holding that first element was met when prison 2 guards “arbitrarily confiscated, withheld, and eventually destroyed [plaintiff’s] property, 3 threatened to transfer him to another correctional institution, and ultimately assaulted 4 him”
How later courts described this case
- holding that first element was met when prison 2 guards “arbitrarily confiscated, withheld, and eventually destroyed [plaintiff’s] property, 3 threatened to transfer him to another correctional institution, and ultimately assaulted 4 him”
- collecting cases interpreting “by reason of” in various contexts
- denying an access-to-courts claim 19 because “the complaint failed to identify the underlying cause of action that the alleged 20 deception had compromised”
- holding that the 1 “threat of physical violence” was “chilling conduct”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10 John Henry YABLONSKY, Case No.: 18-cv-1122-CAB-AGS
11 Plaintiff, REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO
12 v.
DISMISS (ECF 33)
13 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS & REHABILITATION,
14
et al.,
15 Defendants.
16
17 In this civil-rights suit, the inmate plaintiff accuses prison officials of
18 unconstitutionally reading his legal mail, limiting his law-library access, retaliating against
19 him for filing grievances, and discriminating against him because of his disability. After
20 some of his original claims were dismissed, plaintiff amended his complaint. Defendants
21 again move to dismiss.
22 BACKGROUND
23 As required at this early stage, this Court accepts “all factual allegations in the
24 complaint as true and constru[es] them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
25 Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838 F.3d 958, 962 (9th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). Viewed in the
26 light most favorable to plaintiff, these are the relevant facts:
27 In October 2015, plaintiff John Yablonsky suffered a stroke, which left lingering
28 damage to his vision and mobility. (ECF 32, at 24, 72.) About eight months later, he arrived
1 at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility, where the events of this case unfold. (Id.
2 at 19.)
3 His troubles began at the prison law library. When he tried to copy some papers for
4 his legal-related correspondence, the library staff—defendants Tiscarnia, Powell, Blahnik,
5 and Robles—read through his “protected papers addressed to Courts and Lawyers . . . . one
6 page at a time.” (ECF 32, at 19-20.) They even placed his papers “face up” on “the counter
7 in front of everyone in the law library.” (Id.)
8 After Yablonsky filed grievances about this, prison staff reduced his law-library
9 access and came to his cell to remove “legal papers,” which were the product of “hundreds
10 of hours of [law-library] research” over “four years.” (ECF 32, at 21, 23.) While he was
11 enduring all this, Yablonsky suffered several bad outcomes in legal cases. (Id. at 23-26.)
12 In January 2017, defendant Martinez interviewed Yablonsky in a dimly lit room
13 regarding his appeals against prison staff. (ECF 32, at 30, 73-74.) Martinez asked
14 Yablonsky to withdraw his appeals because “people would []more than likely lose their
15 jobs if this was not withdrawn.” (Id. at 30.) In exchange, he promised to help return
16 Yablonsky’s legal papers, but never did. (Id.)
17 Yablonsky kept filing grievances and kept having trouble with prison officials. For
18 example, defendant Robles “created a fake rule about [the] law library” in order to reduce
19 Yablonsky’s access and also filed a “false report” against him. (Id. at 31.) Defendant
20 McGuire placed labels over Yablonsky’s “legal mail,” which resulted in the mail being
21 initially “returned as undeliverable.” (Id. at 32, 64, 75.) And an unidentified prison
22 employee interviewed Yablonsky about his appeals and made “threats” to Yablonsky that
23 were “understood as lethal.” (Id. at 68.)
24 DISCUSSION
25 The government moves to dismiss Yablonsky’s amended complaint entirely, as well
26 as several specific claims.
27
28
1 A. Motion to Dismiss For Failure to State a Claim
2 To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain enough facts to “state a
3 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
4 (citation omitted); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Plaintiff must lay out facts that allow
5 the court to “draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
6 alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “[N]aked assertions devoid of further factual
7 enhancement” will not suffice. Id. (alterations, citation, and quotation marks omitted).
8 Pro se pleadings demand an especially charitable interpretation, but the court “may not
9 supply essential elements of the claim that were not initially pled.” Ivey v. Bd. of Regents
10 of the Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
11 B. Access-to-Courts Claim
12 The government moves to dismiss Yablonsky’s access-to-courts claim for failing to
13 sufficiently plead actual injury. (ECF 33, at 12.) To satisfy the actual-injury requirement,
14 plaintiffs must allege hindered “efforts to pursue a legal claim.” See Lewis v. Casey,
15 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996). Specifically, plaintiffs must identify a link between a
16 defendant’s “constitutional misconduct” and an “adverse disposition” in plaintiff’s
17 underlying case. Simkins v. Bruce, 406 F.3d 1239, 1244 (10th Cir. 2005); see also
18 Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 418 (2002) (denying an access-to-courts claim
19 because “the complaint failed to identify the underlying cause of action that the alleged
20 deception had compromised”). This is because “the right at issue is not the right to a law
21 library or the right to receive one’s mail; it is the right to access the courts to press a claim.”
22 Penton v. Pool, 724 F. App’x 546, 549 (9th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted).
23 1. Law-Library Access
24 Yablonsky complains that, despite repeatedly notifying prison staff of “deadlines for
25 his cases,” they reduced his “access into the library . . . to less than the time allot[t]ed by
26 government code CCR 3122 [regarding Priority Legal Users].” (ECF 32, at 21; see also id.
27 at 22 (library access “being frustrated and stopped”); id. at 64 (“insufficient” library time
28 to “seek and find out available remedies”).) As a result of his inadequate research time, he
1 maintains that he lost: (1) his U.S. Supreme Court certiorari petition and rehearing motion;
2 (2) various state-court “post[-]trial developing motions” on the DNA evidence in his
3 underlying criminal case; and (3) an unspecified November 2016 hearing. (Id. at 25, 28.)
4 To survive a motion to dismiss, Yablonsky must plead enough facts to make it
5 plausible that he lost some court proceeding or legal right because of his limited law-library
6 access. Compare Stevenson v. Beard, Case No.: 16-CV-3079 JLS (RBM), 2020 WL
7 1245393, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2020) (no actual injury when inmate had some “access
8 to legal research resources,” filed “several pleadings and motions without impediment,”
9 and failed to allege that limited law-library access “caused an inability” to pursue his legal
10 claims), with Penton, 724 F. App’x at 550 (actual injury when prisoner’s loss of library
11 access “frustrated his ability to timely object to the magistrate judge’s . . . report and
12 recommendation, and to timely appeal the district court’s . . . denial of his habeas petition”),
13 and Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 340-41, 343 (9th Cir. 2010) (actual injury when inmate
14 “spent approximately seven months in lockdown, without access to the law library,”
15 causing him to miss a briefing deadline, which “impermissibly denied [him] the
16 opportunity to appeal his conviction”).
17 Yablonsky’s amended complaint sheds little light on this crucial nexus between the
18 alleged misconduct and the adverse result. He doesn’t claim that he missed any deadlines
19 in his many legal matters.1 (See, e.g., ECF 32, at 24-25, 104-13.) And he has not identified
20 even one legal argument that changes the result of a proceeding he lost. For example, if
21 Yablonsky’s certiorari petition was indeed wrongfully denied, he should explain the
22 winning legal point that he missed for lack of library time. He has had years to complete
23 any short-circuited research. Yet, even now, he has not discovered anything that might
24 undermine these unfavorable rulings. His conclusory assertion that more library hours
25
26
27 1 He makes passing reference to the “loss of possible deadline compliance for these
post[-]trial actions,” but he never offers any facts regarding actual missed deadlines. (See
28
1 would have reversed his legal fortunes amounts to “naked assertions devoid of further
2 factual enhancement.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
3 Even under the more generous standard for pro se pleadings, Yablonsky has not
4 sufficiently alleged that his diminished library privileges caused any actual injury.
5 2. Mail Tampering
6 Yablonsky claims that defendant McGuire placed labels over the address section of
7 his outgoing mail to prevent delivery to the courts. (ECF 4, at 31-32; ECF 32, at 64.) To
8 state a denied-access claim for interfering with an inmate’s mail, plaintiff must tie
9 defendants’ obstruction “to a lost, nonfrivolous legal claim.” See Penton, 724 F. App’x
10 at 549.
11 Although Yablonsky points out that the mail was initially “returned as
12 undeliverable,” the ultimate impact of this label mischief is unclear. (See ECF 32, at 75.)
13 Even if some mail was delayed, Yablonsky does not explain how this caused him to lose
14 any particular legal claim. (See id. at 63-64.) So he fails to establish any actual injury.
15 3. Seized Paperwork
16 Yablonsky accuses prison officials of snatching his legal paperwork to “bring
17 plaintiff[’s] actions to a grinding ha[]lt,” but fails to divulge what harm ultimately came
18 from it. (See ECF 32, at 26, 73-74.) In fact, Yablonsky admits that on November 17, 2016,
19 some of the confiscated files were returned, but never explains which ones, or to which
20 ongoing cases they related. (See id. at 28.) Finally, he mentions that some “hearing was
21 lost as a result of” his notes being taken (id.), but he does not address what effect that had
22 on the overall disposition of his case. Yablonsky thus leaves the Court “to guess at the
23 unstated cause of action supposed to have been lost,” which dooms his seized-paperwork
24 claim. See Christopher, 536 U.S. at 418.
25 4. Reading of Legal Mail
26 Lastly, Yablonsky alleges that prison officials hindered his court access by routinely
27 reading his mail. (See ECF 32, at 62-63.) But he never explains how the mail-reading
28
1 effectively shut him out of court or resulted in an adverse result. (See, e.g., ECF 32, at 33,
2 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 50, 63-67.) As with his other denied-access claims, this failure is fatal.
3 Although this is Yablonsky’s second attempt to successfully state an access-to-
4 courts claim (see ECF 30, at 4-5), he should be granted leave to amend one last time. His
5 current pleadings come closer to stating a claim than in the past. And leave to amend
6 “should be granted more liberally to pro se plaintiffs.” Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850,
7 861 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc)
8 (holding that pro se litigants must be granted leave to amend “unless [a court] determines
9 the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegations of other facts” (citation
10 omitted)).
11 C. Free-Speech Claim
12 Yablonsky alleges that the prison’s policy of reading the contents of his outgoing
13 legal mail chills his First Amendment right to free speech. Defendants move to dismiss this
14 claim, arguing that the mail-reading is a necessary precaution and that the letters were
15 meant for court-filing and thus are public matters anyway. (ECF 33, at 18-19.)
16 Although Yablonsky “enjoys a First Amendment right to send and receive mail,” a
17 prison may institute policies that curtail that right “if those regulations are ‘reasonably
18 related to legitimate penological interests.’” Witherow v. Paff, 52 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir.
19 1995) (per curiam) (quoting Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987)). When the
20 “regulation affects outgoing mail as opposed to incoming mail,” however, “there must be
21 a closer fit between the regulation and the purpose it serves.” Id. Courts have upheld limited
22 safety inspections of outgoing inmate mail, so long as officials do not read the contents of
23 letters bound for courts or public officials. See id. at 266 (upholding regulation that allowed
24 prison staff to “perform a cursory visual inspection” of outgoing mail to public officials,
25 but not to read “any portion of the contents” except the return address); O’Keefe v. Van
26 Boening, 82 F.3d 322, 323, 327 (9th Cir. 1996) (upholding policy permitting inspection of
27 mail other than that “to or from courts and court staff [or] attorneys”); Royse v. Super. Ct.
28 of Wash., 779 F.2d 573, 574-75 (9th Cir. 1986) (upholding “prison mail security order”
1 that authorized “minimally intrusive” inspection for contraband within court-bound mail,
2 but did not allow “reading inmate mail”); Salerno v. Munoz, No. CV 10-08580PHX-ROS
3 (LOA), 2011 WL 13142486, at *7 (D. Ariz. Nov. 3, 2011) (interpreting Witherow to hold
4 that “inspection of mail to public officials is permitted only if officers do not read any
5 portion of the contents”).
6 1. Inspecting Mail for Contraband
7 First, defendants contend that the “librarians’ policy of inspecting Plaintiff’s legal
8 papers for contraband before making copies” is a necessary safety precaution that does not
9 run afoul of the First Amendment. (ECF 33, at 18.) But defendants misunderstand
10 Yablonsky’s grievance. He doesn’t contest the legality of a genuine inspection for
11 contraband. Rather, he maintains that prison staff exceeded the limits of a minimally
12 invasive contraband inspection and instead unconstitutionally read the contents of his legal
13 correspondence. (Cf. ECF 32, at 21 (citing 15 C.C.R. § 3142(d), which requires that prison
14 officials “remove [mail] upside down to prevent reading of the contents” and “shake [the
15 mail] to ensure there is no prohibited material”).)
16 Because Yablonsky is disputing the allegedly unconstitutional reading of his mail—
17 not proper inspections for prohibited items—defendants’ motion to dismiss on the ground
18 that they are allowed to conduct contraband inspections should be denied.
19 2. Reading Inmate Mail
20 Second, defendants argue that Yablonsky’s outgoing mail was “being sent to various
21 courts for filing,” making it “part of the public record” and not confidential. (ECF 33,
22 at 18.) Again, defendants misread Yablonsky’s complaint: he alleges that the scrutinized
23 legal papers were “correctly addressed . . . to Courts and Lawyers.” (ECF 32, at 20
24 (emphasis added).) Letters to attorneys would not necessarily become public. Even for
25 court-bound mail, Yablonsky could have asked that certain sensitive documents be filed
26 under seal or reviewed only in camera, to keep them out of the public domain. At any rate,
27 Yablonsky’s complaint does not support defendants’ assumption that each letter was
28 destined for public airing.
1 Defendants may have legitimate reasons for poring over outgoing prisoner mail to
2 courts and attorneys, and they need not “satisfy a least restrictive means test” to justify that
3 policy. See Witherow, 52 F.3d at 265. (Notably, they have not yet offered a justification.
4 And this Court has found no cases permitting such a practice.) Yet, at this stage the Court’s
5 analysis is limited to the facts in the complaint, which do not disclose any basis for such a
6 policy. See Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838 F.3d 958, 962 (9th Cir. 2016). Thus, defendants’
7 motion to dismiss the free-speech claim should be denied.
8 D. Retaliation Claim
9 Defendants also move to dismiss Yablonsky’s First Amendment retaliation claim.
10 They argue that the alleged facts do not support a finding of any retaliatory motive, any
11 improper purpose in taking his library notes, nor any adverse action tied to conduct of
12 certain defendants. (See ECF 33, at 14–17.)
13 In general, “the First Amendment prohibits government officials from subjecting an
14 individual to retaliatory actions . . . for speaking out.” Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250,
15 256 (2006). For prisoners to maintain a First Amendment retaliation claim, they must set
16 forth: “(1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an inmate
17 (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the
18 inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably
19 advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567–68
20 (9th Cir. 2005) (citations and footnote omitted).
21 1. Adverse Action Against an Inmate
22 For the first element, “[t]he interest cognizable in a retaliation claim is the right to
23 be free of conditions that would not have been imposed but for the alleged retaliatory
24 motive.” Garcia v. Blahnik, No. 14cv875-LAB-BGS, 2017 WL 1226863, at *10 (S.D. Cal.
25 Feb. 3, 2017). While defendants argue that Yablonsky fails to “attribute specific retaliatory
26 conduct to any one Defendant,” his complaint indicates otherwise. Yablonsky describes a
27 coordinated plan by each defendant librarian to read his legal mail, file false disciplinary
28 reports to curtail his library access, and confiscate his “legal files.” (See, e.g., ECF 32,
1 at 66-69); see Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 568 (holding that first element was met when prison
2 guards “arbitrarily confiscated, withheld, and eventually destroyed [plaintiff’s] property,
3 threatened to transfer him to another correctional institution, and ultimately assaulted
4 him”).
5 In particular, Yablonsky details how Blahnik, Powell, Robles, and Tiscarnia ordered
6 or assisted in the reduction of his “access into the law library” (ECF 32, at 66-68), and how
7 Robles wrote “false disciplinary reports” intended to accomplish the same. (Id. at 67.) In
8 response to Yablonsky “writing staff complaints,” Martinez engaged in a “bait and switch”:
9 Martinez asked Yablonsky to withdraw his library appeal, offering to get Yablonsky’s
10 confiscated files returned, but instead instigated the withdrawal of his file-confiscation
11 complaint. (Id. at 30, 68.) Yablonsky also says that an unknown defendant made “lethal”
12 threats to him (id. at 68), and that McGuire “plac[ed] labels over the address” on his letters
13 “to prevent delivery” (id. at 16) and ordered “the taking of [Yablonsky’s] research notes
14 from his possession.” (Id. at 64.) So Yablonsky satisfies the adverse-action element.
15 2. “Because Of”: Retaliatory Motive
16 As to the second element, a plaintiff must allege “that by [their] actions [defendants]
17 deterred or chilled [plaintiff’s] political speech and such deterrence was a substantial or
18 motivating factor in [defendants’] conduct.” See Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v. Mendocino Cty.,
19 192 F.3d 1283, 1300 (9th Cir. 1999) (quotation marks omitted). A plaintiff successfully
20 alleges such a motivating factor by including facts like: “(1) proximity in time between
21 protected speech and the alleged retaliation; (2) that the defendant expressed opposition to
22 the speech; or (3) other evidence that the reasons proffered by the defendant for the adverse
23 . . . action were false and pretextual.” McCollum v. CDCR, 647 F.3d 870, 882 (9th Cir.
24 2011) (alterations and quotation marks omitted).
25 Yablonsky points out that he filed appeals against prison staff, after which
26 defendants threatened him, limited his library access, read his mail, placed a label on his
27 outgoing correspondence, and confiscated his library notes. (See ECF 32, at 66–69.) He
28 alleges they took these actions to “get even” with him and cause a “chilling effect” upon
1 the exercise of his First Amendment rights. (See id.) He also describes being coerced to
2 withdraw one of his appeals. (See id. at 40, 73-74.)
3 Defendants respond that Yablonsky’s mail was being read before he ever challenged
4 this policy, so it was an “ongoing practice,” not retaliation. (ECF 33, at 16.) They have a
5 point: Yablonsky admits that the mail-reading began upon his arrival at Donovan, and he
6 never suggests that his administrative complaints made it any worse. (See, e.g., ECF 32, at
7 19-21, 32-33, 66-69.) Because the mail scrutiny predated the lodging of his grievances, the
8 Court cannot infer that Yablonsky’s protests spurred officials to read his mail in retribution.
9 (See id.) So defendant’s motion to dismiss should be granted as to this discrete retaliation
10 theory.
11 But Yablonsky successfully pleads a retaliatory motive for defendants’ other alleged
12 transgressions. The temporal proximity of these events reasonably suggests vengeful
13 intent, especially when combined with the suggestion that library staff would “more than
14 likely lose their jobs” due to Yablonsky’s appeals. (See id. at 30.)
15 3. Protected Conduct
16 Yablonsky’s complaint-filing against prison staff is indisputably protected conduct.
17 “Of fundamental import to prisoners are their First Amendment ‘right[s] to file prison
18 grievances.’” Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 567 (citation omitted).
19 4. Chilling Effect
20 The fourth element requires that defendants’ challenged conduct “would chill or
21 silence a person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities.” Mendocino
22 Envtl. Ctr., 192 F.3d at 1300 (citation and quotation marks omitted). An official’s “lethal”
23 threat would certainly chill a person of ordinary firmness, especially when it was part of
24 other coordinated retaliatory actions, including fake disciplinary reports, reduced law-
25 library access, reading court-related correspondence, placing an obstructing label on
26 outgoing mail, and confiscating library notes. (See ECF 32, at 66-67; id. at 39 (“defendants
27 acted in concert . . . when they retaliated” against Yablonsky).) Thus, Yablonsky satisfies
28 this element. See Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1116 (9th Cir. 2012) (holding that the
1 “threat of physical violence” was “chilling conduct”); Millare v. Stratton,
2 No. 16cv1633-BAS-MDD, 2017 WL 9604609, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 28, 2017) (finding
3 chilling-effect element met when plaintiff alleged “Defendants collectively conspired to
4 chill” his first amendment rights when they “filed false [Rules Violation Reports] . . . and
5 improperly rejected, cancelled, or otherwise handled his inmate appeals”), adopted by 2017
6 WL 1277798 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2017).
7 5. Lack of Legitimate Correctional Goal
8 For the final element, plaintiff must allege that “prison authorities’ retaliatory action
9 did not advance legitimate goals of the correctional institution or was not tailored narrowly
10 enough to achieve such goals.” Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 527, 532 (9th Cir. 1985); see
11 also Garcia, 2017 WL 1226863, at *11. “A plaintiff [can] successfully plead[] this element
12 by alleging, in addition to a retaliatory motive, that the defendant’s actions were arbitrary
13 and capricious, or that they were ‘unnecessary to the maintenance of order in the
14 institution.’” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114-15 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Franklin
15 v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1230 (9th Cir. 1984)).
16 Here Yablonsky accuses defendants of trying to “get revenge” and “get even” with
17 him for filing prison grievances. (ECF 32, at 66-69.) In addition to that retaliatory motive,
18 Yablonsky describes various acts by defendants that were arbitrary, capricious, or
19 unnecessary, like making threats and filing false disciplinary reports. These allegations
20 sufficiently suggest that defendants lacked a legitimate correctional reason for their
21 conduct. See Rizzo, 778 F.2d at 532, 532 n.4 (finding fifth element satisfied by allegation
22 that defendant “recommended [plaintiff’s] reassignment on the basis of too many library
23 passes,” which was “retaliatory[,] . . . arbitrary and capricious”); Jones, 68 F. App’x at 800
24 (holding that “filing false disciplinary reports could not have a legitimate purpose”);
25 Millare, 2017 WL 9604609, at *6 (concluding that fifth element was met by allegations
26 that “Defendants retaliated against Plaintiff’s ‘litigiousness’ by improperly handling his
27 appeals,” which amounted to conduct that “was ‘arbitrary and capricious’” (citations
28 omitted)).
1 On his claims regarding threats, false disciplinary reports, file confiscation, library
2 access, and the “bait and switch,” Yablonsky satisfies all five elements, so defendants’
3 motion to dismiss his retaliation claim should be denied. Yablonsky fails to allege a
4 retaliatory motive behind defendants’ continued reading of his mail, so that claim should
5 be dismissed. But because Yablonsky could cure that deficiency by alleging other facts, he
6 should be granted leave to amend.
7 E. ADA Disability-Discrimination Claim
8 Defendants move to dismiss the cause of action under the Americans with
9 Disabilities Act (ADA), asserting that Yablonsky’s “allegations are too vague to state a
10 claim” and that his amended complaint “fails to describe exactly what accommodations
11 [Yablonsky’s] impairment requires.” (ECF 33, at 19.) Yablonsky contends that his reduced
12 library access, his placement in a dimly lit room, and the confiscation of his library notes
13 were based on his disability and therefore violated the ADA. (ECF 32, at 72–76.)
14 To state an ADA disability-discrimination claim, plaintiff must allege that:
15
(1) he is an individual with a disability; (2) he is otherwise qualified to
16 participate in or receive the benefit of some public entity’s services, programs,
17 or activities; (3) he was either excluded from participation in or denied the
benefits of the public entity’s services, programs, or activities, or was
18 otherwise discriminated against by the public entity; and (4) such exclusion,
19 denial of benefits, or discrimination was by reason of his disability.
20 Vos v. City of Newport Beach, 892 F.3d 1024, 1036 (9th Cir. 2018) (alterations and citation
21 omitted).
22 1. Disability
23 Yablonsky avers that he is an “ADA inmate with permanent disabilities affecting his
24 mobility as well as vision.” (ECF 32, at 72; see also id. at 14, 18, 34, 37, 72-73, 76, 347,
25 348, 360.) After a stroke, he “lost the ability to walk without falling” and developed
26 “double vision,” which makes it difficult to read. (Id. at 76.) He was placed in the Sensitive
27 Needs Yard and “medical housing units.” (Id. at 24, 26, 72; see also id. at 19.) Yablonsky
28 has adequately pleaded a disability. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A) & (2)(A) (defining a
1 disability as a condition “that substantially limits one or more major life activities,”
2 including “seeing,” “walking,” and “reading”); Acosta v. Martinez,
3 No. 119CV00307AWIEPG, 2020 WL 1026890, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 3, 2020) (“The ADA
4 defines disability to include substantial limitations upon an ability to walk.”); Anderson v.
5 Hernandez, No. 15CV993-BEN (BLM), 2016 WL 11448148, at *7 (S.D. Cal. June 20,
6 2016) (finding an adequately pleaded “disability” when plaintiff alleged that “he is a
7 vision-impaired inmate”), adopted by 2016 WL 4501072 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 29, 2016).
8 2. Qualified to Receive Benefits
9 As an inmate, Yablonsky was generally qualified to participate in or receive benefits
10 from prison services, programs, or activities. Specifically, he alleges that he was entitled
11 to extra library access as a Priority Legal User because he had pending court deadlines.
12 (See ECF 32, at 42, 347; see also id. at 546 (prison operations manual: “[i]nmates with
13 verified court deadlines will have priority access to the Law Library 30 days prior to the
14 expiration of that court deadline as a PLU. . . .”).) Thus, he has adequately pleaded his
15 entitlement to the benefits at issue.
16 3. Exclusion, Denial of Benefits, or Discrimination
17 Yablonsky’s best argument for satisfying the third element is that he was denied the
18 benefits of Priority Legal User status and its law-library privileges. The other indignities
19 that Yablonsky describes may not qualify under the ADA as a denial of services or program
20 benefits. But this Court will assume, without deciding, that Yablonsky has met this
21 element. See Roberts v. CDCR, No. 2:12-CV-0247 KJM AC, 2014 WL 2109925, at *10
22 (E.D. Cal. May 20, 2014) (denying defendant’s summary-judgment motion because “[a]
23 rational trier of fact would be able to find” discrimination against plaintiff’s ability-to-walk
24 disability and that he was consequently “denied access to . . . law library . . . services”).
25 Yablonsky’s toughest obstacle is the last element.
26 4. “By Reason of His Disability”: Causation
27 Finally, plaintiff must adequately plead that any “exclusion, denial of benefits, or
28 discrimination was by reason of his disability.” Vos, 892 F.3d at 1036. The “by reason of”
1 language “should be read to require only ‘but for’ rather than proximate causation.” See
2 UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC, 718 F.3d 1006, 1017 n.7 (9th Cir.
3 2013) (collecting cases interpreting “by reason of” in various contexts).
4 Although Yablonsky’s amended complaint spans 772 pages with exhibits, it offers
5 almost no factual support, beyond the bare allegation, that he was denied benefits because
6 of his disability. He provides nothing to bolster his claim that the confiscation of his legal
7 paperwork or his placement in a dimly lit room were “by reason of” his disability. And he
8 suggests various non-disability-related motivations for his reduced library access,
9 including that defendants: (1) claimed Yablonsky “had not shown an exist[]ing deadline,”
10 as required for Priority Legal User status; or (2) retaliated against him “[a]s a direct result
11 of plaintiff filing [prisoner grievance] forms.” (ECF 32, at 21, 42.)
12 Only two passing references in the amended complaint come close to a satisfactory
13 causation allegation, but both fall short. First, Yablonsky mentions that there are
14 “restrictions on the law library from [Sensitive Needs Yard] inmates, specifically plaintiff.”
15 (Id. at 26.) But he never explains what the Sensitive Needs Yard restrictions are precisely.
16 Second, Yablonsky states that he “had a stroke on October 15, 2015” and was placed in
17 “medical housing units which offered minimal library access.” (ECF 32, at 24.) Because
18 he only arrived at Donovan Correctional Facility some eight months after this stroke
19 (ECF 32, at 19), Yablonsky may be describing a medical-housing placement at some other
20 facility, before the events of this lawsuit. At Donovan, he repeatedly had the law library’s
21 coveted Priority Legal User status. (See, e.g., ECF 32, at 52, 211.) Regardless, Yablonsky
22 suggests that this placement was due to his stroke—which, again, occurred long before the
23 relevant events—not “by reason of” his asserted disabilities, his ongoing visual and
24 mobility impairments. And even if he had been placed there due to those disabilities, he
25 never explains what “minimal” library access means or how it differs from his preferred
26 access level.
27 Thus, Yablonsky’s ADA disability-discrimination claim should be dismissed, but
28 with leave to amend to address these deficiencies.
1 F. Equitable Claims
2 Defendants move to dismiss Yablonsky’s request for injunctive and declaratory
3 relief, because an existing class action addresses the same issues. (ECF 33, at 19–21.)
4 1. Injunctive Relief
5 The only injunctive relief Yablonsky seeks is a “restraining order” to stop prison
6 staff from reading his legal mail and infringing his rights regarding “confidential materials
7 and . . . legal papers.” (ECF 32, at 77; see also id. at 51.) Because this demand is unrelated
8 to the relief requested in the ongoing class action Armstrong v. Brown, No. C 94-2307 CW
9 (N.D. Cal. Filed June 29, 1994), defendants’ motion to dismiss the injunctive-relief request
10 should be denied. (See, e.g., ECF 33, at 20-21; ECF 33-1, at 9-66.)
11 2. Declaratory Relief
12 Yablonsky’s declaratory-relief action, on the other hand, has much more overlap
13 with the Armstrong class-action suit. He seeks “declaratory relief to determine what
14 rights[,] benefits[,] and privileges exist in this matter regarding . . . treatment of
15 handicapped inmates pursuant to the American[s with] Disabilities Act.” (ECF 32, at 78.)
16 This broad demand overlaps with Armstrong’s February 28, 2013 Remedial Plan, which
17 deals generally with providing “inmates and parolees with disabilities” access to
18 California’s prison “programs and services.” (ECF 33-1, at 9.)
19 So, Yablonsky’s claim for declaratory relief should be dismissed to avoid
20 “concurrent litigation and potentially inconsistent results.” See Pride v. Correa, 719 F.3d
21 1130, 1137 (9th Cir. 2013). But he should be allowed to amend, to specify anywhere that
22 his declaratory-relief request diverges from the Remedial Plan.
23 G. Rule 8
24 Finally, the government moves to dismiss Yablonsky’s case under Federal Rule of
25 Civil Procedure 8, which requires a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that
26 [plaintiff] is entitled to relief.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Specifically, defendants argue
27 that the amended complaint makes it “difficult to determine which acts are attributed to
28 which Defendants” or “which facts support which causes of action[].” (ECF 33, at 22.)
1 Yablonsky’s complaint could certainly be more concise and better organized.
2 Defendants understandably complain that relevant facts for some claims are “interspersed
3 throughout” the amended complaint, making it difficult to match each claim with its factual
4 predicate. (ECF 33, at 22.) If Yablonsky amends his complaint again, each cause of action
5 should be fully set forth in its own separate section, including all the supporting facts for
6 that cause of action.
7 Nonetheless, Yablonsky’s current amended complaint is not so deficient as to
8 require outright dismissal under Rule 8, especially given the more relaxed pleading
9 standards for pro se litigants. Though it could be more artfully written, the amended
10 complaint adequately puts defendants on notice of Yablonsky’s claims. And he often
11 supports his claims with more than “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of
12 action.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Thus, defendants’ motion to dismiss for a Rule 8
13 violation should be denied.
14 CONCLUSION
15 The Court recommends the following order:
16 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED as to these causes of action, which
17 are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE (that is, with leave to amend):
18 a. Access-to-courts claim;
19 b. Retaliation claim (only as to the mail-reading allegation);
20 c. ADA disability-discrimination claim; and
21 d. Declaratory-relief claim.
22 2. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is otherwise DENIED.
23 3. Within 21 days of the District Judge’s ruling on this matter, Yablonsky must file
24 any second amended complaint. Yablonsky’s second amended complaint must be complete
25 in itself without reference to any prior complaints. Defendants not named and claims not
26 re-alleged in the second amended complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal.
27 CivLR 15.1; Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012).
28
1 Within 14 days of being served with this report, the parties must file any objections
2 it. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The party receiving any such objection has 14 days to file
3 || any response. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2).
4 || Dated: June 2, 2020
6 Hon. Andrew G. Schopler
United States Magistrate Judge
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