“If a plaintiff 21 || does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may 22 || convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”
How later courts described this case
- “If a plaintiff 21 || does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may 22 || convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”
- noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 17 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 18 12(b)(6)”
- even pro se plaintiff s must “allege with at 14 least some degree of particularity overt acts which defendants engaged in” in order to 15 state a claim
- noting that while Plaintiff need not 4 plead “detailed factual allegations,” in order to state a plausible claim for relief, he must 5 provide “more than … unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusations.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
9
10 MARLO Q. JONES, Case No.: 3:19-cv-01800-MMA-WVG
Booking #19750426,
11
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO
Plaintiff,
12 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS;
vs.
13
[Doc. No. 2]
CHIEF DAVID LISLEIT; OFFICER
14
CAIRESDON; OFFICER DUDLEY,
DISMISSING COMPLAINT FOR
15 Defendants. FAILING TO STATE A CLAIM
16 PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. §
1915(e)(2)(B) AND 28 U.S.C. §
17
1915A(b)
18
19 Plaintiff Marlo Jones, while detained at the San Diego Central Jail (“SDCJ”) in
20 San Diego, California, and proceeding pro se, filed a civil rights Complaint (“Compl.”)
21 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Compl., Doc. No. 1. Plaintiff did not pay the fee
22 required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) when he filed his Complaint; instead he filed a Motion
23 to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). See Doc. No. 2.
24 II. Motion to Proceed IFP
25 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the
26 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of
27
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1 $400. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to
2 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
3 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); Rodriguez v.
4 Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is granted leave to
5 proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,”
6 Bruce v. Samuels, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 627, 629 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d
7 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed.
8 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir.
9 2002).
10 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a
11 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for ... the
12 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C.
13 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified
14 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average
15 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly
16 balance in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner
17 has no assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution
18 having custody of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the
19 preceding month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards
20 those payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. §
21 1915(b)(2); Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629.
22 In support of his IFP Motion, Plaintiff has submitted a prison certificate certified
23 by a San Diego County Sheriff’s Department Deputy, together with a copy of his Inmate
24 Trust Account Activity. See Doc. No. 2 at 4, 6; 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); S.D. Cal. CivLR
25
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1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative fee of $50. See
27 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff.
Dec. 1, 2016). The additional $50 administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to proceed
28
1 3.2; Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. These statements show that Plaintiff had $0.00 on the
2 books at the time of filing. See Doc. No. 2 at 4.
3 Based on this accounting, the Court assesses no initial partial filing fee pursuant to
4 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1) and (b)(1). See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) (providing that “[i]n no
5 event shall a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil action
6 or criminal judgment for the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by
7 which to pay the initial partial filing fee.”); Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 630; Taylor, 281 F.3d at
8 850 (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” preventing dismissal of
9 a prisoner’s IFP case based solely on a “failure to pay ... due to the lack of funds
10 available to him when payment is ordered.”).
11 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP (Doc. No. 2),
12 declines to exact any initial filing fee because his trust account statements show he has
13 “no means to pay it,” Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629, and instead directs the Watch Commander
14 at the SDCJ, or his designee, to collect the entire $350 balance of the filing fee required
15 by 28 U.S.C. § 1914 and to forward all payments to the Clerk of the Court pursuant to the
16 installment provisions set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
17 II. Screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A
18 A. Standard of Review
19 Because Plaintiff is a prisoner and is proceeding IFP, his Complaint requires a pre-
20 answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b). Under these
21 statutes, the Court must review and sua sponte dismiss an IFP complaint, and any
22 complaint filed by a prisoner seeking redress from a governmental entity, or officer or
23 employee of a governmental entity, which is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or
24 seeks damages from defendants who are immune. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122,
25 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v.
26 Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2010) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). “The
27 purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that the targets of frivolous or malicious suits need
28 not bear the expense of responding.’” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 920 n.1 (9th
1 Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d 680, 681 (7th Cir.
2 2012)).
3 All complaints must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
4 the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are
5 not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by
6 mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
7 (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). “Determining
8 whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that
9 requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id.
10 The “mere possibility of misconduct” falls short of meeting this plausibility standard.
11 Id.; see also Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009).
12 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon
13 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of
14 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668
15 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th
16 Cir. 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard
17 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
18 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint “contain sufficient factual matter,
19 accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
20 678 (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121.
21 “When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their
22 veracity, and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.”
23 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679; see also Resnick v. Hayes, 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000)
24 (“[W]hen determining whether a complaint states a claim, a court must accept as true all
25 allegations of material fact and must construe those facts in the light most favorable to
26 the plaintiff.”). However, while the court “ha[s] an obligation where the petitioner is pro
27 se, particularly in civil rights cases, to construe the pleadings liberally and to afford the
28 petitioner the benefit of any doubt,” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 (9th Cir.
1 2010) (citing Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985)), it may not
2 “supply essential elements of claims that were not initially pled.” Ivey v. Board of
3 Regents of the University of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
4 B. Plaintiff’s Allegations
5 On August 12, 2019, Plaintiff was “standing at the curb about to head to the bus
6 stop” when he “noticed 2 San Diego police squad cars as they flashed their bright light”
7 in Plaintiff’s face. Compl. at 3. A few minutes later, a police car “pulled right up” in
8 front of Plaintiff. Id. A police officer in the car asked Plaintiff if he “heard gun shots.”
9 Id. Plaintiff “angrily told him no.” Id. Defendant Cairesdon, a San Diego Police
10 Officer, had gotten out of the car and told Plaintiff to “shut up and turn around.” Id.
11 Cairesdon and his partner “began to search” Plaintiff. Id. They took Plaintiff’s wallet
12 out of his back pocket, removed his identification card, “and ran [his] name for
13 warrants.” Id.
14 When Cairesdon found Plaintiff had a Fourth Amendment waiver, “his demeanor
15 began to change and he stated he was going to call [Plaintiff’s Parole Officer] and tell
16 him [Plaintiff] wasn’t cooperative.” Id. Cairesdon and his partner drove Plaintiff to the
17 San Diego Police Department headquarters while “repeatedly” calling Plaintiff a
18 “gangster.” Id. Plaintiff alleges he was never read his Miranda rights. Id. Plaintiff
19 further claims that he was left in the patrol car for an hour and a half when he “began to
20 scream” that he needed water and “couldn’t breathe due to the heater being on in the car.”
21 Id. at 3-4. An officer came to the car and asked Plaintiff to “put [his] pants on” but
22 Plaintiff refused. Id. at 4. The officer placed Plaintiff’s pants into a “property bag.” Id.
23 Cairesdon came to the car and the other officer informed him that Plaintiff “tried to spit at
24 him” which Plaintiff denied. Id.
25 Cairesdon then “pulled [Plaintiff] by the dreadlocks” to the ground. Id.
26 Defendant Dudley, a San Diego Police Officer, “watched while other officers rushed to
27 put a spit bag over [Plaintiff’s] face. Plaintiff alleges that the charges against him “were
28 eventually dropped.” Id. at 6.
1 Plaintiff seeks unspecified injunctive relief against Defendants, along with
2 $600,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Id. at 8.
3 C. Respondeat Superior
4 As an initial matter, it appears that Plaintiff is seeking to hold San Diego Police
5 Chief David Nisleit liable in his supervisory capacity. See Compl. at 1. Plaintiff alleges
6 no specific factual allegations pertaining to this Defendant in the body of the Complaint
7 itself.
8 Moreover, there is no respondeat superior liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
9 Palmer v. Sanderson, 9 F.3d 1433, 1437-38 (9th Cir. 1993). “Because vicarious liability
10 is inapplicable to ... § 1983 suits, [Plaintiff] must plead that each government-official
11 defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.”
12 Iqbal, 556 at 676; see also Jones v. Community Redevelopment Agency of City of Los
13 Angeles, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984) (even pro se plaintiff s must “allege with at
14 least some degree of particularity overt acts which defendants engaged in” in order to
15 state a claim).
16 Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES all claims alleged against Defendant Nisleit
17 for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
18 D. Fourth Amendment claims
19 The Fourth Amendment prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures,” and
20 “reasonableness is always the touchstone of Fourth Amendment analysis.” Birchfield v.
21 North Dakota, 136 S. Ct. 2160, 2186 (2016). Reasonableness is generally assessed by
22 carefully weighing “the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth
23 Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental interests alleged to
24 justify the intrusion.” Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 8 (1985) (internal quotation
25 marks omitted); Cty. of Los Angeles, Calif. v. Mendez, 137 S. Ct. 1539, 1546 (2017); Zion
26 v. Cty of Orange, 874 F.3d 1072, 1075 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490
27 U.S. 368, 388 (1989)).
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1 First, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s pleading offers no “factual content that allows
2 the court to draw the reasonable inference” that any individual person acted unlawfully
3 under the circumstances. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (noting that while Plaintiff need not
4 plead “detailed factual allegations,” in order to state a plausible claim for relief, he must
5 provide “more than … unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusations.”)
6 (citation omitted); see also Hopkins v. Bonvicino, 573 F.3d 752, 770 (9th Cir. 2009)
7 (discussing “integral participant” doctrine in context of Fourth Amendment excessive
8 force claims); Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 481 n. 12 (9th Cir. 2007).
9 Second, in order to state a Fourth Amendment claim of excessive force under 42
10 U.S.C. § 1983, Plaintiff must allege facts to plausibly show that each person acting
11 “under color of state law” violated his Fourth Amendment rights by using force which
12 was excessive given: “(1) the severity of the crime at issue, (2) [consideration of] whether
13 the [plaintiff] pose[d] an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, ... (3)
14 whether he [was] actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight,” and any
15 other “exigent circumstances [that] existed at the time of the arrest.” Chew v. Gates, 27
16 F.3d 1432, 1440-41 & n.5 (9th Cir. 1994) (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396); see also
17 Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 197 (2004). Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s
18 Complaint lacks sufficient specific factual allegations to support any the necessary
19 elements of a Fourth Amendment claim.
20 III. Conclusion and Orders
21 Based on the foregoing, the Court:
22 1. GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)
23 (Doc. No. 2).
24 2. DIRECTS the Watch Commander of the SDCJ, or his designee, to collect
25 from Plaintiff’s inmate trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by garnishing
26 monthly payments in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding month’s
27 income and forwarding those payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in
28 the account exceeds $10 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS MUST
1 || BE CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER ASSIGNED TO THIS
2 || ACTION.
3 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Watch
4 ||Commander, San Diego Central Jail, 1173 Front Street, San Diego, California, 92101.
5 4. DISMISSES Plaintiff's Complaint for failing to state a claim upon which
6 relief may be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) and § 1915A(b), and
7 ||GRANTS him thirty (30) days leave from the date of this Order in which to file an
8 || Amended Complaint which cures all the deficiencies of pleading noted. Plaintiff's
9 || Amended Complaint must be complete by itself without reference to his original
10 pleading. Defendants not named and any claim not re-alleged in his Amended Complaint
11 |} will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard
12 || Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading
13 || supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012)
14 || (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which are not re-alleged in an
15 |}amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled.”).
16 If Plaintiff fails to file an Amended Complaint within the time provided, the Court
17 || will enter a final Order dismissing this civil action based both on Plaintiff's failure to
18 || state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)
19 1915A(b), and his failure to prosecute in compliance with a court order requiring
20 |}amendment. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff
21 || does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may
22 || convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”).
23 5. DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to mail Plaintiff a court-approved civil rights
24 ||complaint form for his use in amending.
25 IT IS SO ORDERED.
26 || DATE: October 8, 2019 Maths LIu- / hypltr
17 HON. MICHAEL M. ANELLO
United States District Judge
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