“conclud[ing] that the holder of a registered mark may rely on 1 was after it had already received a cease-and-desist letter from Billfloat
How later courts described this case
- “conclud[ing] that the holder of a registered mark may rely on 1 was after it had already received a cease-and-desist letter from Billfloat
- noting that plaintiff’s “expert failed properly to address how consumers 16 would encounter the Untamed Word Mark in the marketplace”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 BILLFLOAT INC., Case No. 20-cv-09325-EMC
8 Plaintiff, PUBLIC/REDACTED VERSION
9 v.
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND
10 COLLINS CASH INC., et al., DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY
11 Defendants. JUDGMENT, AND GRANTING IN
PART AND DENYING IN PART
12 PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO EXCLUDE
EXPERT TESTIMONY
13
Docket Nos. 42-43
14
15
16 Plaintiff Billfloat Inc. (dba SmartBiz Loans) has filed suit against Defendants Collins Cash
17 Inc. (dba Smart Business Funding) and its owner Abraham Cohen, asserting, inter alia, trademark
18 infringement. Currently pending before the Court are two motions: (1) Defendants’ motion for
19 summary judgment and (2) Billfloat’s motion to exclude testimony from Defendants’ expert, Mark
20 Keegan. Having considered the parties’ briefs and accompanying submissions, as well as the oral
21 argument of counsel, the Court hereby GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the motion for
22 summary judgment and GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the motion to exclude expert
23 testimony.
24 I. MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
25 In the operative second amended complaint, Billfloat asserts the following causes of
26 action: (1) federal trademark infringement; (2) federal unfair competition; (3) breach of contract;
27 (4) state law trademark infringement; and (5) unlawful business practices under state law.
1 claims. As to all claims (including the claim for breach of contract which is effectively predicated
2 on trademark infringement), Defendants assert that no reasonable jury could find a likelihood of
3 confusion between the two word marks at issue, SmartBiz and Smart Business Funding. As to the
4 trademark infringement claims, Defendants also argue that they are entitled to summary judgment
5 on their affirmative defense of laches. Finally, Defendants contend that there is no evidence to
6 support Billfloat’s claim for breach of contract.
7 A. Likelihood of Confusion
8 Likelihood of confusion is a critical element in a trademark infringement or related claim.
9 “To prevail on [a] Lanham Act trademark claim, a plaintiff must prove: (1) that it has a protectible
10 ownership interest in the mark; and (2) that the defendant's use of the mark is likely to cause
11 consumer confusion.” Rearden LLC v. Rearden Commerce, Inc., 683 F.3d 1190, 1202 (9th Cir.
12 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).
13 The Sleekcraft factors are typically considered in evaluating likelihood of confusion.
14 Those factors are as follows:
15 (1) strength of the mark; (2) proximity of the goods; (3) similarity of
the marks; (4) evidence of actual confusion; (5) marketing channels
16 used; (6) type of goods and the degree of care likely to be exercised
by the purchaser; (7) defendant's intent in selecting the mark; and (8)
17 likelihood of expansion of the product lines.
18 Rearden, 683 F.3d at 1202. “[T]his eight-factor analysis is pliant, illustrative rather than
19 exhaustive, and best understood as simply providing helpful guideposts. Given the open-ended
20 nature of this multi-prong inquiry, . . . summary judgment on likelihood of confusion grounds is
21 generally disfavored.” Id. at 1210 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also id. at 1202
22 (“‘Because of the intensely factual nature of trademark disputes, summary judgment is generally
23 disfavored in the trademark arena.’”).
24 In the case at bar, the Court concludes that summary judgment is not warranted precisely
25 because there are fact intensive disputes related to likelihood of confusion. Although a reasonable
26 jury could easily find in favor of Defendants based on the current record, it is not possible to say
27 that no reasonable jury could find in favor of Billfloat. Some Sleekcraft factors favor Billfloat,
1 • The two word marks at issue – SmartBiz and Smart Business Funding – clearly
2 have some similarity. Both use the word “Smart”; also, “Biz” is an abbreviated
3 version of “Business.” On the other hand, “Biz” and “Business” are not exactly the
4 same. In addition, Defendants’ mark uses the word “Funding” whereas Billfloat’s
5 mark does not – although one could argue that this distinction does not have that
6 much, if any, significance. Cf. Pretty Girl, Inc. v. Pretty Girl Fashions, Inc., 778 F.
7 Supp. 2d 261, 267 (E.D.N.Y. 2011) (“Defendants' mark ‘Pretty Girl’ is identical to
8 Plaintiff's but for the addition of the word ‘Fashions.’ The addition of one generic
9 word does not transform the name into a different mark.”). Significantly, the court
10 may take into account not just “‘the similarity of the marks in the abstract, but
11 rather in light of the way the marks are encountered in the marketplace and the
12 circumstances surrounding the purchase’” – e.g., in labels and advertising
13 materials. Pom Wonderful Ltd. Liab. Co. v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d 1118, 1128 n.7 (9th
14 Cir. 2014). See also Lodestar Anstalt v. Bacardi & Co., 31 F.4th 1228, – (9th Cir.
15 2022) (noting that plaintiff’s “expert failed properly to address how consumers
16 would encounter the Untamed Word Mark in the marketplace”); SportPet Designs,
17 Inc. v. Cat1st Corp., No. 17-CV-0554, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34355, at *15 (E.D.
18 Wis. Mar. 2, 2018) (acknowledging defendant’s point that at issue was whether it
19 infringed plaintiff’s word mark but indicating that did not make the parties’ logos
20 irrelevant; “the central issue in a trademark dispute is whether ‘consumers are
21 likely to be confused as to the source’ of the goods at issue ‘in light of what
22 happens in the marketplace,’” and therefore, “‘courts generally evaluate a mark as
23 it’s actually used, regardless of how it’s registered – as a typewritten word, a word
24 in a particular font, and so on’”); accord McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair
25 Competition § 19:58 (stating that “‘[a] standard character registration [i.e., where a
26 mark consists of standard letters or numbers without a claim to any particular font,
27 size, or color] does not override the requirement that likelihood of confusion be
1 of packaging’”). In the case at bar, the parties advertise through, e.g., their
2 websites which include their logos, and the parties’ respective logos are quite
3 different in appearance.
4 • The strength of a mark has two components: (1) conceptual strength, which is “the
5 placement of the mark on the spectrum of marks” and (2) commercial strength,
6 which is “the amount of marketplace recognition of the mark.” 9th Cir. Model
7 Civil Jury Instruction No. 15.19; see also GoTo.com, Inc. v. Walt Disney Co., 202
8 F.3d 1199, 1207 (9th Cir. 2000). Arguably, the conceptual strength of the
9 SmartBiz mark is not that great – i.e., suggestive at most. See Inhale, Inc. v.
10 Inhale, LLC, No. 6:19-cv-01780-AA, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 192145, at *15 (D.
11 Or. Oct. 16, 2020) (noting that there are five categories of conceptual strength:
12 generic, descriptive, suggestive, arbitrary, and fanciful; “[d]escriptive marks
13 ‘describe a particular quality, function, or characteristic of a product or service,’”
14 while “[s]uggestive marks do not ‘describe the product’s features, but’ they do
15 ‘suggest[] them’”).1 On the other hand, Billfloat has presented some evidence that
16 its mark has commercial strength. See, e.g., Opp’n at 8 (citing evidence related to
17 Billfloat’s marketing and advertising costs, awards, etc.).
18 • Billfloat does not seem to challenge Defendants’ contention that Collins Cash
19 started to use the Smart Business Funding mark in December 2014. Nor does
20 Billfloat seem to offer any evidence that, at that particular point in time,
21 Defendants knew about the SmartBiz mark. Thus, Defendants may argue that they
22 did not have ill intent in selecting the Smart Business Funding mark. Although
23 Billfloat argues that Defendants knew about the SmartBiz mark when Collins Cash
24 filed an application to register its Smart Business Funding mark in 2020 (which
25
26
1 According to Billfloat, Defendants are barred from contending that the SmartBiz mark is
descriptive because the mark has achieved incontestable status. See Park 'n Fly v. Dollar Park &
27
Fly, 469 U.S. 189, 205 (1985) (“conclud[ing] that the holder of a registered mark may rely on
1 was after it had already received a cease-and-desist letter from Billfloat), the issue
2 is what was a defendant’s intent in adopting its mark in the first instance, not
3 whether it continued to use its mark after being notified of potential infringement.
4 Of course, whether there was an intent to infringe is not dispositive of a trademark
5 infringement claim.
6 • The bulk of Collins Cash’s business seems to be merchant cash advances and not
7 loans, including SBA loans (as with Billfloat); nevertheless, both Billfloat and
8 Collins Cash offer financial services to small businesses. See Am. Int'l Group, Inc.
9 v. Am. Int'l Bank, 926 F.2d 829, 832 (9th Cir. 1988) (noting that “there is some
10 minor overlap of their respective services[;] [a]lthough the parties are not direct
11 competitors, they both provide financial services” and “[t]heir businesses may be
12 sufficiently ‘complementary’ or ‘related’ that the public is likely to be confused as
13 to the source of the services”). Furthermore, even though Defendants claim that
14 Collins Cash does not offer SBA loans itself, Collins Cash has offered such loans
15 through third parties, including Billfloat. See also Salen Decl., Ex. KB (Cohen
16 Depo. at 130) (testifying that keywords used by CollinsCash in Google AdWords
17 campaigns include SBA loans, PPP loans, paycheck protection loans; “[t]hroughout
18 the history of our company, we have offered those products through third parties”).
19 However, there is no specific evidence about the degree of overlap in targeted
20 customers of Billfloat and Collins Cash.
21 • There is no indication that Billfloat intends to expand into the merchant cash
22 advance field. Similarly, there is no evidence that Collins Cash intends to offer
23 SBA loan services – but, as noted above, Defendants admit that Collins Cash has
24 referred such business to others, including Billfloat.
25 • Both parties appear to use their respective websites to drum up business. However,
26 the parties’ websites also reflect the different logos used by the companies.
27 • Billfloat’s customers who are usually taking out SBA loans are likely exercising
1 (testifying that many of the business owners who use Billfloat’s service are
2 sophisticated). On the other hand, the same may be less true of Collins Cash’s
3 customers who typically seek merchant cash advances to the extent their
4 qualification process is less complicated than applying for an SBA loan.
5 • Billfloat has pointed to some instances where there might be actual confusion,
6 either by consumers or by other participants in the industry. See Rearden, 683 F.3d
7 at 1215-16 (stating that (1) “non-consumer confusion can serve as a proxy for
8 consumer confusion,” and (2) “non-consumer confusion can bear on the ‘likelihood
9 of confusion’ inquiry insofar as non-consumer confusion can contribute to
10 consumer confusion”). On the other hand, it is not clear that all of those instances
11 exhibit actual confusion. See, e.g., McCarthy on Trademarks & Unfair
12 Competition § 23:16 (noting that some courts have found evidence of actual
13 confusion based on “customers' enquiries to plaintiff as to whether plaintiff and
14 defendant are affiliated or connected,” but “other courts have said that a question as
15 to possible affiliation reveals that the questioner had the difference in mind or else
16 would not have bothered even to enquire”); McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair
17 Competition § 23:14 (indicating that “a likelihood of confusion must be shown by
18 more than an ‘occasional misdirected letter’ [but] evidence of misdirected letters is
19 entitled to some weight as indicative of a likelihood of confusion”);
20 ComponentOne, L.L.C. v. ComponentArt, Inc., No. 02: 05cv1122, 2008 U.S. Dist.
21 LEXIS 87066, at *64 (W.D. Pa. Oct. 27, 2008) (stating that “[t]he probative value
22 of a misdirected communication, like the emails ComponentOne has submitted, is
23 decreased when the Court cannot tell whether the mistake resulted from the author's
24 confusion of the parties' similar marks or from inadvertence”). Moreover, even if
25 all instances are credited (four total), that is a small number. While Defendants’
26 expert’s survey suggests that the likelihood of confusion is remote, the survey is
27 not dispositive and is subject to legitimate criticism, as discussed below.
1 B. Laches
2 Defendants argue that, even if the Court denies them summary judgment based on the lack
3 of a likelihood of confusion, they should still be awarded relief based on their affirmative defense
4 of laches, which applies to their federal and state trademark infringement claims. According to
5 Defendants, there is no genuine dispute of material fact that laches applies.2 Defendants have the
6 burden of proving their affirmative defense.
7 “A party asserting laches must show that [1] it suffered prejudice as a result of [2] the
8 plaintiff's unreasonable delay in filing suit.” Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. Nutrition Now, Inc., 304
9 F.3d 829, 835 (9th Cir. 2002). In the instant case, there are genuine disputes of material fact
10 related to unreasonable delay.3 According to Defendants, Billfloat knew or at least should have
11 known about the infringement in August 2015, when a Billfloat employee sent the following email
12 to Collins Cash (at anthony@smartbusinessfunder.com):
13 My name is Aleks [Flom], and I am the Director of Business
Development at SmartBiz Loans. We are a financial technology
14 company with a platform to expedite underwriting and funding of
SBA 7(a) loans with our partner lenders. SmartBiz has a lucrative
15 partnership program with commercial loan brokers such as yourself.
We specialize in SBA 7(a) loans $350k and under, and have helped
16 many small business owners get the capital they need for their
business.
17
I see that you don’t have an SBA product offering, and would love
18 to discuss a strategic relationship with you! Please shoot me an
email or give me a call when you have a moment.
19
20
21
2 The parties do not appear to dispute that laches is also a defense to the state trademark
infringement claims as well.
22
3 Unreasonable delay is measured in part by the statute of limitations. The most recent word from
23
the Ninth Circuit is that there is a four-year limitations period for trademark infringement claims.
See Pinkette Clothing, Inc. v. Cosmetic Warriors, Ltd., 894 F.3d 1015, 1025 (9th Cir. 2018)
24
(stating that “[t]he most analogous state statute of limitations in this case is California's four-year
statute of limitations for trademark infringement actions”); Internet Specialties W., Inc. v. Milon-
25
Digiorgio Enters., 559 F.3d 985, 990 n.2 (9th Cir. 2009) (stating that “‘[a] laches determination is
made with reference to the limitations period for the analogous action at law’[;] [n]either party
26
disputes the imputation of the four-year limitations period from California trademark infringement
law, and we agree that this was the correct period to use”); see Kiva Health Brands LLC v. Kiva
27
Brands Inc., 439 F. Supp. 3d 1185, 1193-94 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (explaining that the limitations
1 Cohen Decl., Ex. 35 (email).
2 But even if Mr. Flom himself was personally aware of the use of the mark
3 “smartbusinessfunder,” his knowledge may not be given operative weight if he was simply a low-
4 level employee with no responsibility to monitor for or report trademark infringement. See
5 Alphaville Design, Inc. v. Knoll, Inc., 627 F. Supp. 2d 1121, 1134 (N.D. Cal., June 5, 2009) (Patel,
6 J.) (“‘A corporation is not charged with notice [of trademark infringement] if business dealings
7 with defendant were conducted by lower echelon employees who had no duty to report instances
8 of trademark infringement.’”); McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 31:39 (“A
9 corporation is not charged with notice if business dealings with defendant were conducted by
10 lower echelon employees who had no duty to report instances of trademark infringement.
11 Similarly, the knowledge of a plaintiff's sales representative will not be imputed to a corporate
12 plaintiff where it was not the duty of the sales representative to investigate trademark
13 infringement. In order to impute an agent's knowledge to a principal, it must be shown that the
14 agent had duties with respect to trademark matters, although the agent need not have acquired his
15 knowledge in connection with those duties.”). It will be up to the jury to decide whether Mr.
16 Flom’s knowledge should be attributed to Billfloat.4
17 C. Breach of Contract
18 Finally, Billfloat has a claim for breach of contract based on the business relationship that
19 it entered into with Collins Cash. According to Billfloat, the parties entered into a formal contract
20 – the Partner Terms Agreement – in May 2018. See Greiner Decl. ¶ 10; Singer Decl. ¶ 4; see also
21 Salen Decl., Ex. U (agreement). The agreement contains the following provision related to
22 trademarks:
23
24
25
26
27
1 Salen Decl., Ex. U (Agreement ¶ 6(a)); see also SAC ¶ 59 (“The essential terms of the contract
2 were clearly and unambiguously laid out in the terms and conditions and included that Defendant
3 would not use or reproduce Plaintiff’s intellectual property outside of the Program.”).
4 In the pending motion, Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on the
5 claim for breach of contract for several reasons: (1) there is no proof that the parties entered into a
6 contract (“Plaintiff has not produced a contract signed by either defendant,” Mot. at 10); (2)
7 Billfloat did not perform under the contract as it was required because it failed to pay Defendants
8 money that was owed for business referrals; and (3) Defendants did not breach the contract
9 because they never used Billfloat’s mark nor did the use of their own mark infringe on Billfloat’s
10 mark.
11 For purposes of the pending motion, the Court need only address part of the third
12 argument. The Court agrees with Defendants that there is no genuine dispute of material fact that
13 they did not breach the agreement because the agreement only barred Defendants from using the
14 SmartBiz mark in certain circumstances – i.e., the agreement did not bar Defendants from using
15 their own mark. The contractual terms do not purport to cover use of allegedly infringing marks
16 which are not the actual marks expressly protected by the agreement.
17 Accordingly, the Court grants summary judgment to Defendants on the claim for breach of
18 contract.
19 D. Summary
20 The Court grants Defendants summary judgment on the claim for breach of contract. The
21 motion for summary judgment is otherwise denied.
22 II. MOTION TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY
23 Consumer survey evidence may be used by parties in trademark infringement cases to
24 show that there is or is not a likelihood of confusion. In the instant case, Defendants hired an
25 expert, Mr. Keegan, to provide a report. As stated in his report, he was “asked to determine the
26 extent to which, if at all, there is a likelihood of confusion among relevant consumers between
27 small business financing services offered under the contested ‘Smart Business Funding’ brand
1 financing services.” Keegan Rpt. ¶ 2. He concluded that
2 there is no likelihood of confusion among relevant consumers
between the SmartBiz and Smart Business Funding brands.
3 Specifically, an average net of just 6.3 percent of respondents
mistakenly believed that Smart Business Funding and SmartBiz are
4 the same company or are affiliated in some way. This net confusion
finding falls well below the minimum threshold that is typically
5 viewed as evidence of a likelihood of confusion among relevant
consumers.
6
7 Keegan Rpt. ¶ 4. Billfloat did not hire its own expert to conduct a consumer survey and opine on
8 likelihood of confusion. However, Billfloat did hire a rebuttal expert, Ms. Pittaolulis who
9 criticized Keegan report.
10 In the pending motion, Billfloat argues that Mr. Keegan should not be allowed to provide
11 testimony at trial for several reasons:
12 (1) Mr. Keegan claimed to give what is known as a Squirt survey but such a survey is
13 dependent on approximating marketplace conditions, and Mr. Keegan’s survey
14 failed to approximate marketplace conditions.
15 (2) Mr. Keegan should have surveyed potential consumers of Collins Cash’s
16 goods/services but his pool of participants was both underinclusive and
17 overinclusive.
18 (3) Mr. Keegan’s survey did not include a true control group – i.e., a separate control
19 group – and the purported controls used (webpages of other companies offering
20 small business financial services) were not appropriate.
21 (4) Mr. Keegan improperly included in the survey a statement describing the
22 goods/services associated with the marks.
23 (5) Mr. Keegan failed to address the possibility that participants could believe that only
24 one answer was possible and further failed to sufficiently “randomize” the order of
25 the different webpages shown to participants.
26 (6) Mr. Keegan improperly offered a legal conclusion.
27 A. Legal Standard
1 A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
2 opinion or otherwise if:
3 (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
4 evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
5 (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods; and
6 (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to
the facts of the case.
7
8 Fed. R. Evid. 702.
9 With respect to (c) above, reliability
10 requires that the expert's testimony have "a reliable basis in the
knowledge and experience of the relevant discipline." The district
11 court must assess whether "the reasoning or methodology
underlying the testimony is scientifically valid" and "properly can be
12 applied to the facts in issue," with the goal of ensuring that the
expert "employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor
13 that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field."
"The test 'is not the correctness of the expert's conclusions but the
14 soundness of his methodology,' and when an expert meets the
threshold established by Rule 702, the expert may testify and the
15 fact finder decides how much weight to give that testimony."
16 The reliability analysis is "a malleable one tied to the facts of each
case," and "district courts are vested with 'broad latitude' to 'decide
17 how to test an expert's reliability' and 'whether or not an expert's
relevant testimony is reliable.'" Although Daubert identifies several
18 factors that may be used for evaluating the reliability of an expert –
whether the scientific theory or technique has been tested, peer
19 reviewed, identified as having a particular rate of error, and
generally accepted in the scientific community – district courts are
20 not required to consider all (or even any) of these factors, nor are
they required to hold a "Daubert hearing."
21
22 United States v. Ruvalcaba-Garcia, 923 F.3d 1183, 1188-89 (9th Cir. 2019).
23 If an expert’s testimony is reliable (as well as relevant), then the party offering the expert
24 is "entitled to have the jury decide upon [its] credibility, rather than
the judge." "Challenges that go to the weight of the evidence are
25 within the province of a fact finder, not a trial court judge. A district
court should not make credibility determinations that are reserved
26 for the jury." This Court has previously noted that "[s]haky but
admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross examination, contrary
27 evidence, and attention to the burden of proof, not exclusion."
1 B. Billfloat’s Challenges
2 The Court has considered each of Billfloat’s arguments above and concludes that they are
3 largely challenges that go to the weight of the evidence. For example:
4 • Billfloat’s own expert never opined that Mr. Keegan’s Squirt survey was improper
5 because he showed the marks at issue as they appeared on webpages in a hybrid
6 sequential/array format. In addition, several courts appear to have flexibility on
7 how closely the format used in a Squirt survey should mimic marketplace
8 conditions – i.e., such a challenge would go to the weight of the evidence and not
9 its admissibility. See, e.g., Marketquest Grp., Inc. v. BIC Corp., No. 11-cv-618-
10 BAS (JLB), 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62361, at *13-14 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 12, 2018)
11 (noting that “[plaintiff’s expert’s] discussion of a hypothetical preference for a side-
12 by-side comparison rather than a sequential showing does not mean his ‘opinions
13 should be excluded wholesale,’” especially as defendant “has not offered any
14 evidence to suggest that the competing marks are likely to be seen in the
15 marketplace sequentially, rather than side-by-side” and “there is some evidence that
16 seems to suggest the opposite[;] [r]egardless, . . . surveys are by necessity imperfect
17 and are to be viewed with an understanding of the challenges faced in their
18 development and implementation” and thus technical defects with the survey
19 simply “go to weight” of the evidence, not admissibility); Jacobs v. Fareportal,
20 Inc., No. 8:17CV362, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 211840, at *20 (D. Neb. May 29,
21 2020) (stating that “[i]t seems likely that [the expert] failed to sufficiently
22 approximate the manner in which consumers encountered the parties' products in
23 the marketplace[,] [y]et, that does not alone warrant exclusion of her opinion”;
24 “‘[t]he closer the survey methods mirror the situation in which the ordinary person
25 would encounter the trademark, the greater the evidentiary weight of the survey
26 results’”). Finally, although Billfloat maintains that a consumer would not see the
27 marks/webpages in some kind of blended sequential/array format, that it not clearly
1 websites, she might compare the goods/services by looking at those webpages
2 sequentially, at the same time (i.e., having one screen with two windows open, one
3 for each webpage), or some combination of both.
4 • As noted in the McCarthy legal treatise, “[i]f the survey universe is sufficiently
5 close to the ‘correct’ universe, it can be regarded as a technical defect, allowed into
6 evidence but given less weight than it would be otherwise entitled. But if the
7 universe selected is significantly skewed away from the proper group of people
8 whose perception is at issue, it may be excluded from evidence altogether.”
9 McCarthy on Trademark and Unfair Competition § 32:159 (emphasis added).
10 Billfloat has failed to point to a fundamental problem with Mr. Keegan’s universe
11 that would require exclusion.
12 • Although Mr. Keegan did not have a separate test group and a separate control
13 group, see McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 32:187 (stating that,
14 “[i]n a trademark likelihood of confusion survey, a properly constructed survey has
15 at least two groups of respondents: one group (the “test cell”) is shown the
16 allegedly infringing mark; the second group (the “control cell”) is shown a mark
17 similar in appearance to the test cell, except for the designation whose influence is
18 being tested”), Billfloat has failed to establish that the use of control questions
19 instead of a separate control group is improper. See, e.g., Longoria, 2021 U.S.
20 Dist. LEXIS 38478, at *29 (“Although ‘less common,’ a survey may use a control
21 question, as opposed to a control group. ‘Rather than administering a control
22 stimulus to a separate group of respondents, the survey asks all respondents one or
23 more control questions along with the question about the product or service at
24 issue.’”) (citing Diamond, Reference Guide on Survey Research, at 401). While
25 Billfloat has raised legitimate concerns as to whether Mr. Keegan chose controls
26 designed to manipulate the net confusion rate, the weight of authority indicates that
27 the improper selection of a control is a basis to attack the evidence’s weight but not
1 (“While a control that contains more elements of the accused mark or trade dress is
2 ‘stronger’ than one that has fewer, that does not necessarily mean that the survey
3 should be excluded from evidence, rather than just given less weight. But if a poor
4 control in a trademark owner's survey artificially inflates the net confusion levels,
5 then the survey results will be given little weight.”); McCarthy on Trademarks and
6 Unfair Competition § 32:187 (“While a control that contains more elements of the
7 accused mark or trade dress is ‘stronger’ than one that has fewer, that does not
8 necessarily mean that the survey should be excluded from evidence, rather than just
9 given less weight. But if a poor control in a trademark owner's survey artificially
10 inflates the net confusion levels, then the survey results will be given little
11 weight.”); see also Clicks Billiards, Inc. v. Sixshooters, Inc., 251 F.3d 1252 (9th
12 Cir. 2001) (“Treatment of surveys is a two-step process. First, is the survey
13 admissible? That is, is there a proper foundation for admissibility, and is it relevant
14 and conducted according to accepted principles? . . . . Once the survey is admitted,
15 however, follow-on issues of methodology, survey design, reliability, the
16 experience and reputation of the expert, critique of conclusions, and the like go to
17 the weight of the survey rather than its admissibility.”).
18 • Mr. Keegan’s description of the webpages (shown to respondents) as being related
19 to “small business financing services” was not improperly leading or slanting. See
20 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 32:172 (“[A] form of slanting
21 is presenting respondents with particular similarities between the marks rather than
22 letting persons respond to the marks as a whole.”). Mr. Keegan’s description of the
23 webpages was not overly suggestive especially since his description was broad,
24 referring to small business financing services and not just, e.g., loans. Moreover,
25 even if Mr. Keegan’s description suggested a commonality, that would seem, if
26 anything, to work to Billfloat’s advantage.
27 • Billfloat asserts failure to counteract two kinds of demand effects: (1) participants
1 Keegan failed to present the stimuli (the three control pages and
2 smartbusinessfunder.com) in a sufficiently random order. But the criticism is (1)
3 goes to weight, not admissibility. As to (2), even if only four orders had been used
4 (i.e., four out of a possible twenty-four orders), Billfloat’s main concern was with a
5 “primacy effect” under which a participant “may be predisposed to affirmatively
6 identify an affiliation between the first stimulus shown and the senior mark in a
7 sequential survey.” Mot. at 22. Here, Smart Business Funding (Collins Cash’s
8 mark) came first in two out of the four orders. If anything, that would benefit
9 Billfloat.
10 • Billfloat raises a concern that Mr. Keegan is expressing a legal opinion on the
11 likelihood of confusion. For purposes of this opinion, the Court assumes that
12 likelihood of confusion is an issue predominantly factual in nature, not legal. The
13 Court also acknowledges that Rule 704 does not prevent an expert from opining on
14 an ultimate issue. Notwithstanding such, there are Rule 403 grounds to limit Mr.
15 Keegan’s testimony. Mr. Keegan should not be allowed to opine outright that there
16 is no likelihood of confusion because this raises the prospect of unfair prejudice.
17 However, he should still be allowed to discuss his survey and the results of his
18 survey – i.e., that “an average net of just 6.3 percent of respondents mistakenly
19 believed that Smart Business Funding and SmartBiz are the same company or are
20 affiliated in some way.” Keegan Rpt. ¶ 4.
21 Accordingly, with the single exception described above, though there are substantial bases
22 for challenging the merits of Mr. Keegan’s methodology, the Court does not preclude Mr. Keegan
23 under Daubert from providing testimony about his survey.
24 ///
25 ///
26 ///
27 ///
1 III. CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part both the motion for
3 summary judgment and the motion to exclude expert testimony. With this ruling, the parties are
4 ordered to contact Magistrate Judge Kim and explore further settlement talks.
5 This order disposes of Docket No. 42.
6
7 IT IS SO ORDERED.
8
9 Dated: June 15, 2022
10
11 ______________________________________
EDWARD M. CHEN
12 United States District Judge
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