the defendant “conflated the first and second prongs of the anti-SLAPP analysis” where its 10 arguments addressed “the merits of the claims” before first demonstrating that the “claims [arose] 11 from protected speech or petitioning activity.”
How later courts described this case
- the defendant “conflated the first and second prongs of the anti-SLAPP analysis” where its 10 arguments addressed “the merits of the claims” before first demonstrating that the “claims [arose] 11 from protected speech or petitioning activity.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10 San Francisco Division
11 MORGAN NGUYEN, et al., Case No. 22-cv-02814-LB
12 Plaintiffs,
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO
13 v. DISMISS
14 DO NGUYEN, et al., Re: ECF No. 80
15 Defendants.
16
17 INTRODUCTION
18 The plaintiffs (two corporations and an individual who is their sole shareholder) sued the
19 defendants (an individual and a corporation) in state court for claims (such as fraud and breach of
20 contract) relating to misrepresentations that the defendants allegedly made to induce the plaintiffs’
21 investments.1 The defendants moved to dismiss the claims under Texas’s (or alternatively
22 California’s) Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) law, arguing that the claims
23 are based on protected activity and the defendants’ statute-of-frauds and litigation-privilege
24 affirmative defenses mean that the plaintiffs are unlikely to prevail.2 The plaintiffs counter that the
25 defendants raised Texas law because they previously asserted lack of personal jurisdiction, but
26
27
1 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 12–21. Citations refer to material in the Electronic Case File (ECF);
pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of documents.
1 there is personal jurisdiction, and under California law, (1) the defendants fail to show that the
2 California SLAPP statute applies and (2) the contract is enforceable.3 In reply, the defendants cite
3 only California law.4
4 The court applies California law and denies the defendants’ motion because they failed to
5 show that the first prong of the anti-SLAPP statute is met, that is, that the conduct at issue was
6 protected speech or petitioning activity. At the end of the order, the court also addresses
7 procedural issues raised by the defendants’ amended answer and counterclaim.
8
9 STATEMENT
10 1. General Factual Background
11 Defendant Do Nguyen allegedly made misrepresentations to induce the plaintiffs (Morgan
12 Nguyen and her corporations MN Investment and M International) to invest $540,000 in defendant
13 Amour International. On October 15, 2017, eight days before Amour was formed, Mr. Nguyen
14 solicited the investment allegedly by promising the plaintiffs (1) thirty-five percent of Amour’s
15 Series A common stock, (2) a management role and a seat on Amour’s board of directors for Ms.
16 Nguyen, (3) a profit-sharing arrangement for the plaintiffs as common stockholders, and (4) the
17 ability to have Mr. Nguyen repurchase their interests in Amour after Amour became profitable.
18 “Said representations were false and known to be false by [Mr.] Nguyen when made.”5 In reliance
19 on the misrepresentations, MN Investment invested $350,000 in Amour, and M International
20 invested $190,000.6 Amour then issued fifty percent of Amour’s Series A common stock and
21 twenty-five percent of its Series B common stock to MN Investment and M International “jointly.”7
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23
24
3 Opp’n – ECF No. 92.
25
4 Reply – ECF No. 95.
26 5 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 13–14 (¶¶ 8–10); Certificate of Formation, Ex. C to Am. Notice of
Removal – ECF No. 34-3 at 7–8.
27
6 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 14 (¶¶ 9–10).
1 Other than issuing the common stock, Mr. Nguyen did not deliver on his promises. For
2 example, on January 20, 2020, he entered into an oral agreement with Ms. Nguyen to return the
3 investments in January 2021 in exchange for the assignment of the corporations’ interest in
4 Amour.8 Mr. Nguyen “breached this agreement on January 31, 2021, when he failed to return the
5 investments as agreed despite [Amour’s] then being profitable.”9 As to Ms. Nguyen’s board seat,
6 sometime “[d]uring the period from October 15, 2017 through February 28, 2021,” Mr. Nguyen
7 removed Ms. Nguyen from Amour’s board “with no notice or cause.”10 And no profits were
8 shared with the plaintiffs, even though Mr. Nguyen “distributed $2,000,000 in profits [to other
9 shareholders] during the period from October 2017 to February 28, 2021.”11
10
11 2. Relevant Procedural History
12 The plaintiffs filed the complaint in state court and the defendants removed the case to federal
13 court.12 The complaint asserts eight claims, numbered as follows: (1) fraud (MN Investment
14 against all defendants), (2) fraud (M International against all defendants), (3) breach of contract
15 (MN Investment against Mr. Nguyen) (based on Mr. Nguyen’s failure to return MN Investment’s
16 $350,000 investment), (4) breach of contract (M International against all defendants) (based on
17 Mr. Nguyen’s failure to return M International’s $190,000 investment), (5) breach of fiduciary
18 duty (MN Investment against Mr. Nguyen), (6) breach of fiduciary duty (M International against
19 Mr. Nguyen), (7) breach of contract (MN Investment against Mr. Nguyen) (based on Mr.
20 Nguyen’s failure to share Amour’s profits with the plaintiffs), and (8) money had (Ms. Nguyen
21 against Alex Nguyen).13
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8 Id. at 14 (¶ 11).
25 9 Id. at 15 (¶ 12).
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10 Id. at 19 (¶ 35).
11 Id. at 20 (¶¶ 41–43).
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12 Am. Notice of Removal – ECF No. 34.
1 The parties previously stipulated to dismiss defendants Mira Song, Alex Nguyen, and D&A
2 Commercial Investments LLC for lack of personal jurisdiction.14 The court thus dismissed the
3 eighth claim. The court also ordered jurisdictional discovery in response to the defendants’ motion
4 to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.15 The plaintiffs add more information about personal
5 jurisdiction in their opposition to the present motion, including that Mr. Nguyen retained two
6 California attorneys, marketed Amour to California residents, invested with Amour in Amour
7 Nailz (which is located in California and was used to test Amour products), employed two
8 California residents, and attended two to three tradeshows per year in California.16 (These facts are
9 advanced in the opposition, but Ms. Nguyen submitted an affidavit sworn under penalty of perjury
10 before a notary that the facts the plaintiff advance are true.17)
11 The court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.18 All parties consented to
12 magistrate-judge jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 636.19 The defendants filed a motion to dismiss
13 under Texas Civil Practice and Remedy Code § 27.003, or in the alternative, under California
14 Code of Civil Procedure § 425.16 (each state’s SLAPP law). In the motion, the defendants
15 contend that the statute of frauds and litigation privilege bar the plaintiffs’ claims.20 The plaintiffs
16 opposed the motion and defendants filed a reply in support of the motion.21 On the same day as
17 their motion, the defendants also filed an amended answer, and several weeks later, they filed a
18 standalone counterclaim.22 The court held a hearing on June 22, 2023.
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22 14 Minute Entry – ECF No. 42.
23
15 Order – ECF No. 46.
16 Opp’n – ECF No. 92 at 5–6.
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17 Aff. – ECF No. 93.
25 18 Order – ECF No. 31; Am. Notice of Removal & Exs. – ECF Nos. 34 to 34-5.
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19 Consents – ECF Nos. 14, 21.
20 Mot. – ECF No. 80.
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21 Opp’n – ECF No. 92; Reply – ECF No. 95.
1 ANALYSIS
2 The court first addresses the motion to dismiss and then addresses procedural issues identified
3 from the docket.
4
5 1. Anti-SLAPP Motion
6 The defendants argue that the court should dismiss the complaint under Texas’s or, in the
7 alternative, California’s anti-SLAPP statute.23 The plaintiffs respond that California law applies
8 because the court has personal jurisdiction over Mr. Nguyen and Amour.24 The defendants cited
9 only California law in their reply.25 The court applies California Code of Civil Procedure
10 § 425.16, the state’s anti-SLAPP law, and denies the motion.
11 “The choice of law inquiry has two levels. First, [the court] must determine whose choice of
12 law rules govern. Second, applying those rules, [the court] determine[s] whose law applies.”
13 Schoenberg v. Exportadora de Sal, S.A. de C.V., 930 F.2d 777, 782 (9th Cir. 1991). In this
14 diversity case, the court looks to California choice of law rules. Patton v. Cox, 276 F.3d 493, 495
15 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941)).
16 California courts apply a three-step governmental-interest test to resolve choice of law
17 questions: (1) determine whether the laws of each state differ, (2) if so, determine if each state has
18 an interest in having its law applied, and (3) if so, determine “which state’s . . . interests would be
19 more impaired if its policy were subordinated to the policy of the other state.” People ex rel.
20 DuFauchard v. U.S. Fin. Mgmt., Inc., 169 Cal. App. 4th 1502, 1520 (2009) (cleaned up).
21 Here, the analysis ends at the first step: there is no difference between the Texas and California
22 SLAPP laws that would alter the outcome of the motion. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
23 § 27.003; Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16. The Ninth Circuit has held, albeit in an unpublished case,
24 that the Texas and California statutes are “indistinguishable . . . in all material respects.” Clifford
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23 Mot. – ECF No. 80 at 12.
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24 Opp’n – ECF No. 92.
1 v. Trump, 818 F. App’x 746, 747 (9th Cir. 2020). Furthermore, notwithstanding the Fifth Circuit’s
2 holding that the Texas statute does not apply in federal court, Klocke v. Watson, 936 F.3d 240,
3 244–47 (5th Cir. 2019), the Ninth Circuit held otherwise, Clifford, 818 F. App’x at 747. Because
4 there is no actual conflict of laws in this case, California law applies. See, e.g., Erceg v.
5 LendingClub Corp., 475 F. Supp. 3d 1071, 1078 (N.D. Cal. 2020).
6 1.1 Legal Standard
7 California’s anti-SLAPP statute allows a defendant to obtain early dismissal of claims that are
8 designed primarily to chill the exercise of First Amendment rights. Siam v. Kizilbash, 130 Cal.
9 App. 4th 1563, 1568 (2005). Section 425.16(b)(1) provides:
A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance
10
of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States Constitution
11 or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue shall be subject to a
special motion to strike, unless the court determines that there is a probability that
12 the plaintiff will prevail on the claim.
13 Section 425.16(e) provides that acts “in furtherance of” these rights include:
14 (1) any written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive, or
judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law;
15 (2) any written or oral statement or writing made in connection with an issue under
consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other
16 official proceeding authorized by law;
(3) any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a
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public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; or
18 (4) any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of
petition or the constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue
19 or an issue of public interest.
20 California’s anti-SLAPP statute applies to state claims in federal court. Thomas v. Fry’s Elecs.,
21 Inc., 400 F.3d 1206, 1206–07 (9th Cir. 2005). In ruling on an anti-SLAPP motion, the court
22 engages in a two-step process. Equilon Enters. v. Consumer Cause, Inc., 29 Cal. 4th 53, 67 (2002).
23 First, the court decides whether the defendant has made a threshold showing that the challenged
24 claim arises from acts in furtherance of the defendant’s right of petition or free speech under the
25 United States or California constitutions in connection with a public issue. Id. Second, “[i]f the
26 court finds [that] such a showing has been made, it then determines whether the plaintiff has
27 demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the claim.” Id. The claim is subject to dismissal only
1 when the defendant shows that the claim is based on protected conduct and the plaintiff fails to
2 show a probability of success on that claim. Navellier v. Sletten, 29 Cal. 4th 82, 88–89 (2002).
3 For the first part of the test, a defendant must make a prima facie showing that the claim
4 “arises from” its conduct “in furtherance of” its exercise of free speech or petition rights as defined
5 in § 425.16(e). Equilon, 29 Cal. 4th at 61. “For purposes of the anti-SLAPP statute, a cause of
6 action ‘arises from’ conduct that it is ‘based on.’” Graham-Sult v. Clainos, 756 F.3d 724, 735 (9th
7 Cir. 2014) (citing Copenbarger v. Morris Cerullo World Evangelism, 215 Cal. App. 4th 1237,
8 1244–45 (2013)). Thus, a court must ask what activities form the basis for each of a plaintiff’s
9 causes of action. Id. The court then must ask whether those activities are “protected” and thereby
10 bring the cause of action within the scope of the anti-SLAPP statute. Id. (citing Wallace v.
11 McCubbin, 196 Cal. App. 4th 1169, 1182–84 (2011)).
12 For the second part of the test, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish as a matter of law
13 that no such protection exists. Governor Gray Davis Comm. v. Am. Taxpayers Alliance, 102 Cal.
14 App. 4th 449, 456 (2002). To establish a probability of prevailing, a plaintiff must demonstrate
15 that the complaint is legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts
16 to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited. Premier Med.
17 Mgmt. Sys., Inc. v. Cal. Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 136 Cal. App. 4th 464, 476 (2006). The plaintiff also
18 must present evidence to overcome any privilege or defense to the claim that has been raised.
19 Flatley v. Mauro, 39 Cal. 4th 299, 323 (2006).
20 In any action subject to the anti-SLAPP statute, “a prevailing defendant on a special motion to
21 strike shall be entitled to recover that defendant’s attorney’s fees and costs.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code
22 § 425.16(c)(1); Verizon Del., Inc. v. Covad Commc’ns., 377 F.3d 1081, 1091 (9th Cir. 2004).
23 In federal court, federal procedures apply to an anti-SLAPP motion. If the motion challenges
24 the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s complaint, then federal pleading standards — including
25 granting the plaintiff leave to amend — apply, and the motion is decided under the same standards
26 as a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Verizon Del., 377 F.3d at 1091; Rogers v. Home
27 Shopping Network, Inc., 57 F. Supp. 2d 973, 982–83 (C.D. Cal. 1999); Planned Parenthood Fed’n
1 based on a plaintiff’s alleged failure of proof, then the court treats the motion as a motion under
2 Rule 56. Rogers, 57 F. Supp. 2d at 983.
3 1.2 Application
4 Here, the defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion fails at the first part of the test: the claims are not
5 based on conduct that was in furtherance of the exercise of free speech or petition rights. As the
6 plaintiffs point out, the defendants do not specify how the defendants’ actions or speech fall into
7 any of the categories set forth in § 425.16(e).26 The defendants thus fail to make a prima facie
8 showing at the first step. Coretronic Corp. v. Cozen O’Connor, 192 Cal. App. 4th 1381, 1389
9 (2011) (the defendant “conflated the first and second prongs of the anti-SLAPP analysis” where its
10 arguments addressed “the merits of the claims” before first demonstrating that the “claims [arose]
11 from protected speech or petitioning activity.”). In any case, the claims here are based only on
12 private business negotiations, which is not speech “in connection with a public issue.” Cal. Civ.
13 Proc. Code § 425.16(b)(1); Diamond Resorts U.S. Collection Dev., LLC v. Pandora Mktg., LLC,
14 500 F. Supp. 3d 1104, 1114 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (anti-SLAPP statute does not apply to private
15 communications used for “business purposes alone,” where “the information never entered the
16 public sphere nor did the parties intend it to”) (citing FilmOn.com Inc. v. DoubleVerify Inc., 7 Cal.
17 5th 133, 152–54 (2019)). The court thus denies the anti-SLAPP motion.
18 The defendants rely on Medical Marijuana, Inc. v. ProjectCBD.com, 46 Cal. App. 5th 869
19 (2020), to argue that their burden on the first step of the anti-SLAPP analysis is low and they have
20 met that burden.27 As the Medical Marijuana court noted, a defendant need only make a prima
21 facie showing at the first step. Id. at 882. But in that case, the parties agreed that the plaintiff’s
22 claims arose from the defendant’s protected speech. Id. at 885. Here, on the other hand, the issue is
23 disputed and the defendants have not made the required showing.
24 The defendants also raise the litigation privilege, which is an affirmative defense.28
25
26
26 Opp’n – ECF No. 92 at 11.
27
27 Mot. – ECF No. 80 at 8.
1 The litigation privilege protects “any communication (1) made in judicial or quasi-judicial
2 proceedings; (2) by litigants or other participants authorized by law; (3) to achieve the objects of
3 the litigation; and (4) that have some connection or logical relation to the action.” Crossroads
4 Invs., L.P. v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n, 13 Cal. App. 5th 757, 785–86 (2017). Strictly speaking,
5 “affirmative defenses, such as the litigation privilege, are not relevant to the first prong” of the
6 anti-SLAPP test. Hart v. Larson, 232 F. Supp. 3d 1128, 1133–34 (S.D. Cal. 2017). But the
7 litigation privilege is conceptually similar to one of the California anti-SLAPP statute’s examples
8 of conduct in furtherance of speech or petitioning rights: “any written or oral statement or writing
9 made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding
10 authorized by law.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(e)(1). “Even when litigation may not have
11 commenced, if a statement concerns the subject of the dispute and is made in anticipation of
12 litigation contemplated in good faith and under serious consideration, then the statement may be
13 petitioning activity protected by section 425.16.” Diamond Resorts, 500 F. Supp. 3d at 1111
14 (cleaned up).
15 Here, the conduct at issue is the business negotiations that underlie the legal dispute, not
16 statements made during or in anticipation of litigation. There is no indication (on the current
17 record) that the defendants’ representations at issue were made with litigation “under serious
18 consideration.” Id. at 1111–13.
19 The parties also dispute the applicability of the statute of frauds affirmative defense, but the
20 defendants only raise that defense for purposes of the second prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis.29
21 As discussed, the court need not reach the second prong here.
22 Because the court denies the defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion, the court also denies their
23 request for attorney’s fees. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(c)(1).
24
25
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27 29 Reply – ECF No. 95 at 4 (“When evaluating an affirmative defense in connection with the second
prong of the analysis of an anti-SLAPP motion, a court . . . generally should consider whether the
1 2. Procedural Matters
2 The court also briefly addresses procedural issues raised by the defendants’ recent filings.
3 First, the defendants filed an amended answer on May 9, 2023, about a year after filing their
4 || original answer.*? An answer can be amended once as of right, but only within twenty-one days of
5 serving it. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). Otherwise, a party may amend its pleadings only with the
6 || written consent of the opposing party or the court’s leave. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The court
7 || assumes, given the lack of an objection, that there was written consent. In any event, because the
8 || pleadings cutoff is not until September 1, 2023, and leave is to be freely given under Rule 15(a),
9 || the court allows the amendment.
10 Second, the defendants filed a counterclaim as a standalone document on May 26, 2023.7! But
11 Rule 7 does not allow a counterclaim as a standalone pleading. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a). The
12 || counterclaim should instead be incorporated into the defendants’ operative answer. The court thus
13 strikes the counterclaim. If the defendants wish to amend their answer again, they should obtain
14 || the plaintiffs’ written consent or move for leave to file an amended answer. 5 Wright & Miller,
3 15 || Fed. Prac. & Proc., Pleadings and Motions § 1184 (4th ed. 2023) (“[T]he court may grant leave to
16 || amend an answer after the 21-day window contemplated by [Rule 15(a)(1)] has passed if a
i 17 || counterclaim is improperly filed as a standalone document, rather than incorporated into the filed
Z 18 answer.”).
19 CONCLUSION
20 The court denies the defendants’ motion. This resolves ECF No. 80.
21 IT IS SO ORDERED.
22 Dated: June 25, 2023 EC
Let
LAUREL BEELER
24 United States Magistrate Judge
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27 3° Answer — ECF No. 29; Am. Answer — ECF No. 79.
28 3! Countercl. — ECF No. 89.