“If a plaintiff does not take advantage 1 || of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the 2 ||complaint into dismissal of the entire action.’’
How later courts described this case
- “If a plaintiff does not take advantage 1 || of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the 2 ||complaint into dismissal of the entire action.’’
- “A 16 district court should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 17 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the 18 complaint could not be cured by amendment.’”
- noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 3 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 12(b)(6)”
- “Causation is, of 10 course, a required element of a § 1983 claim.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 DONALD KORRIE KNIGHT, Case No.: 3:19-cv-01373-LAB-RBM
CDCR #AY-7867,
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ORDER:
Plaintiff,
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vs. 1) GRANTING MOTION TO
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PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS
14 [ECF No. 2]
JOHN & JANE DOES, Counselor &
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Correc. Officers, Records, AND
16 Defendants.
2) DISMISSING COMPLAINT FOR
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FAILING TO STATE A CLAIM
18 PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)
AND 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)
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21 Plaintiff, Donald Korrie Knight, while incarcerated at Richard J. Donovan
22 Correctional Facility (“RJD”) in San Diego, California, filed this civil rights action
23 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (See Compl., ECF No. 1.) Knight seeks hold several
24 unidentified RJD correctional officials liable for damages based on a delayed release
25 date. (Id. at 3.)
26 Knight did not prepay the civil filing fee required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a), but has
27 instead filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
28 § 1915(a) (ECF No. 2).
1 I. IFP Motion
2 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the
3 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of
4 $400.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to
5 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
6 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007). However,
7 prisoners who are granted leave to proceed IFP remain obligated to pay the entire fee in
8 “increments” or “installments,” Bruce v. Samuels, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 627, 629
9 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of
10 whether their action is ultimately dismissed. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Taylor v.
11 Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2002).
12 Section 1915(a)(2) also requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a
13 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for ... the
14 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C.
15 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified
16 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average
17 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly
18 balance in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner
19 has no assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having
20 custody of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the
21 preceding month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards
22 those payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2);
23 Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629.
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1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative
27 fee of $50. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court
Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. June 1, 2016). The additional $50 administrative fee does
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1 In support of his IFP Motion, Knight has submitted a copy of his CDCR Inmate
2 Statement Report as well as a Prison Certificate completed by a trust account official at
3 RJD (ECF No. 3). See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); S.D. Cal. CivLR 3.2; Andrews, 398 F.3d
4 at 1119. These documents show that while he carried an average monthly balance of
5 $8.40, he had no deposits to his trust account for the 6-months preceding the filing of this
6 action, and an available balance of zero at the time of filing. (See ECF No. 3 at 1, 3.)
7 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Knight’s Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 2),
8 declines to exact any initial filing fee because his prison certificates indicate he may have
9 “no means to pay it,” Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629, and directs the Secretary of the California
10 Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”), or his designee, to instead
11 collect the entire $350 balance of the filing fees required by 28 U.S.C. § 1914 and
12 forward them to the Clerk of the Court pursuant to the installment payment provisions set
13 forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1).
14 II. Screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b)
15 A. Standard of Review
16 Because Knight is a prisoner and is proceeding IFP, his Complaint requires a pre-
17 Answer screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b). Under these
18 statutes, the Court must sua sponte dismiss a prisoner’s IFP complaint, or any portion of
19 it, which is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages from defendants
20 who are immune. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc)
21 (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir.
22 2010) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that
23 the targets of frivolous or malicious suits need not bear the expense of responding.’”
24 Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler v. Wexford
25 Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d 680, 681 (7th Cir. 2012)).
26 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon
27 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of
28 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668
1 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th
2 Cir. 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard
3 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
4 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint to “contain sufficient factual matter,
5 accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
6 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121.
7 B. Factual Allegations
8 Knight offers only vague and conclusory allegations in his Complaint. For
9 example, he claims that on June 5, 2019, he was informed that “three warrants/detainers”
10 had been lodged against him in Los Angeles County, and at that time his “release date
11 was July 1, 2019.” (Compl. at 3.) On June 30, 2019, however, he “received a disciplinary
12 report division ‘F’ (low division) for disobeying a direct order,” and his release date was
13 “moved” to July 31, 2019, as a result.2 (Id.) Knight claims this denied him “access to the
14 courts by some persons acting in concert to term[i]nate the detainers,” and that “all
15 defendants male and female,” are “sued in their individual capacity,” for “5 million
16 each,” because “courts have found due process violations when prisoners are disciplined
17 without a chance to have a hearing and are punished.” (Id.)
18 C. 42 U.S.C. § 1983
19 Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a cause of action for the “deprivation of any rights,
20 privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws” of the United States.
21 Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U.S. 158, 161 (1992). To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must
22 allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the
23 United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person
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2 While Knight does not explain more, the Court notes that “[i]f an inmate is approved for
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release by the Board of Parole Hearings … the [CDCR’s] Division of Adult institutions
27 shall release the inmate 60 calendar days from the date of the Board of Parole Hearings’
decision unless the inmate has an additional term to serve for an in-prison offense.” Cal.
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1 acting under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Long v. Cty. of
2 Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006).
3 D. Doe Pleading & Individual Liability
4 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not authorize or prohibit the use of
5 fictitious parties, but Rule 10 does require a plaintiff to include the names of all parties in
6 his complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). Courts especially disfavor Doe pleading in an
7 IFP case because in the event the plaintiff’s complaint alleges a plausible claim for relief,
8 it is effectively impossible for the United States Marshal or deputy marshal to fulfill his
9 or her duty to serve an unnamed defendant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c)(3); 28 U.S.C.
10 § 1915(d); Walker v. Sumner, 14 F.3d 1415, 1422 (9th Cir. 1994) (in order to properly
11 effect service under Rule 4 in an IFP case, the plaintiff is required to “furnish the
12 information necessary to identify the defendant.”); Finefeuiaki v. Maui Cmty. Corr. Ctr.
13 Staff & Affiliates, 2018 WL 3580764, at *6 (D. Haw. July 25, 2018) (noting that “[a]s a
14 practical matter, the United States Marshal cannot serve a summons and complaint on an
15 anonymous defendant.”).
16 “A plaintiff may refer to unknown defendants as Defendant John Doe 1, John Doe
17 2, John Doe 3, and so on, but he must allege specific facts showing how each particular
18 doe defendant violated his rights.” Cuda v. Employees/Contractors/Agents at or OCCC,
19 2019 WL 2062945, at *3–4 (D. Haw. May 9, 2019). A plaintiff may also seek discovery
20 to obtain the names of the Does and later amend his pleading in order to substitute the
21 true names of those defendants, unless it is clear that discovery will not uncover their
22 identities, or that his complaint is subject to dismissal on other grounds. See Wakefield v.
23 Thompson, 177 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 1999) (emphasis added) (citing Gillespie v.
24 Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980)).
25 Here, Knight claims only that “John & Jane Does,” described as “counselors and
26 correctional officers,” or “some persons acting in concert to terminate [his] detainers, …
27 punish[ed] [him] without fair procedures.” (Compl. at 3.) But his Complaint requires sua
28 sponte dismissal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b) because he makes
1 no specific allegations against any individual Doe in relation to the due process violations
2 which seemingly form the basis of his suit. Simply put, Knight fails to link any particular
3 constitutional violation to any specific, individual state actor, and he fails to even
4 minimally explain how each individual Doe party he seeks to sue for “five million
5 [dollars] each” personally caused a violation of his constitutional rights. See Compl., at 3;
6 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677. “A plaintiff must allege facts, not simply conclusions, t[o] show
7 that [each defendant] was personally involved in the deprivation of his civil rights.”
8 Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998); see also Estate of Brooks ex
9 rel. Brooks v. United States, 197 F.3d 1245, 1248 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Causation is, of
10 course, a required element of a § 1983 claim.”). As it stands, Knight’s Complaint fails to
11 plead [the] factual content that [would] allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference
12 that [any] defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
13 Pursuant to § 1983, Knight must, at minimum, allege some factual content to
14 describe how each individual person he seeks to sue violated the Constitution. Id. at 676-
15 77; Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Williams,
16 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). He may not attribute liability to a group of
17 unidentified defendants as he has, but must “set forth specific facts” as to each individual
18 defendant’s wrong. Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 634 (9th Cir. 1988); see also Taylor v.
19 List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). Liability may not be based on a theory of
20 respondeat superior, as each defendant is only liable for his or her own misconduct.
21 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77; Ewing, 588 F.3d at 1235. Therefore, to the extent Knight
22 contends a “Captain and Lt. did nothing to pro[t]ect [his] constitutional rights,” see
23 Compl. at 3, he also fails to state a claims upon which § 1983 relief can be granted
24 because supervisors may only be held liable if they “participated in or directed the
25 violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Lemire v. Cal.
26 Dept. of Corrections & Rehabilitation, 726 F.3d 1062, 1074–75 (9th Cir. 2013).
27 ///
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1 For these reasons alone, Knight’s Complaint must be dismissed sua sponte for
2 failing to state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and § 1915A(b)(1).
3 Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112; Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121.
4 E. Leave to Amend
5 A prisoner’s claim for damages resulting from an excessive term of custody could
6 potentially form the basis of a section 1983 suit. See Haygood v. Younger, 769 F.2d 1350,
7 1359 (9th Cir. 1985). “Detention beyond the termination of a sentence could constitute
8 cruel and unusual punishment [in violation of the Eighth Amendment] if it is the result of
9 ‘deliberate indifference’ to the prisoner’s liberty interest; otherwise, such detention can
10 be held to be unconstitutional only if it violates due process.” Id. at 1354 (internal
11 citations omitted); see also Wahl v. Sutton, 2019 WL 4201426, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 5,
12 2019).3
13 Thus, in light of Knight’s pro se status, the Court grants him leave to amend his
14 pleading to sufficiently allege such a claim, against those defendants he is able to identify
15 by name, if he can. See Rosati v. Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A
16 district court should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to
17 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the
18 complaint could not be cured by amendment.’”) (quoting Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202,
19 1212 (9th Cir. 2012)).
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3 However, “[i]t is not every erroneous administration of state law that results in a denial
23 of due process.” Haygood, 769 F.2d at 1357. “A wrongful detention can ripen into a due
process violation if ‘it was or should have been known [by the defendant] that the [plaintiff]
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was entitled to release.’” Gant v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 772 F.3d 608, 620 (9th Cir. 2014)
25 (quotations omitted; alterations in original). “Cases holding that an incarceration violated
the Due Process Clause because defendants should have known the plaintiff was entitled
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to release fit at least one of two categories: (1) the circumstances indicated to the defendants
27 that further investigation was warranted, or (2) the defendants denied the plaintiff access
to the courts for an extended period of time.” Id. at 621 (quotation omitted); see also Foster
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1 III. Conclusion and Orders
2 For all the reasons discussed, the Court:
3 1. GRANTS Knight’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)
4 (ECF No. 2).
5 2. ORDERS the Secretary of the CDCR, or his designee, to collect from
6 Knight’s prison trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by collecting monthly
7 payments from the account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding
8 month’s income and forward payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in
9 the account exceeds $10 in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL PAYMENTS
10 MUST CLEARLY IDENTIFY THE NAME AND CASE NUMBER ASSIGNED TO
11 THIS ACTION.
12 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Ralph
13 Diaz, Secretary, CDCR, P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, California, 94283-0001.
14 4. DISMISSES Knight’s Complaint in its entirety for failing to state a claim
15 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and § 1915A(b)(1), and GRANTS him 45 days
16 leave from the date of this Order in which to file an Amended Complaint which cures the
17 deficiencies of pleading noted. Knight’s Amended Complaint must be complete by itself
18 without reference to his original pleading. Defendants not named and any claim not re-
19 alleged in his Amended Complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1;
20 Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir.
21 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693
22 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which
23 are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled.”).
24 If Knight fails to file an Amended Complaint within 45 days, the Court will enter a
25 final Order dismissing this civil action based both on his failure to state a claim upon
26 which relief can be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b), and
27 his failure to prosecute in compliance with a court order requiring amendment. See Lira
28 v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage
1 || of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the
2 ||complaint into dismissal of the entire action.’’).
3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
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5 Dated: October 9, 2019 ( iM ( 4. wy
6 Hon. Larry Alan Burns
7 Chief United States District Judge
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