The opinion
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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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7 ALEXANDRIA HEATHER, et al., Case No. 3:22-cv-05059-JD
8 Plaintiffs,
SECOND ORDER RE MOTION TO
9 v. DISMISS AND DISCOVERY STAY
10 HEALTHLINE MEDIA, INC.,
Defendant.
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12 Plaintiffs Alexandria Heather and Kelsey Nelson have sued defendant Healthline Media,
13 Inc. (Healthline), on behalf of themselves and a putative nationwide class, alleging that Healthline
14 disclosed their personal video viewing histories in violation of the Video Privacy Protection Act
15 (VPPA), 18 U.S.C. § 2710. This is the second round of pleadings motions with respect to the
16 sufficiency of the allegations in the complaint. The Court dismissed the prior complaint for not
17 plausibly alleging that plaintiffs were “subscribers” within the scope of the VPPA. See Dkt. No.
18 38.
19 Healthline asks to dismiss the amended complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
20 12(b)(6). Dkt. No. 52. The parties’ familiarity with the record is assumed, and the amended
21 complaint is dismissed.
22 DISCUSSION
23 As the Court stated in the dismissal order, the use of a Meta Pixel to surreptitiously collect
24 information about content viewed on Healthline’s site may give rise to a privacy action under the
25 VPPA. Dkt. No. 38 at 4. The predicate for that is satisfying the elements of a VPPA claim, and
26 plaintiffs previously stumbled on plausibly alleging that they were subscribers. Dkt. No. 38 at 5.
27 Plaintiffs were specifically directed to identify the “good or service” they received. Id.
1 subscribed to an email newsletter published in connection with Healthline’s site. See, e.g., Dkt.
2 No. 42 ¶¶ 39-47. The newsletters are said to provide “health and wellness-related content,”
3 including “links to video content hosted on Healthline’s website.” Id. ¶ 12. Plaintiffs say they
4 clicked the links to Healthline’s website and watched some linked videos. Id. ¶¶ 17, 28.
5 Plaintiffs contend that, because they signed up for regular delivery of Healthline’s
6 newsletters by providing their email addresses to it, they are “subscribers” under the VPPA. Id.
7 Some courts in this District have accepted this reasoning. See, e.g., Jackson v. Fandom, Inc., No.
8 4:22-CV-04423-JST, 2023 WL 4670285, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2023); In re Hulu Priv. Litig.,
9 No. 3:11-CV-03764-LB, 2012 WL 3282960, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2012).
10 But the subscriber inquiry does not stop there. To qualify as subscribers, plaintiffs must
11 also demonstrate that they signed up for “goods or services” within the meaning of the VPPA.
12 This is the main dispute between the parties with respect to dismissal of the amended complaint.
13 Plaintiffs say that the newsletters, which occasionally feature links to videos on Healthline’s
14 website, is a video-related service for purposes of the VPPA. Dkt. No. 57 at 6. Healthline says
15 that a newsletter does not qualify as a video-related service. Dkt. No. 52 at 6-8. This question has
16 resulted in different outcomes in other courts. See, e.g., Carter v. Scripps Networks, LLC, No. 22-
17 cv-02031 (PKC), 2023 WL 3061858, at *6-7 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 24, 2023) (dismissing VPPA claim
18 on similar grounds) with Harris v. Pub. Broad. Serv., 2023 WL 2583118, at *2 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 20,
19 2023) (denying dismissal of VPPA claim).
20 The scope of the “goods or services” received by a subscriber is a question of statutory
21 interpretation, and, as such, “[o]ur analysis begins and ends with the text.” Octane Fitness, LLC v.
22 ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545, 553 (2014). The “inquiry must cease if the statutory
23 language is unambiguous” and “the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent.” Schindler
24 Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk, 563 U.S. 401, 412 (2011) (internal quotations
25 omitted). It is also a “fundamental canon of statutory construction” to define words in reference to
26 “context” and “the overall statutory scheme.” FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529
27 U.S. 120, 132-33 (2000) (internal quotations omitted).
1 the business . . . of rental, sale, or delivery of prerecorded video cassette tapes or similar audio
2 visual materials.” 18 U.S.C. § 2710(a)(4). A consumer is “any renter, purchaser, or subscriber of
3 goods or services from a video tape service provider.” 18 U.S.C. § 2710(a)(1). The parties’
4 essential disagreement is whether the “goods or services” that a consumer receives are the same
5 services a defendant provides -- in effect, whether “services” under Section 2710(a)(1) has the
6 same meaning as “services” provided by a “video tape service provider,” under Section
7 2710(a)(4).
8 The principles of statutory construction require defining “services” consistently within the
9 statutory context. “A word is interpreted in the context of the company it keeps,” and it would be
10 “illogical, or very poor legislative drafting,” to use the same word, “service,” in close proximity,
11 while giving it different meanings. Borden v. eFinancial, LLC, 53 F.4th 1230, 1233 (9th Cir.
12 2022). Consequently, the “services” a subscriber receives are presumptively the same “services”
13 that would render Healthline a “video tape service provider.”
14 These circumstances indicate that plaintiffs still have not adequately alleged that they are
15 subscribers under the VPPA. A video tape service provider is in the “business . . . of rental, sale,
16 or delivery of prerecorded video cassette tapes or similar audio visual materials.” A newsletter of
17 the sort in question here, which is comprised primarily of text and occasional external hyperlinks
18 to video content, does not fit readily within that definition. The amended complaint does not
19 allege that any videos were presented in the newsletters themselves. It also does not allege that
20 plaintiffs received enhanced access to the videos, which were equally available to all Healthline’s
21 visitors. At most, the amended complaint established that plaintiffs subscribed to a predominantly
22 written, not video, good or service, which is outside the purview of the VPPA.
23 Consequently, the VPPA claim is dismissed again. Dismissal is also warranted for the
24 unjust enrichment claim. Although a standalone cause of action for unjust enrichment may be
25 pled in some circumstances, see Sinatro v. Welch Foods Inc., No. 3:22-CV-07028-JD, 2023 WL
26 3590681 (N.D. Cal. May 22, 2023), plaintiffs expressly tethered their unjust enrichment claim to
27 their VPPA claim. See Dkt. No. 42 ¶ 95. The unjust enrichment claim rises and falls with the
1 Plaintiffs may file a second amended complaint consistent with this order by January 8,
2 || 2024. No new claims or parties may be added without leave of the Court. A failure to meet this
3 deadline will result in dismissal of the case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). All
4 || discovery is stayed pending further order, and the discovery letters are terminated without
5 || prejudice to renewal as warranted.
6 IT IS SO ORDERED.
7 Dated: December 19, 2023
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JAME NATO
10 Unitedf tates District Judge
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