prison 20 official’s failure to intervene to prevent Eighth Amendment violation may be basis for liability
How later courts described this case
- prison 20 official’s failure to intervene to prevent Eighth Amendment violation may be basis for liability
- affirming dismissal of complaint that was 22 “argumentative, prolix, replete with redundancy, and largely irrelevant”
- magistrate judge lacked jurisdiction to dismiss case on initial screening because unserved defendants had not consented to proceed 25 before magistrate judge
- supervisor who signed internal affairs report dismissing 15 complaint against officer despite evidence of officer’s use of excessive force may be liable for 16 damages
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 ADRIAN L. CERVANTES, Case No. 23-cv-00811-AMO (PR)
8 Plaintiff, ORDER OF DISMISSAL WITH LEAVE
TO AMEND
9 v.
10 DALIZU ELSEN, et al.,
Defendants.
11
12 I. INTRODUCTION
13 Plaintiff who is currently in custody at Sonoma County’s Main Adult Detention Facility
14 (“MADF”), filed a pro se civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This suit was
15 reassigned from a magistrate judge to the undersigned in light of a Ninth Circuit decision.1
16 Plaintiff also seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis, which will be granted in a separate Order.
17 Venue is proper because the events giving rise to the claim are alleged to have occurred at
18 MADF, which is located in this judicial district. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). Plaintiff names the
19 following defendants from MADF or from MADF’s medical care provider, “Wellpath”: Wellpath
20 Physicians Dalizu Elsen, Niloofar Fadaki and Michael L. Medvin; MADF Lieutenant Jason
21 Squires; and Sonoma County Sheriff Eddie Engram. Dkt. 1 at 2.2 3 Plaintiff seeks only injunctive
22 relief because he requests to “get [his] right medical treatment everywhere [he] go[es].” Id. at 3.
23
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1 Williams v. King, 875 F.3d 500, 503 (9th Cir. 2017) (magistrate judge lacked jurisdiction
to dismiss case on initial screening because unserved defendants had not consented to proceed
25
before magistrate judge).
26
2 Page number citations refer to those assigned by the Court’s electronic case-management
filing (“ECF”) system and not those assigned by plaintiff.
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II. DISCUSSION
1
A. Standard of Review
2
A federal court must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a prisoner seeks
3
redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C.
4
§ 1915A(a). In its review, the Court must identify any cognizable claims and dismiss any claims
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that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seek
6
monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. Id. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Pro se
7
pleadings must be liberally construed. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th
8
Cir. 1988).
9
To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements:
10
(1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that
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the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. West v.
12
Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988).
13
Liability may be imposed on an individual defendant under section 1983 if the plaintiff can
14
show that the defendant proximately caused the deprivation of a federally protected right. Leer v.
15
Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 634 (9th Cir. 1988); Harris v. City of Roseburg, 664 F.2d 1121, 1125 (9th
16
Cir. 1981). A person deprives another of a constitutional right within the meaning of section 1983
17
if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative act or omits to perform an act
18
which he is legally required to do, that causes the deprivation of which the plaintiff complains.
19
Leer, 844 F.2d at 633; see, e.g., Robins v. Meecham, 60 F.3d 1436, 1442 (9th Cir. 1995) (prison
20
official’s failure to intervene to prevent Eighth Amendment violation may be basis for liability).
21
The inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties and responsibilities of
22
each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a constitutional
23
deprivation. Leer, 844 F.2d at 633.
24
A supervisor may be liable under section 1983 upon a showing of (1) personal
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involvement in the constitutional deprivation or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the
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supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation. Redman v. County of San Diego,
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942 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc) (citation omitted). A supervisor therefore generally
1 “is only liable for constitutional violations of his subordinates if the supervisor participated in or
2 directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Taylor v. List,
3 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). “‘Supervisory liability is imposed against a supervisory
4 official in his individual capacity for his own culpable action or inaction in the training,
5 supervision, or control of his subordinates, for his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivations
6 of which the complaint is made, or for conduct that showed a reckless or callous indifference to
7 the rights of others.’” Preschooler II v. Davis, 479 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations
8 omitted). Evidence of a prisoner’s letter to an administrator alerting him to a constitutional
9 violation is sufficient to generate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the administrator
10 was aware of the violation, even if he denies knowledge and there is no evidence the letter was
11 received. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1098. Evidence that a prison supervisor was personally involved in an
12 unconstitutional transfer and denied all appeals of the transfer, for example, may suffice.
13 Hamilton v. Endell, 981 F.2d 1062, 1067 (9th Cir. 1992); see also Watkins v. City of Oakland, 145
14 F.3d 1087, 1093 (9th Cir. 1998) (supervisor who signed internal affairs report dismissing
15 complaint against officer despite evidence of officer’s use of excessive force may be liable for
16 damages).
17 B. Analysis
18 Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a complaint set forth “a
19 short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Additionally,
20 Rule 8(e) requires that each averment of a pleading be “simple, concise, and direct.” See
21 McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 1996) (affirming dismissal of complaint that was
22 “argumentative, prolix, replete with redundancy, and largely irrelevant”). While the federal rules
23 require brevity in pleading, a complaint nevertheless must be sufficient to give the defendants “fair
24 notice” of the claim and the “grounds upon which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 127 S. Ct. 2197,
25 2200 (2007) (quotation and citation omitted). A complaint that fails to state the specific acts of
26 the defendant that violated the plaintiff’s rights fails to meet the notice requirements of Rule 8(a).
27 See Hutchinson v. United States, 677 F.2d 1322, 1328 n.5 (9th Cir. 1982). Moreover, under
1 that the defendant proximately caused the deprivation of a federally protected right. See Leer, 844
2 F.2d at 634. As explained above, a supervisor may be liable under section 1983 only upon a
3 showing of (1) personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation or (2) a sufficient causal
4 connection between the supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation. Redman,
5 942 F.2d at 1446. Under no circumstances is there respondeat superior liability under section
6 1983. Taylor, 880 F.2d at 1045.
7 Here, plaintiff raises several claims relating to his confinement at MADF from 2022 to
8 2023,4 including: a denial of medical treatment by defendants Elsen, Fadaki and Medvin; and a
9 denial of access to the courts. Dkt. 1 at 2-3.
10 1. Convicted Prisoner vs. Pretrial Detainee
11 First, it is not clear from plaintiff’s filings whether he is a convicted prisoner or a pretrial
12 detainee. Inmates who sue prison officials for damages for injuries suffered while in custody may
13 do so under the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause or, if not yet
14 convicted, under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S.
15 520, 535 (1979); Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1067-68 (9th Cir. 2016) (en
16 banc). But under both clauses, the inmate must show that the prison official acted with deliberate
17 indifference. Id. at 1068. The Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons, but neither
18 does it permit inhumane ones. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994).
19 The treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he is confined
20 are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment. See Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31
21 (1993). The Amendment imposes duties on these officials, who must provide all prisoners with
22 the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care and personal
23 safety. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832; DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. Dep't of Social Servs., 489
24
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4 In his complaint, plaintiff includes a reference to a “lab test from 4-02-2021.” Dkt. 1 at 3.
However, immediately prior to this reference, plaintiff indicates that he discussed his lab test with
26
defendant Elsen on “04-19-2022 and 02-17-23.” Id. at 2. In addition, most of the dates in
plaintiff’s complaint span from 2022 to 2023. See id. at 2-3. Thus, it seems plaintiff made a
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typographical error when he wrote “4-02-2021.” Because the Court will be dismissing this
1 U.S. 189, 199-200 (1989). A prison official violates the Eighth Amendment when two
2 requirements are met: (1) the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, sufficiently serious,
3 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834 (citing Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298 (1991)), and (2) the prison
4 official possesses a sufficiently culpable state of mind, id. (citing Wilson, 501 U.S. at 297).
5 When a pretrial detainee challenges conditions of his confinement, the proper inquiry is
6 whether the conditions amount to punishment in violation of the Due Process Clause of the
7 Fourteenth Amendment. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 n.16 (1979). “‘[T]he State does
8 not acquire the power to punish with which the Eighth Amendment is concerned until after it has
9 secured a formal adjudication of guilt in accordance with due process of law. Where the State
10 seeks to impose punishment without such an adjudication, the pertinent guarantee is the Due
11 Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.’” Id. (quoting Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651,
12 671-72 n.40 (1977)). The state may detain a pretrial detainee “to ensure his presence at trial and
13 may subject him to the restrictions and conditions of the detention facility so long as those
14 conditions and restrictions do not amount to punishment or otherwise violate the Constitution.”
15 Id. at 536-37. If a particular condition or restriction of pretrial detention is reasonably related to a
16 legitimate governmental objective it does not, without more, amount to punishment. See id. at
17 539. Because the Court is granting plaintiff leave to amend his claims below, it directs plaintiff to
18 indicate in his Amended Complaint whether he is a pretrial detainee or a convicted prisoner.
19 2. Legal Claims
20 In essence, plaintiff alleges that defendants Elsen, Fadaki, and Medvin were deliberately
21 indifferent to his medical needs because they failed to give him proper treatment for his “critical
22 conditions.” Dkt. 1 at 2-3. But plaintiff fails to specify the ailment/injury causing his “critical
23 conditions” or to elaborate on what treatment he expected to receive from these defendants. Id.
24 Plaintiff also claims that defendant Medvin “touch[ed] [plaintiff] inappropriately on 12-22-2022,”
25 but such a conclusory allegation is insufficient to state a cognizable claim. Meanwhile, as to
26 plaintiff’s claim of a denial of access to the courts, he claims that unnamed jail officials lost his
27 legal mail and he “lost [his] case because [of] that.” Id. at 3. However, plaintiff fails to elaborate
1 received [his] answer from his habeas corpus [case],” but he does not clarify whether this habeas
2 case was the case he “lost.” See id. He also fails to indicate the date his legal mail was lost or
3 explain how the loss of such mail led to the loss of his case. See id. Nor does plaintiff link any of
4 the named defendants to this claim. Thus, plaintiff has failed to set forth sufficient allegations that
5 could state a claim, and his complaint is DISMISSED with leave to amend the aforementioned
6 claims to provide more information.
7 a. Joinder Issues
8 Even if plaintiff successfully pleads actionable amended claims, he should ensure that his
9 claims comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a). Rule 20(a)(2) provides that all persons
10 “may be joined in one action as defendants if: (A) any right to relief is asserted against them
11 jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction,
12 occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences; and (B) any question of law or fact common
13 to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2). To comply with these rules,
14 “multiple claims against a single party are fine, but Claim A against Defendant 1 should not be
15 joined with unrelated Claim B against Defendant 2.” George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir.
16 2007). “Unrelated claims against different defendants belong in different suits.” Id. Plaintiff’s
17 allegations relating to his claims of a denial of medical treatment seem to arise out of a different
18 series of transactions than his allegations regarding a denial of access to the courts. If plaintiff
19 opts to amend his complaint, he is cautioned that he may only allege claims (including any new
20 claims) that (a) arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or
21 occurrences, and (b) present questions of law or fact common to all defendants named therein.
22 For his Amended Complaint, plaintiff needs to choose claims that also meet the joinder
23 requirements. Unrelated claims that do not the joinder requirements may be alleged in a separate
24 lawsuit.
25 If plaintiff wishes to amend his claims with ones that comply with the joinder requirements
26 of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a), then the Court will allow him leave to prepare a proper
27 Amended Complaint consistent with federal pleading standards. Plaintiff is advised that for each
1 constitutional right he believes each defendant has violated. Importantly, plaintiff must allege
2 facts regarding the conduct of each defendant that he asserts gives rise to that defendant’s liability.
3 As mentioned above, a person deprives another of a constitutional right within the meaning of 42
4 U.S.C. §1983 if he commits an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative act or omits to
5 perform an act which he is legally required to do, that causes the deprivation of which the plaintiff
6 complains. Leer, 844 F.2d at 633. There can be no liability under section 1983 unless there is
7 some affirmative link or connection between a defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation.
8 See id at 634.
9 b. Claims Against Defendants Squires and Engram
10 Furthermore, the Court notes that plaintiff has not stated a cognizable constitutional claim
11 against either defendant Squires or defendant Engram. Dkt. 1 at 3.
12 Plaintiff’s only claim against defendant Squires is that defendant Squires: “lie[d] on his
13 declaration on 08-16-2022 about everything he said about . . . [plaintiff] never received any legal
14 help from this deput[y] or someone who works for this jail.” Id. It is unclear what claim plaintiff
15 is trying to raise here, if any. Thus, plaintiff fails to set forth sufficient allegations that could state
16 a claim against defendant Squires, as such any claims against this defendant is DISMISSED with
17 leave to amend to correct this deficiency, if possible.
18 Plaintiff sues defendant Engram (the Sonoma County Sheriff) in his supervisory capacity.
19 See id. Plaintiff does not allege facts demonstrating that defendant Engram violated his federal
20 rights, but seems to claim defendant Engram is liable based on the conduct of defendant Engram’s
21 supervisees. However, under section 1983, a supervisor is not automatically liable for the conduct
22 or omissions of their subordinates. See Taylor, 880 F.2d at 1045. A supervisor generally “is only
23 liable for constitutional violations of his subordinates if the supervisor participated in or directed
24 the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Id. A supervisor may
25 also be held liable if he or she implemented “a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a
26 repudiation of constitutional rights and is the moving force of the constitutional violation.”
27 Redman, 942 F.2d at 1446. Here, plaintiff fails to state any such allegations, and thus he fails to
c. Exhaustion Issues
1
Lastly, plaintiff presents conflicting responses as to whether he has filed grievances on the
2
aforementioned issues in his complaint. See Dkt. 1 at 1-2. He answers “YES” to the following
3
question: “Is last level to which you appealed the highest level of appeal available to you?” Id. at
4
2. However, when asked to explain if he “did not pursue any level of appeal,” he answers as
5
follows: “1. Informal appeal: Because I never received any answer back from them since 12-31-21
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and 6-12-22.” Id. at 1. It thus appears he has not exhausted his administrative remedies as
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required by 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Plaintiff must provide more information why this case should
8
not be dismissed without prejudice so he can properly exhaust his claims.
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d. Summary
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In sum, because it appears possible that plaintiff may be able to correct the aforementioned
11
deficiencies, the Court DISMISSES his claims against the named defendants with leave to amend
12
to correct such deficiencies. Plaintiff must elaborate on all the aforementioned claims and
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specifically link defendants to his claims. In an Amended Complaint, plaintiff must identify the
14
specific jail officials involved in the alleged acts of denial of access to the courts, and he must
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describe how their actions violated his constitutional rights. Plaintiff should also indicate if he is a
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pretrial detainee or a convicted prisoner, and he must carefully indicate the specific dates of any
17
alleged constitutional violation.
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III. CONCLUSION
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For the foregoing reasons, the Court orders:
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1. Plaintiff’s complaint is DISMISSED with leave to amend in order to give him the
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opportunity to file a simple, concise and direct Amended Complaint which:
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a. States clearly and simply each claim he seeks to bring in federal court as
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required under Rule 8, and he should:
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i. Set forth each claim in a separate numbered paragraph;
25
26 ii. Identify each defendant and the specific action or actions
each defendant took, or failed to take, that allegedly
27 caused the deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights; and
1 b. Explains how he has exhausted his administrative remedies as to each
2 claim as against each defendant before he filed this action;
3 c. Alleges only those claims that are properly joined under Rule 20(a)
4 (concerning joinder of claims and defendants) or, stated differently, because plaintiff may not list
5 everything that has happened to him at MADF that he finds objectionable, the Amended
6 Complaint may only allege claims that:
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i. Arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of
8 transactions or occurrences; and
9 ii. Present questions of law or fact common to all defendants;
10 d. States specifically how each defendant is directly liked to plaintiff’s
11 claims;
12 e. Names supervisorial liability defendants who committed an affirmative
13 act, and is not linked solely in his or her supervisory capacity, or against whom plaintiff can allege
14 facts that would establish either supervisorial or municipal liability;
15 f. Names doe defendants (unnamed defendants) only if plaintiff can set forth
16 specific facts showing how each of these doe defendants actually and proximately caused the
17 deprivation of a federally protected right, and plaintiff must also provide to the Court the names of
18 any of these doe defendants; and
19 g. Indicates: (1) if plaintiff is a pretrial detainee or a convicted prisoner; and
20 (2) the specific dates of any alleged constitutional violation.
21 2. Plaintiff shall have twenty-eight (28) days from the date of this Order to file an
22 Amended Complaint that complies with the Court’s above orders.
23 He must indicate the case number for this action—Case No. 22-cv-00811-AMO (PR)—on
24 the form, clearly label the complaint “Amended Complaint,” and complete all sections of the
25 form. Because the Amended Complaint completely replaces all previously-filed complaints,
26 plaintiff must include in it all the claims he wishes to present. See Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d
27 1258, 1262 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 915 (1992). He may not incorporate material from
1 rights form, he shall maintain the same format as the form, 1.e., answer only the questions asked in
2 || the “Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies” section without including a narrative explanation of
3 each grievance filed.
4 Plaintiff’s failure to file his Amended Complaint by the twenty-eight-day deadline or
5 || to correct the aforementioned deficiencies outlined above will result in the dismissal of this
6 || action without prejudice.
7 3. It is plaintiffs responsibility to prosecute this case. Plaintiff must keep the Court
8 || informed of any change of address and must comply with the Court’s orders in a timely fashion.
9 Pursuant to Northern District Local Rule 3-11 a party proceeding pro se whose address changes
10 || while an action is pending must promptly file a notice of change of address specifying the new
11 address. See L.R. 3-11(a). The Court may dismiss without prejudice a complaint when: (1) mail
12 || directed to the pro se party by the Court has been returned to the Court as not deliverable, and
13 (2) the Court fails to receive within sixty days of this return a written communication from the pro
14 || se party indicating a current address. See L.R. 3-11(b).
15 4. The Clerk of the Court shall send plaintiff a blank civil rights complaint form along
a 16 || with his copy of this Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
S 18 Dated: May 15, 2023 -
Qaacel Ma
ARACELI MARTINEZ-OLGUIN
20 United States District Judge
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