The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 GERARDO HERNANDEZ, Case No. 21-cv-05836-EMC
8 Plaintiff,
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’
9 v. MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT
10 CALIBER BODYWORKS LLC, et al.,
Docket No. 24
11 Defendants.
12
13
14 Plaintiff Gerardo Hernandez (“Plaintiff” or “Hernandez”) filed this action against
15 Defendants Caliber Bodyworks LLC (“Caliber”) and Kristina Murti, trustee of the Duane B.
16 Busch Charitable Remainder Unitrust (“Murti”)1 (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging that
17 Defendants’ facility, an automotive repair shop, did not have accessible parking or an accessible
18 loading area. See Docket No. 19 (“FAC”). Hernandez alleges that Defendants violated Title III of
19 the Americans with Disabilities Act, California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act, and the California
20 Health and Safety Code. Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Hernandez’s
21 FAC, which the Court converted into a motion for summary judgment. See Docket No. 30. For
22 the reasons given below, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
23 I. BACKGROUND
24 A. Factual Background
25 On April 27, 2021, Hernandez visited Caliber Collision, located at 123 California Drive in
26 Burlingame, California (the “Facility”), which is owned and operated by Caliber. FAC ¶¶ 1, 10.
27
1 Hernandez lives less than thirty miles from the Facility. Id. ¶ 10. He is “substantially limited in
2 his ability to walk, and must use a wheelchair for mobility.” Id. ¶ 8. Before his visit, he had
3 called ahead to schedule an appointment to receive an estimate for repairs to his vehicle and was
4 told that he should park near the entrance. Id. ¶ 10. When he arrived, he allegedly “entered the
5 Facility’s driveway and found a parking lot, with several parked vehicles near the Facility
6 entrance” but he “could not locate any designated accessible parking spaces in the Facility’s
7 parking lot, nor did he see an accessible loading area in which to transfer to his wheelchair.” Id.
8 He alleges that the street in front of the Facility was full of parked cars and so he could not have
9 unloaded from his vehicle there. Id.
10 Instead, Hernandez “had to unload from his vehicle while parked in the driveway, which
11 made him feel rushed as he did not know whether other cars might come in or out of the
12 driveway.” Id. He alleges that the “Facility staff witnessed [him] unloading from his vehicle, and
13 did not stop or direct him to another location to park and unload.” Id. The staff then took his keys
14 and took his vehicle in for inspection for approximately 45 minutes. Id. He claims that “the
15 Facility provides parking and/or a loading area to able-bodied customers, but does not offer an
16 accessible alternative for wheelchair users such as a designated accessible parking stall or
17 accessible loading zone, denying wheelchair users the ability to safely drop off their vehicles for
18 service or estimates.” Id.
19 Caliber’s Regional Manager, Douglas Marey and Caliber’s General Manager, Jonathan
20 Cayabyab testified that the Facility’s driveway is not for customer parking. Docket No. 41-1
21 (“Marey Depo.”) at 9 (“There is no parking of vehicles on the property. There is only staging
22 areas of repair phases.”); Docket No. 41-2 (“Cayabyab Depo.”) at 21, 23 (“The driveway is not for
23 customer parking.”). Instead, the “right side of the Facility’s driveway is for vehicles that are in
24 phases of repair, such as preparing to go into the paint process, preparing to go to the body
25 process, or waiting for parts in the reassembly process.” Docket No. 41 at 2 (citing Marey Depo.
26 at 9–10; Cayabyab Depo. at 13, 24, 27). Both managers testified that Caliber employees park the
27 customers’ cars on the right side of the driveway as they await the next repair phase and then they
1 [on the right side of the driveway]? A. Various employees, whether they’re in the paint
2 department, body department, detail department would park them there throughout the repair
3 phases.”); Cayabyab Depo. at 20–21 (“the driveway is for employees to move cars in and out of
4 the shop”). Caliber also keeps the cars on the right side of the driveway so a tow truck has easy
5 access to pick up a car after the insurance company determines that the car is a total loss.
6 Cayabyab Depo. at 13–14 (“Q. And why are these parked on the right-hand side of the driveway?
7 A. They’re non-driven vehicles . . . [which] [m]eans it’s total loss vehicles . . . we [also] keep them
8 there so the tow truck has easy access to pick them up . . . once the estimate is complete and
9 estimates sent up to the insurance company and they determine whether it is a total loss.”). The
10 right side of the driveway is usually filled with cars and, if a spot opens, a Caliber employee will
11 pull another vehicle into that spot. Id. at 22, 28, 30.
12 Hernandez hired two private investigators to observe the Facility. On January 24, 2022,
13 Robert Ferris observed the Facility. Docket No. 42-5 (“Ferris Decl.”) ¶ 4. On February 23, 2022,
14 Fred Kim surveilled the Facility and on March 1, 2022, Kim acted as a customer and arrived at the
15 Facility with a manual wheelchair to obtain an estimate for vehicle repairs. Docket No. 42-6
16 (“Kim Decl.”) ¶ 10.
17 B. Procedural Background
18 On July 29, 2021, Hernandez filed the Complaint against Defendants, alleging violations
19 of (1) Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”); (2) California’s Unruh Civil
20 Rights Act (the “Unruh Act”); and (3) the California Health and Safety Code. Docket No. 1. On
21 October 29, 2021, Caliber filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint but on November 11, 2021,
22 Hernandez filed his First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). Docket. No. 19 (“FAC”). On November
23 26, 2021, Caliber filed the present motion to dismiss the FAC. Docket No. 24 (“Mot.”). The
24 motion hearing took place on January 6, 2022.
25 On January 18, 2022, the Court converted Caliber’s motion to dismiss into a motion for
26 summary judgment. Docket No. 30 (“Order”). After the motion hearing and reviewing the
27 Google Street View Images, see infra Part III.A.1.a, the Court decided that the only factual dispute
1 was whether the right side of Caliber’s driveway is used for customer parking.2 The Court
2 therefore allowed discovery solely on this narrow question. Id. On January 31, 2022, Defendant
3 Murti joined Caliber’s motion to dismiss as well as the other briefs filed by Caliber in connection
4 with the motion. Docket No. 37. After a discovery dispute about the scope of permissible
5 discovery, the Court reiterated the narrow scope of discovery. Docket No. 40. Hernandez
6 completed his discovery by March 10, 2022. See Docket No. 40. On March 24, 2022, the parties
7 filed their supplemental briefs on summary judgment, at which time the matter was deemed
8 submitted. Docket Nos. 41, 42.
9 II. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARD
10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that a “court shall grant summary judgment
11 [to a moving party] if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
12 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). An issue of fact is
13 genuine only if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party.
14 See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248–49 (1986). “The mere existence of a
15 scintilla of evidence . . . will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could
16 reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].” Id. at 252. At the summary judgment stage, evidence
17 must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and all justifiable inferences
18 are to be drawn in the nonmovant’s favor. See id. at 255.
19 III. DISCUSSION
20 A. Title III of the ADA
21 Hernandez claims that Defendants violated Title III of the ADA because they failed to
22 provide an accessible parking stall or passenger loading zone where he could unload from his
23 vehicle into his wheelchair. FAC ¶ 10; Opp. at 3.
24
25
2 As seen in the Google Street View images below, the left side of the driveway could not be used
26
for customer parking because it would block the entrances into the garage. See infra Part
III.A.1.a. In the photos, the middle lane is always empty and the back of the driveway is another
27
entrance to the garage. Only the right side of the driveway was full of “parked” cars in the
1 1. Design Claims
2 Hernandez asserts that Defendants violated the ADA because they failed to (1) remove
3 architectural barriers in its facility; (2) design and construct an accessible facility; (3) make an
4 altered facility accessible; and (4) maintain accessible features. Id. ¶¶ 16–28, 31–33. He
5 specifically alleges that Defendants failed “to comply with the 1991 ADA Accessibility
6 Guidelines and/or the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design.” Id. ¶ 14. To prevail on his
7 Title III design claim, Hernandez must show that (1) he is disabled within the meaning of the
8 ADA; (2) Defendants are a private entity that owns, leases, or operates a place of public
9 accommodation; and (3) Hernandez was denied public accommodations by Defendants because of
10 his disability. Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 2007). The parties only
11 dispute whether Hernandez was denied public accommodations by Defendants because of his
12 disability.
13 Title III states, “No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in
14 the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or
15 accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases
16 to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a). Discrimination
17 includes “a failure to remove architectural barriers . . . in existing facilities . . . where such removal
18 is readily achievable.” Id. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv). “To ensure compliance with these mandates, a
19 federal agency called the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (‘Access
20 Board’) produces the” Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and
21 Facilities (“ADAAG”). Kirola v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 860 F.3d 1164, 1177 (9th Cir.
22 2017). The “Access Board sets a baseline of nonbinding requirements” and the Department of
23 Justice (“DOJ”) “must then adopt binding regulations that are consistent with—but not necessarily
24 identical to—the [Access] Board’s guidelines.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
25 omitted). On July 26, 1991 the Access Board published its first version of the ADAAG (“1991
26 ADAAG Standards”) and the DOJ adopted them on the same day. Id.; see 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36. In
27 2004, the Access Board updated the ADAAG and in 2010, the “DOJ updated its accessibility
1 Standards”). Id.; see 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, App’x B, D.
2 Newly constructed or altered facilities before September 15, 2010, can choose to comply
3 with either the original 1991 ADAAG Standards or another set of federal standards, the Uniform
4 Federal Accessibility Standards (“UFAS”). 28 C.F.R. § 35.151(c)(1). New constructions or
5 alterations that commenced between September 15, 2010, and March 15, 2012, can comply with
6 the 1991 ADAAG Standards, UFAS, or the 2010 ADAAG Standards. Id. § 35.151(c)(2). And
7 new constructions or alterations that commenced after March 15, 2012, must comply with the
8 2010 ADAAG standards. Id. § 35.151(c)(3). In this case, because it is unclear when the Facility
9 was constructed or altered, the Court will consider both the 1991 and 2010 ADAAG Standards.
10 The parties do not dispute that public accommodations, i.e., accessible parking spaces or
11 passenger loading zones, are only required if Defendants have parking spaces or passenger loading
12 zones in the first place. The ADA only requires parking spaces or passenger loading zones to
13 comply with the 1991 and 2010 ADAAG Standards where they are provided. The 2010 ADAAG
14 Standards state that, “[w]here parking spaces are provided” they must comply with the ADAAG.
15 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, App’x B, § 208.1. It also recites, “[w]here provided, passenger loading zones
16 shall be provided in accordance with” the ADAAG. Id. § 209.2. Likewise, the 1991 ADAAG
17 Standards recite, “[i]f parking spaces are provided for self-parking by employees or visitors, or
18 both, then accessible spaces complying with [the guidelines] shall be provided in each such
19 parking area” and “[i]f passenger loading zones are provided, then at least one passenger loading
20 zone shall comply with the guidelines.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App’x A § 4.1.2(5)(a), (d). Therefore,
21 the key questions are whether the Facility has parking spaces or passenger loading zones, and if
22 not, whether the Facility is affirmatively required to provide parking spaces or passenger loading
23 zones.
24 a. The Facility Does Not Have Parking Spaces or a Passenger Loading Zone
25 First, there is no genuine dispute that the Facility does not have parking spaces or a
26 passenger loading zone. The Court takes judicial notice of two similar Google Maps Street View
27 images of the Facility in March 2021, a month before Hernandez visited the Facility. Docket No.
1 201(b); see also Lammey v. Queenbee LLC, 2019 WL 7050221, at *1 n.2 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 20,
2 || 2019), appeal dismissed, 2020 WL 1488769 (9th Cir. Feb. 28, 2020) (granting request for judicial
3 notice of Google Maps images of the real property). The Court also takes judicial notice of four
4 similar Google Street View images from January 2018, September 2018, April 2019, and
5 || November 2020. Docket Nos. 25-3 (“Hernandez RJN”) at 1-10 (“Exs. 1-4”). The images from
6 March 2021, January 2018, and November 2020 are copied below:
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13 Defendants’ RJN, Ex.1; Hernandez RJN, Exs. 1, 4.
v 14 Hernandez alleges that during his visit, he “found a parking lot, with several parked
15 || vehicles near the Facility entrance.” FAC 7 10. But these images do not show any parking lot at
16 || the Facility. Instead, they show “that there is only one area for cars to enter and exit the
= 17 || Facility—a paved surface that the Hernandez himself refers to as a ‘driveway’ in his FAC and his
Z 18 || Opposition.” Reply at 2; see FAC ¥ 10 (alleging that “[h]e had to unload from his vehicle while
19 || parked in the driveway.”) (emphasis added). Defendants explain that the paved surface is a
20 || driveway for cars to be brought in or out of the service bays and is not used for customer parking.
21 Marey Depo. at 9; Cayabyab Depo. at 21, 23. Caliber’s Regional and General Managers testified
22 || that the “right side of the Facility’s driveway is for vehicles that are in phases of repair, such as
23 preparing to go into the paint process, preparing to go to the body process, or waiting for parts in
24 || the reassembly process.” Marey Depo. at 9-10; Cayabyab Depo. at 13, 24, 27. Caliber employees
25
26 || 3 During the hearing, Hernandez asserted for the first time that the fenced parking lot on the right
07 side of the Facility could be the Facility’s parking lot. But according to the March 2021 Google
Street View image, there is a sign on the fence that states a different address and name: “125
28 California Drive, Jason the Car Guy, We Sell, Buy, Consign, and Welcome All Trade-Ins.” Thus,
there is no genuine dispute that the fenced parking lot is not the Facility’s parking lot.
1 park the cars on the right side of the driveway as they await the next repair phase and then they are
2 || moved in and out of the shop. Marey Depo. at 10; Cayabyab Depo. at 20-21. Caliber also keeps
3 the cars on the right side of the driveway so a tow truck has easy access to pick up a car after the
4 || insurance company determines that the car is a total loss. Cayabyab Depo. at 13-14.
5 Hernandez contends that his photograph of the Facility on the day of his visit and the
6 || observations made by his private investigators refute the managers’ testimonies and confirm that
7 || customers do park in defendants’ driveway. Docket No. 42 at 4. Hernandez points to Cayabyab’s
8 || testimony, who did not know who had parked the cars on the right side of the driveway in
9 Hernandez’s photograph, even though he had testified that only employees park on the right side
10 || of the driveway. /d. at 4-5. The photograph is copied below:
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27 Docket No. 42-4. But the fact that Cayabyab did not have personal knowledge of who parked
28 || those cars on the day of Hernandez’s visit does not undermine Cayabyab’s testimony that there is
1 no customer parking on the right side of the driveway. This is especially true because he is not the
2 only one who moves the cars to the right side of the driveway; the service estimator also moves
3 the cars. Cayabyab Depo. at 23. Hernandez also points out that Cayabyab testified that one of the
4 vehicles in Hernandez’s photograph was parked in the opposite direction from how a total loss
5 vehicle would have been parked, even though Cayabyab had testified that cars parked on the right
6 side were total loss vehicles waiting to be picked up by a tow truck. Docket No. 42 at 4–5; see
7 Cayabyab Depo. at 11, 13–14, 18–19. This is not inconsistent, however, because Cayabyab also
8 testified that vehicles waiting for different phases of repair were also parked on the right side of
9 the driveway. Id. at 13, 24, 27.
10 Furthermore, the declarations of Hernandez’s private investigators do not dispute the fact
11 that the right side of the driveway is not for customer parking. One private investigator, Robert
12 Ferris, surveilled the Facility on January 24, 2022, and observed that the “paved area was large
13 enough for nine vehicles to park, three in each lane” with three lanes going left to right as viewed
14 from the street. Ferris Decl. ¶ 4. Ferris observed a customer who parked “at an angle, taking up
15 space in both the left and middle lanes” and a Facility employee who “conducted an estimate on
16 the vehicle while it was parked in the same location.” Id. ¶ 6. He then “observed Facility
17 employees moving vehicles until all three lanes of the paved area were full.” Id. ¶ 7. When
18 customers arrived and had no space “to park in the paved area, [they] parked their vehicles either
19 in the street directly in front of the driveway or at the curb farther down the street.” Id. Ferris’s
20 declaration is consistent with the Defendants’ testimonies that there are no spaces used for
21 customer parking on the driveway and that employees rearrange the cars on the driveway.
22 Similarly, the second private investigator, Fred Kim, conducted surveillance on February
23 23, 2022 and observed one customer who parked in the left lane, went into the office, and returned
24 with an employee who walked around the vehicle to examine damages. Kim Decl. ¶ 10. After the
25 employee conducted the estimate, the customer drove away. Id. That same day, Kim observed
26 another customer who arrived to pick up her vehicle, which was parked in the right lane. Id. ¶ 11.
27 On March 1, 2022, Kim arrived at the Facility to obtain an estimate for repairs to a vehicle. Id.
1 were occupied. Id. ¶ 4. A Facility employee confirmed that he could park there. Id. Kim exited
2 the vehicle and unloaded his manual wheelchair. Id. ¶ 5. During the estimate, a Facility employee
3 brought him to the rear, front, and left side of the vehicle to examine damages but not the right
4 side because there was not enough space for his wheelchair. Id. ¶ 6. Again, Kim’s declaration is
5 consistent with the managers’ testimonies that there are no spaces used for customer parking.
6 Therefore, there is no genuine dispute that the Facility does not have a parking lot or
7 parking spaces. It only has a driveway. Neither the 1991 nor the 2010 ADAAG Standards have
8 design guidelines for driveways. See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App’x A; 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, App’x B, D.
9 In addition, the ADAAG Standards make clear that driveways are distinguished from parking lots.
10 The 1991 ADAAG Standards define a “Vehicular Way” as “[a] route intended for vehicular
11 traffic, such as a street, driveway, or parking lot.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App’x A, § 3.5 (emphasis
12 added). Moreover, according to the 1991 Standards, a parking lot needs at least one parking space
13 See, e.g., id. § 4.1.2(5)(a). Likewise, the 2010 ADAAG Standards define “Vehicular Way” as “[a]
14 route provided for vehicular traffic, such as in a street, driveway, or parking facility.” 36 C.F.R.
15 Pt. 1191, App’x B, § 106.5 (emphasis added), thus distinguishing a driveway from a parking
16 facility. Thus, any ADAAG standards that apply to driveways do not apply to parking. The
17 Facility is not subject to the ADAAG Standards because it does not provide parking and there are
18 no design guidelines for driveways.
19 As for whether there is a passenger loading zone, the Google Street View images do not
20 show any passenger loading zone. In contrast to his allegation about seeing a parking lot,
21 Hernandez does not allege that he saw any passenger loading zone at the Facility. See FAC ¶ 10.
22 In his supplemental brief, Hernandez argues that because “customers regularly load and unload
23 from their vehicles” on the paved surface, the driveway is a passenger loading zone. Docket No.
24 42 at 7. But under the ADAAG Standards, a driveway itself cannot be a passenger loading zone.
25 The 2010 ADAAG Standards distinguish passenger loading zones and driveways by stating that
26 “[p]assenger loading zones shall provide access aisles . . . adjacent to the vehicle pull-up space,”
27 and that “[a]ccess aisles . . . shall not overlap the vehicular way,” e.g., driveways. 36 C.F.R. Pt.
1 zone. Therefore, there is no genuine dispute that the Facility does not have a passenger loading
2 zone.
3 Several courts have held that failure to show that a defendant provided public parking
4 constituted a failure to prove a violation of Title III due to lack of accessible parking. See, e.g.,
5 Love v. Kardooni, No. 19-CV-4706-MMC, Docket No. 67, 2–3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2021)
6 (granting summary judgment because plaintiff did not dispute that the ADA does not require a
7 business to offer accessible parking and did not dispute that the defendants did not offer parking of
8 any kind on its premises nor that their business is one of the three types required to have a
9 passenger loading zone). The Central District of California has repeatedly denied motions for
10 default judgment where the plaintiffs had failed to establish that the defendants provided public
11 parking. See, e.g., Grigsby v. Tecomate Corp., 2021 WL 134583, at *1, *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 14,
12 2021) (denying motion for default judgment on a Title III claim because plaintiffs’ allegations
13 failed to “demonstrate that [the defendant] provides parking to its customers, such that the lack of
14 accessible parking would constitute an architectural barrier under the ADA”); Bailey v. HVSN
15 Enterprises Inc, 2021 WL 794501, at *1–2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2021) (denying motion for default
16 judgment because plaintiff had alleged that the defendant failed to provide wheelchair accessible
17 parking in violation of the ADA but the plaintiff had failed to establish that the defendant “actually
18 provides public parking”); Holland v. Lanksherman Plaza, LLC, 2021 WL 2808694, at *1–3 (C.D.
19 Cal. July 6, 2021) (denying motion for default judgment on Title III claim because plaintiff
20 “fail[ed] to establish the existence of architectural barriers at Defendant’s” restaurant/liquor store
21 because he “allege[d] two violations related to parking spaces without first establishing that
22 Defendant provides parking to the public”).
23 Likewise, in this case, the fact that there is no parking lot or a passenger loading zone at
24 the Facility undermines Hernandez’s claim.
25 b. There Is No Legal Requirement to Provide a Parking Space or Passenger
26 Loading Zone
27 Furthermore, the Facility is not legally required to have parking spaces or passenger
1 not dispute that the ADA does not require Defendants to provide a parking facility or parking
2 spaces. See infra Part III.A.1. And although he asserts that the Facility is required to provide a
3 passenger loading zone under the ADAAG Standards, his argument fails.
4 Under the 2010 ADAAG Standards, only three types of facilities are required to have
5 passenger loading zones: “licensed medical care and licensed long-term care facilities where the
6 period of stay exceeds twenty-four hours,” “[p]arking facilities that provide valet parking
7 services,” and “[m]echanical access parking garages.” 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, App’x B §§ 209.3,
8 209.4, 209.5. Under the 1991 ADAAG Standards, only valet parking facilities are required to
9 provide a passenger loading zone. 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App’x A § 4.1.2.(5)(e). In his supplemental
10 brief, Hernandez alleges that the Facility provides valet parking services and is therefore obligated
11 to have a passenger loading zone. Docket No. 42 at 9. In Hernandez’s view, an auto body service
12 requires the same conduct as a valet parking service—“one must deliver their vehicle there and
13 unload from it in order to obtain the services offered.” Id. Hernandez does not allege this in his
14 FAC. In any event, his argument is meritless because as established above, the Facility does not
15 provide parking. See infra Part III.A.1.a. The Facility is not a “parking facility that provides valet
16 parking services.” 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, App’x B § 209.4. Therefore, Defendants are not legally
17 required to provide a passenger loading zone.
18 Hernandez also contends that Defendants are required to provide parking because the
19 Burlingame Municipal Code Title 25 (“Zoning Ordinance”) requires that Defendants provide
20 parking. Opp. at 4. The city of Burlingame amended the Zoning Ordinance on December 6, 2021.
21 The parties agree that the Zoning Ordinance before the December 2021 amendments (the “Prior
22 Zoning Ordinance”) applies in this case because Hernandez visited the Facility in April 2021.4
23 The Prior Zoning Ordinance required that “[a]t the time of erection of any building or structure, or
24 at the time any building or structure is enlarged or increased in capacity, there shall be provided
25 off-street parking spaces with adequate and proper provision for ingress and egress by standard
26 size automobiles.” Prior Zoning Ordinance § 25.70.010. But Hernandez does not allege that the
27
1 Facility was erected, enlarged, or increased in capacity when the Prior Zoning Ordinance was in
2 effect. Therefore, the Prior Zoning Ordinance did not require the Facility to have parking.
3 Accordingly, Hernandez’s Title III claim that Defendants violate the ADA due to the lack
4 of accessible parking or an accessible passenger loading zone fails. Defendants provide neither
5 and are not legally required to provide either. Instead they provide a driveway, which is not
6 subject to any design guidelines and is distinct from a parking lot or a passenger loading zone
7 under the ADA. The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on
8 Hernandez’s design-based Title III claim.
9 2. No Failure to Modify Defendants’ Policies and Practices in Violation of the ADA
10 Hernandez also contends that Defendants violated the ADA by failing to “modify existing
11 policies and procedures when necessary to afford its facility, goods, services, or accommodations
12 to individuals with disabilities.” FAC ¶¶ 29–30. Under the ADA, discrimination also includes “a
13 failure to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, when such
14 modifications are necessary to afford such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or
15 accommodations to individuals with disabilities, unless the entity can demonstrate that making
16 such modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of such goods, services, facilities,
17 privileges, advantages, or accommodations.” Id. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(ii). As opposed to the
18 “design” claims above, these are “use” or “use of the design” claims.
19 In his original briefing, Hernandez did not elaborate on what policies or practices
20 Defendants failed to modify. At best, he vaguely contended that Defendants have a “reoccurring”
21 practice of parking its company truck in the street parking space directly in front of the Facility,
22 which prevents disabled customers from parking close to the Facility on the street. Id. at 6; see,
23 e.g., Hernandez RJN, Ex. 2. But Hernandez’s own evidence—all of his Google Maps Street View
24 images—show non-Caliber vehicles parked in the space in front of the Facility. See Hernandez
25 RJN, Exs. 1, 3, 4. In fact, Hernandez alleges that during his visit “[t]he street in front of the
26 Facility was busy and full of parked cars”; he does not say anything about Defendants’ vehicle.
27 FAC ¶ 10 (emphasis added). Moreover, he does not explain how Defendants would be able to
1 that any of the other public street spaces are inaccessible. Reply at 7.
2 In his supplemental brief, Hernandez asserts that Defendants’ use of the paved area as a
3 loading area for able-bodied customers violates the ADA because if Defendants use the paved area
4 as a loading zone, it should comply with loading zone accessibility requirements. Docket No. 42
5 at 7. But as established above, the Facility’s driveway is not a passenger loading zone as defined
6 by the ADAAG Standards. See supra Part III.A.1.a. That customers sometimes use the driveway
7 to unload while dropping the car off does not trigger otherwise inapplicable ADAAG standards.
8 Further, Hernandez’s reliance on Fortyune v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075 (9th
9 Cir. 2004) and Kalani v. Starbucks Corp., 117 F. Supp. 3d 1078 (N.D. Cal. 2015), vacated in part
10 on other grounds, Kalani v. Starbucks Coffee Co., 698 F. App'x 883, 887 (9th Cir. 2017) is
11 misplaced. In Fortyune, the defendant theater provided seating for the companions of disabled
12 customers next to the wheelchair spaces. Fortyune, 364 F.3d at 1078. But the theater also had a
13 policy of allowing able-bodied customers to sit in these companion seats when a movie was sold
14 out. Id. at 1079. The Ninth Circuit held that even though the theater complied with the design
15 requirements of the ADA because it had companion seats for disabled customers, its use of the
16 design—i.e., its policy of allowing able-bodied customers to use the companion seats during
17 sold-out movies—violated the ADA. Id. at 1085. Similarly, in Kalani, a court in this district
18 relied on Fortyune, to hold that the plaintiff asserted a valid Title III “use” claim when he alleged
19 that defendant Starbucks had prevented his full and equal enjoyment of the goods and services
20 because it had arranged the accessible tables in a way that forced the plaintiff to sit facing the wall.
21 Kalani, 117 F.Supp.3d at 1086–88. The plaintiff alleged that other able-bodied patrons were able
22 to enjoy the Starbucks environment by sitting with their backs against the wall. Id. at 1087. The
23 court held that defendant’s “orientation and positioning of its interior accessible tables” constituted
24 discrimination under Title III of the ADA. Id. at 1088. But these cases are distinguishable
25 because they involved a use that defeated an ADA required design. Here, there is no ADA design
26 requiring accessible parking spaces.
27 Courts have rejected attempts to reframe a “design” claim based on an alleged failure to
1 practices. For example, in Colorado Cross Disability Coalition. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 765
2 F.3d 1205 (10th Cir. 2014), the Tenth Circuit held that the plaintiffs’ “use” claim was in actuality a
3 “design” claim and because the challenged designs satisfied the ADAAG Standards, the court
4 concluded that the Defendant did not violate Title III of the ADA. Colorado, 765 F.3d at 1220,
5 1224–25. At issue were defendant Abercrombie’s raised porches at the central entrance of its
6 stores. Id. at 1208. The Tenth Circuit concluded that the porches did not violate the ADAAG
7 Standards because there was no requirement that the porch itself be accessible when on either side
8 of the porch entrance there were accessible entrances that were level with the mall floors. Id. at
9 1223–25. Plaintiffs asserted that it was not the design of the porches but Abercrombie’s use of the
10 porch as the “central feature of the Hollister experience” that violated the ADA. Id. at 1219. The
11 court rejected this argument and held that it was “not dealing with a public accommodation’s use
12 of a design (e.g., a distinct policy or practice concerning to whom an accommodation is available,
13 when an accommodation is available, or what choice of accommodations is available), but rather
14 the design itself (i.e., the form and shape of a structure that render it inaccessible).” Id. at 1220.
15 The court distinguished the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Fortyune where the issue was a
16 discriminatory policy; apart from the porch’s existence, Abercrombie did not “use” the porch at
17 all. Id. Instead it was the porch’s design that denied disabled persons access to the store through
18 the central entrance and because the design complied with the ADAAG Standards, there was no
19 ADA violation. Id. at 1223–25. Cf. Whitaker v. Franklin Plaza LLC, 2021 WL 4353240, at *1–2,
20 *4–5 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 6, 2021) (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that defendant’s failure to provide an
21 “accessible alternative” amounted to an ADA violation even though the defendant’s dining
22 surfaces did not violate the ADAAG because the plaintiff had “identified only a design element
23 . . . rather than a policy regarding the use of the dining surfaces” and therefore “the ADAAG
24 requirements are controlling.”).
25 Furthermore, Defendants’ use of the driveway is not discriminatory. Hernandez asserts in
26 his supplemental brief that “as a wheelchair user, he cannot access the Facility’s services in the
27 same way able-bodied patrons do, by hopping out of his vehicle in the driveway or street and
1 walking around all sides of it to obtain an estimate.”5 Docket No. 42. But this statement directly
2 contradicts his FAC where he admits that he was able to unload from the driveway. His only
3 complaint was that “[h]e had to unload from his vehicle while parked in the driveway, which made
4 him feel rushed as he did not know whether other cars might come in or out of the driveway.”
5 FAC ¶ 10. But as observed by Hernandez’s private investigators, this is the same experience that
6 any other customer has, including able-bodied customers. Ferris Decl. ¶¶ 6–7; Kim Decl. ¶¶ 4–5,
7 10. Hernandez also does not allege in his FAC that he was unable to see all sides of his vehicle
8 when he obtained his estimate.6 Instead, he claims that the ”staff came over to [him] and took his
9 keys, taking the vehicle in for inspection for approximately 45 minutes.” FAC ¶ 10. He does not
10 allege that his estimate was incorrect or that the services he received were deficient. He only
11 asserts that he “is denied full and equal access to the Facility’s goods and services by Defendants’
12 failure to provide an accessible means for him to get his vehicle to the Facility for service.”
13 Docket No. 42 at 10. But nothing shows he was deprived of the service he sought.
14 Finally, during the motion hearing and in his supplemental brief, Hernandez asserts that
15 Defendants have failed to “modify its policies and practices to ensure that disabled customers are
16 afforded access to its goods and services” because Defendants failed to have policies like
17 “pick[ing] up vehicles from another location, such as the customer’s home or the nearby public
18 train station.” Docket No. 42 at 3–4. But Hernandez, despite a number of opportunities, fails to
19 cite any authority that requires the Facility to provide such services. See generally Docket Nos.
20 28, 42.
21
5 Hernandez also asserts that Defendants make their services unavailable to wheelchair-bound
22
patrons because it is unclear how patrons are meant to “drop by” for an estimate, as Caliber’s
website states, if no parking or passenger loading area is available at the Facility. Opp. at 5. But
23
the undisputed fact that the Facility has a driveway, where wheelchair-bound and able-bodied
patrons are able to receive estimates, contradicts Hernandez’s argument.
24
Hernandez requests the Court to take judicial notice of Caliber’s website, specifically the
25
statement that potential customers may “[c]all us, drop by or go online to schedule an
appointment.” Hernandez RJN, at 1–2. Defendants do not oppose. Because the website is
26
publicly available, the Court GRANTS Hernandez’s request. Fed. R. Evid. 201.
27
6 Hernandez’s new theory of liability appears to be based on Kim’s declaration. Kim Decl. ¶ 7.
1 Accordingly, Hernandez’s ADA claim based on Defendants’ alleged failure to modify its
2 practices and policies fails. The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on
3 Hernandez’s Title III claim.
4 B. The Unruh Act and the California Health and Safety Code
5 Hernandez’s state law claims under the Unruh Act and the California Health and Safety
6 Code fail for the same reasons that his ADA claim fails.7 Neither statute requires Defendants to
7 have a parking facility or passenger loading zone.
8 The Unruh Act does “not require any construction, alteration, repair, structural or
9 otherwise, or modification of any sort whatsoever, beyond that construction, alteration, repair, or
10 modification that is otherwise required by other provisions of law, to any new or existing
11 establishment, facility, building, improvement, or any other structure . . . . “ Cal. Civ. Code §
12 51(d) (emphasis added). Similarly, the California Health and Safety Code does not require public
13 accommodations to have parking spaces or passenger loading zones open to the public. The
14 purpose of the statute is to adhere to the provisions of Government Code Section 4450, which
15 requires amendments to the California Building Code (“CBC”), Part 2 of Title 24 of the California
16 Code of Regulations, “that would ensure California’s building standards for disability access in
17 commercial occupancies are consistent with” certain federal regulations. Cal. Health & Safety
18 Code § 19955(a); Cal. Gov’t Code § 4450 (c), (d). As with Title III, the CBC states that “[w]here
19 parking spaces are provided” they must comply with the CBC and “[w]here provided, passenger
20 drop-off and loading zones shall comply with” the CBC. Cal. Code Regs. tit. 24, §§ 11B-208.1,
21 11B-209.2. Furthermore, as with Title III, the CBC distinguishes parking facilities and passenger
22 loading zones from driveways. Cal Bldg. Code § 202 (defining “vehicular way” as “[a] route
23 provided for vehicular traffic, such as in a street, driveway, or parking facility”); Cal. Code Regs.
24 tit. 24, § 11B-503.3 (stating that “[p]assenger drop-off and loading zones shall provide access
25
7 Hernandez requests that the Court exercise supplemental jurisdiction of his state law claims.
26
Opp. at 2 n.2. Federal courts have “supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so
related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case
27
or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Because
1 aisles” and “access aisles . . . shall not overlap the vehicular way”).
2 Hernandez does not address his state claims separately from his ADA claim. Opp. at 2 n.2.
3 Accordingly, as with the ADA claim, because the Unruh Act and the California Health and Safety
4 Code do not require Defendants to provide a parking facility or a passenger loading zone.
5 Because Defendants have neither, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary
6 judgment on Hernandez’s state law claims.
7 IV. CONCLUSION
8 For the reasons explained above, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary
9 judgment.
10 This order disposes of Docket No. 24. The Clerk of Court is instructed to enter Judgment
11 and close the case.
12
13 IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 Dated: April 4, 2022
15
16 ______________________________________
EDWARD M. CHEN
17 United States District Judge
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