-at-home orders.
Indeed, a return to such measures may be called for if there is a resurgence of the Covid-19 epidemic.
25 || See Rosebrock, 745 F.3d at 971 (“changes in ordinances or regulations will not necessarily render a case
moot”); id. at 972 (“we are less inclined to find mootness where the ‘new policy ... could be easily
26 || abandoned or altered in the future.’”) Put differently, this case appears to fall directly within the
exception to the mootness doctrine for cases that are capable of repetition while evading review. Doe v.
27 Madison School Dist. No. 321, 177 F.3d 789, 798 (9th Cir. 1999). Accordingly, the Court does not find
28 that Plaintiff's claims are mooted by Defendants’ voluntary cessation.