upholding forum selection clause based on 14 finding that inconveniencing plaintiff’s witnesses to travel from Pennsylvania to California for 15 trial would not “den[y] a meaningful day in court”
How later courts described this case
- upholding forum selection clause based on 14 finding that inconveniencing plaintiff’s witnesses to travel from Pennsylvania to California for 15 trial would not “den[y] a meaningful day in court”
- “[F]ederal 11 judges routinely apply the law of a State other than the State in which they sit.”
- “The forum’s familiarity with the 13 governing law is typically to be accorded little weight on a motion to transfer venue because 14 federal courts are deemed capable of applying the substantive law of other states.”
- “The choice of that forum was 24 made in an arm’s-length negotiation by experienced and sophisticated businessmen, and absent 25 some compelling and countervailing reason it should be honored by the parties and enforced by 26 the courts”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 INDEPENDENT FINANCIAL GROUP, Case No. 3:21-cv-00537-WHO
LLC,
8
Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO
9 TRANSFER
v.
10 Re: Dkt. No. 18
QUEST TRUST COMPANY,
11
Defendant.
12
13 Defendant Quest Trust Company (“Quest”) moves to transfer this case to the Southern
14 District of Texas because of forum selection clauses that govern some of the claims asserted
15 against it by plaintiff Independent Financial Group (“IFG”). IFG was assigned claims by the
16 holders of various individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) that were allegedly used in a Ponzi
17 scheme. The holders of those accounts, the agreements for which included forum selection
18 clauses designating Harris County, Texas as the location to file any lawsuit, sued IFG for its
19 alleged role in the scheme; as part of a settlement, they then assigned IFG their rights. IFG is
20 asserting those claims against Quest along with claims that it was directly harmed by Quest’s
21 conduct. Because most of the assigned claims are governed by valid and enforceable forum
22 selection clauses, and the remaining claims are inextricably intertwined with the covered claims, I
23 will GRANT the motion to transfer.
24 BACKGROUND
25 Quest is incorporated in the state of Texas and operates its self-directed IRA custody
26 business in Houston. Complaint (“Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 1 at 6–17] ¶ 2. IFG is a wholly owned
27 subsidiary of IFG, Inc., which is incorporated in California. Dkt. No. 12.
1 of business to Perry Santillo Jr. Compl. ¶¶ 9–10. IFG alleges that Santillo persuaded the newly
2 acquired IFG clients to purchase sham investments in furtherance of a Ponzi scheme. Id. ¶¶ 11–
3 12. Many of these clients maintained self-directed IRAs, which require investments to be in the
4 custody of a third party. Id. ¶ 17. IFG alleges that Santillo recommended that clients entrust the
5 custody of their IRA investments to Quest in the form of unsecured promissory notes. Id.
6 On June 20, 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint alleging that
7 Santillo “defrauded over 600 investors of close to $102 million.” Id. ¶ 12. Each one of Marshall’s
8 former clients who became Santillo’s clients and opened an account with Quest has sued IFG to
9 recover their funds that were lost to Santillo’s alleged Ponzi scheme. Id. ¶ 16. IFG asserts that it
10 was compelled to settle with its clients, id. ¶ 19, despite never having custody of the allegedly
11 fraudulent investments, id. ¶ 16. The settlement agreements include the assignment of any
12 individual claims against Quest to IFG. Id. ¶ 20.
13 Twelve out of the fifteen IFG clients who pursued Quest’s custodial services entered into
14 contractual agreements that included forum selection clauses. Those clauses provide, “Any
15 lawsuit filed against or by Custodian shall only be instituted in the district or county courts of
16 Harris County, Texas where Custodian maintains its principal office, and Depositor agrees to
17 submit to such jurisdiction both in connection with any such lawsuit which Depositor may file and
18 in connection with any lawsuit which Custodian may file against Depositor.” Dkt. No. 18-1 at
19 150. Quest allegedly charged a minimum annual fee of $500 for its custodial services. Compl. ¶
20 17. IFG alleges that Quest failed to conduct due diligence on the issuing companies of the
21 custodied assets and that this failure amounts to Quest’s abetting a fraudulent Ponzi scheme. Id. ¶
22 19. Additionally, IFG claims to have no knowledge of the state of its former clients’ funds once
23 the funds were transferred to Quest. Id. ¶ 18.
24 IFG brings claims of direct injury as well as assigned claims from its settlement
25 agreements. Id. ¶ 20. For the assigned claims, IFG contends that Quest was negligent in failing to
26 conduct due diligence on the investments under its custody and that Quest’s conduct constituted a
27 breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Id. ¶¶ 34–38, 45–50. IFG’s direct
1 allegedly negligent investment custody and Santillo’s alleged Ponzi scheme. Id. ¶¶ 21–33. All of
2 IFG’s claims, whether direct or assigned, trace back to Quest’s custody of IFG’s clients’
3 investments.
4 On October 9, 2020, IFG filed suit against Quest in the Superior Court of the State of
5 California for the County of Monterey. It pursues both claims of direct injury as well as the
6 assigned claims from its settlement agreements on behalf of fifteen clients and asserts six claims
7 for relief: (1) equitable indemnity, (2) equitable contribution, (3) tort of another, (4) negligence,
8 (5) declaratory relief, and (6) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Compl. ¶¶ 20–
9 50. Quest removed the case to this court under diversity jurisdiction and now moves to transfer all
10 claims to the Southern District of Texas or, in the alternative, to dismiss. Motion to Transfer Case
11 (“Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 18].
12 LEGAL STANDARD
13 The general federal venue statute provides that “[a] civil action may be brought in—(1) a
14 judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which
15 the district is located; (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions
16 giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is
17 situated; or (3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in
18 this section, any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court's personal
19 jurisdiction with respect to such action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b).
20 A party moving to transfer venue may do so under either 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) or 28 U.S.C.
21 § 1406, depending on whether the initial venue is proper. If the initial venue is proper, the moving
22 party seeks a discretionary transfer under Section 1404(a), which provides that a district court may
23 transfer the case to any other district in which the case could have been originally filed “[f]or the
24 convenience of parties and witnesses” or “in the interest of justice.” If the initial venue is
25 improper, the moving party seeks a mandatory transfer under Section 1406, which provides that a
26 district court “shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer the case to any district or
27 division in which it could have been brought.”
1 (1) plaintiff’s choice of forum, (2) convenience of the parties, (3) convenience of the
witnesses, (4) ease of access to the evidence, (5) familiarity of each forum with the
2 applicable law, (6) feasibility of consolidation of other claims, (7) any local interest in the
controversy, and (8) the relative court congestion and time of trial in each forum.
3
Martinez v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 3:19-CV-05479-WHO, 2019 WL 6727837, at *2 (N.D.
4
Cal. Dec. 11, 2019) (quoting Barnes & Noble v. LSI Corp., 823 F. Supp. 2d 980, 993 (N.D. Cal.
5
2011); see also Jones v. GNC Franchising, Inc., 211 F.3d 495, 498 (9th Cir. 2000); Decker Coal
6
Co. v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 805 F.2d 834, 843 (9th Cir. 1986). “The party moving for
7
transfer of a case bears the burden of demonstrating transfer is appropriate.” Saunders v. USAA
8
Life Ins. Co., 71 F. Supp. 3d 1058, 1060 (N.D. Cal. 2014).
9
DISCUSSION
10
As explained, there are two categories of claims: the claims governed by forum selection
11
clauses and the ones that are not. I address each in turn.
12
I. CLAIMS GOVERNED BY FORUM SELECTION CLAUSES
13
Ordinarily, a district court considering a Section 1404(a) motion would balance the factors
14
discussed above. In this case, however, most of the assigned claims are governed by forum
15
selection clauses, which changes the analysis.1
16
The Supreme Court has held that “Section 1404(a) . . . provides a mechanism for
17
enforcement of forum-selection clauses that point to a particular federal district.” Atl. Marine
18
Const. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for W. Dist. of Texas, 571 U.S. 49, 59 (2013). It has instructed that
19
“[w]hen the parties have agreed to a valid forum-selection clause, a district court should ordinarily
20
transfer the case to the forum specified in that clause.” Id. at 62. Denying transfer of claims like
21
this would require “extraordinary circumstances unrelated to the convenience of the parties.” Id.
22
The Court has held that the presence of a forum selection clause changes the test in three
23
ways. Id. at 63. First, the Court accords “no weight” to the plaintiff’s choice of forum. Id. at 64.
24
Through the plaintiff’s consent to the forum selection clause prior to any dispute, the plaintiff has
25
26
1 Although Quest’s motion is captioned as a motion to transfer under both Sections 1404(a) and
1406, virtually the entire motion focuses on Section 1404(a). While there is a brief reference to
27
Section 1406 in its argument, the Supreme Court has made clear that the presence of a forum
1 already exercised its “venue privilege”—the ability to select the most advantageous forum. Id. at
2 63. Second, the Court does not consider the parties’ private interests. Id. at 64. The plaintiff’s
3 consent to the forum selection clause effectively “waives the right to challenge the preselected
4 forum as inconvenient,” id. at 64, and “all private interests, as expressed in the forum-selection
5 clause, weigh in favor of the transfer,” id. at 67. Inconvenience to the plaintiff, the Court has said,
6 was generally foreseeable when entering into the contract. Id. at 64. Third, the transfer of venue
7 “will not carry with it the original venue’s choice-of-law rules—a factor that in some
8 circumstances may affect public-interest considerations.” Id. at 64. Although normally
9 defendants should not be encouraged to invoke Section 1404(a) purely to “gain the benefits of the
10 laws of another jurisdiction,” Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 638 (1964), policy
11 considerations of predictability and freedom of contract require that “the court in the contractually
12 selected venue should not apply the law of the transferor venue to which the parties waived their
13 right.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 65–66. And although the Court did not describe its holding as a
14 change to the general venue analysis, it also held that the burden is on the party violating the
15 forum selection clause to show that the claim should not be transferred. Id. at 67.
16 A. Enforceability of Forum Selection Clause
17 The threshold question is whether the forum selection clause in the contract between IFG’s
18 clients and Quest is valid and enforceable. Federal law governs the enforcement of forum
19 selection clauses in diversity cases. Manetti-Farrow, Inc. v. Gucci America, Inc., 858 F.2d 509,
20 513 (9th Cir. 1988). Forum selection clauses are presumptively valid and should generally be
21 upheld out of respect for the original expectations agreed upon by two competent parties.
22 Pelleport Investors, Inc. v. Budco Quality Theatres, Inc., 741 F.2d 273, 280 (9th Cir. 1984); see
23 also M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 11 (1972) (“The choice of that forum was
24 made in an arm’s-length negotiation by experienced and sophisticated businessmen, and absent
25 some compelling and countervailing reason it should be honored by the parties and enforced by
26 the courts”).
27 Under federal law, a forum selection clause can be unenforceable for three reasons:
(2) if the party wishing to repudiate the clause would effectively be deprived of his day in
1
court were the clause enforced; and (3) if enforcement would contravene a strong public
2 policy of the forum in which suit is brought.
Petersen v. Boeing Co., 715 F.3d 276, 280 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citations
3
omitted). The burden rests with the party seeking to escape the forum selection clause to show
4
that an exception to enforcement applies. Murphy v. Schneider Nat’l, Inc., 362 F.3d 1133, 1140
5
(9th Cir. 2004). That burden has not been met here.
6
i. Fraud or Overreaching
7
IFG argues that the forum selection clause is invalid due to fraud or overreaching.
8
Opposition to the Mot. (“Oppo.”) [Dkt. No. 23] 12–13. A forum selection clause is fraudulently
9
obtained when “the inclusion of that clause in the contract was the product of fraud or coercion.”
10
Richards v. Lloyd’s of London, 135 F.3d 1289, 1297 (9th Cir. 1998) (internal citations and
11
quotations omitted); Peterson, 715 F.3d at 282. In Peterson, for instance, the court found fraud
12
because an employee plaintiff signed an initial contract without any forum selection clause, but
13
was later required to sign a new contract containing a forum selection clause without opportunity
14
to read the new terms and under threat of ejection from the country of employment at his own
15
expense. Peterson, 715 F.3d at 282–83. On the other hand, mere conclusory allegations of fraud
16
are insufficient to invalidate a forum selection clause. Spradlin v. Lear Siegler Management
17
Services Company, Inc., 926 F.2d 865, 868 (9th Cir. 1991).
18
IFG claims that “the forum selection clause . . . was imposed on the claimants through
19
fraud and overreaching,” relying on the allegation that Quest or Santillo procured the investors’
20
contractual consent by fraudulent representations about the alleged Ponzi scheme. Oppo. 12–13.
21
IFG’s argument misses the mark: it is well-established that the addition of the forum selection
22
clause itself must have been fraudulent. Richards, 135 F.3d at 1289.
23
Not surprisingly, other cases have rejected positions nearly identical to IFG’s. See Storm
24
v. Witt Biomedical Corp., No. C-95-3718 SI, 1996 WL 53624, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 23, 1996)
25
(“None of plaintiff’s allegations of overreaching goes specifically to the forum selection clause as
26
is required under Carnival [Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 595 (1991)].”); Brown v.
27
1 argument when plaintiff alleged that forum selection clause was included in contract that was part
2 of larger fraudulent scheme but failed to identify the specific clause as a result of fraud). IFG fails
3 to satisfy its burden of establishing that the forum selection clause itself was procured by fraud.
4 ii. Deprivation of Day in Court
5 IFG next contends that the clause should not be enforced because doing so would “be so
6 gravely difficult and inconvenient that [the party seeking to escape the clause] will for all practical
7 purposes be deprived of his day in court.” Bremen, 407 U.S. at 18; Oppo. 13. It argues that
8 “transfer to the Southern District of Texas would force claims asserted by non-clients who are not
9 subject to Quest’s forum selection clause to litigate claims halfway across the country.” Oppo. 10.
10 It also contends that “all the witnesses pertinent to those claims, including the assignor investors,
11 are located in California” and would not be subject to trial subpoena jurisdiction in Texas. Id. 13.
12 Neither mere inconvenience nor general expense is a sufficient reason for refusing to honor
13 a forum selection clause. Pelleport, 741 F.2d at 281 (upholding forum selection clause based on
14 finding that inconveniencing plaintiff’s witnesses to travel from Pennsylvania to California for
15 trial would not “den[y] a meaningful day in court”); Spradlin, 926 F.2d at 869 (enforcing forum
16 selection clause requiring litigation in Saudi Arabia despite general allegations of inconvenience
17 and expense). Permitting a party to escape a binding forum selection clause based on a routine
18 showing of inconvenience would effectively nullify the purpose of including such provisions in
19 the first place. See Paster v. Putney Student Travel, Inc., 1999 WL 1074120, at *3 (C.D. Cal. June
20 9, 1999) (finding that the expense of litigating out-of-state could not satisfy the inconvenience
21 exception to routine enforcement of forum selection clauses).
22 Litigating claims in Texas imposes no greater inconvenience and expense than the burdens
23 approved in Pelleport or Spradlin. And out-of-state discovery and witnesses are a fixture of
24 modern litigation for which the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure make provision. See Fed. R.
25 Civ. P. 45(c). Like the arguments in Pelleport and Spradlin, IFG’s general allegations of the
26 inconvenience of litigating elsewhere do not warrant recognizing an exception to enforcement of
27 the forum selection clause.
1 B. Transfer of These Claims is Warranted
2 Because the forum selection clause is enforceable here, IFG would need to show some
3 extraordinary circumstance that focused on the public-interest factors. Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at
4 65–66. It has not done so. Its only argument is that because other claims are not covered, these
5 claims should rise or fall with them. It offers no authority for that view, which would contradict
6 the precedent requiring that valid, enforceable forum selection clauses be honored. Accordingly,
7 the claims governed by those clauses must be transferred.
8 II. CLAIMS NOT GOVERNED BY FORUM SELECTION CLAUSES
9 The next question is whether IFG’s direct claims and three assigned claims2 that are not
10 covered by the forum selection clauses should also be transferred to the Southern District of
11 Texas. Quest argues that, if the claims already discussed are transferred to Texas, the remaining
12 claims must follow them in the interests of efficiency and avoidance of inconsistent rulings by
13 different courts. Mot. 16–17. IFG contends that these claims should remain here to honor its
14 choice of forum and because it is more convenient. Oppo. 7–11.
15 Each party relies on cases that have taken the approach it urges: some have transferred all
16 claims, and some have split the case and transferred only the claims actually governed by forum
17 selection clauses. On one side, the Second Circuit has held that the “twin commitments to
18 upholding forum selection clauses where these are found to apply and deferring to a plaintiff's
19 proper choice of forum” required it to dismiss the claims governed by forum selection clauses but
20 not the ones that were not. Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 393 (2d Cir. 2007); accord
21 Scrum All., Inc. v. Scrum, Inc., 2021 WL 798310, at *5 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 26, 2021), order clarified,
22 2021 WL 1845154 (E.D. Tex. May 7, 2021); Del Aguila v. Genentech-Roche Transitional Benefit
23 Plan, 2015 WL 2089636, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 4, 2015). There, the forum selection clause
24 applied to breach of a recording contract but did not apply to federal copyright infringement
25 claims because they arose from statute or to state law unfair competition and unjust enrichment
26
2 At the hearing, Quest’s counsel indicated that these three assigned claims are likely governed by
27
forum selection clauses too, but that the contracts for them have not been located. Because it is
1 claims, which it thought were likely preempted by the Copyright Act. Phillips, 494 F.3d at 387.
2 On the other side, courts have treated all claims as one for these purposes, reasoning that the
3 claims were “inextricably intertwined” and splitting them would mean that “two factfinders may
4 be asked to make overlapping factual determinations, and parties and witnesses may be required to
5 travel between the two Districts.” Brown, 2017 WL 11596885, at *6.
6 But despite the parties’ absolutist interpretations, an examination of the claims at issue in
7 these cases shows that courts have, essentially, used a unified approach governed by the same
8 interest-balancing that undergirds venue considerations generally. In practice, the cases cited by
9 the parties show that courts essentially ask whether the claims are so intertwined as to overcome
10 the plaintiff’s choice of forum or sufficiently separable as to justify the burdens caused by
11 piecemeal litigation. That approach makes sense: the ultimate goal is that a determination about
12 transfer serves “the convenience of the parties and witnesses” and the “interest[s] of justice.” 28
13 U.S.C. § 1404(a); cf. Sparling v. Hoffman Const. Co., 864 F.2d 635, 639 (9th Cir. 1988) (internal
14 quotation marks omitted) (“Weighing of factors for and against transfer involves subtle
15 considerations and is best left to the discretion of the trial judge.”).
16 Here, the claims are inextricably intertwined, justifying transfer of the entire action. The
17 claims all spring from the same fundamental facts, would require litigation of the same essential
18 questions, and would threaten to create inconsistent rulings if litigated in multiple forums. The
19 assigned claims not governed by forum selection clauses are, except for the identity of the original
20 assignor, identical to the claims being transferred. They will require resolution of the same legal
21 and factual issues. Many, if not all, of the witnesses will be the same. The direct claims are not
22 precisely legally identical but will focus on most if not all of the same operative facts and will
23 require resolution of overlapping factual and legal disputes settled by overlapping witnesses. The
24 direct claims are for indemnification or contribution. They are, accordingly, derived from the
25 same facts as the substantive negligence and breach claims. See Compl. ¶¶ 21–27. Indeed,
26 because the plaintiff and defendant are the same (despite the different initial contracting party), if
27 the claims were litigated in multiple courts, each court’s decisions on various dispositive issues
1 (2008) (laying out principles of res judicata).3
2 IFG responds that the private and public interest factors favor keeping the case here.
3 Oppo. 7–10. Its argument fails to take into consideration that some claims must be transferred
4 under the forum selection clauses. It proceeds as if this were a normal venue analysis without
5 those claims. That error infects each of its specific arguments.
6 IFG’s public-interest argument is that (1) neither district is better than the other in terms of
7 congestion and speed and (2) that the claims not covered by the forum selection clause should
8 remain in this district because the direct claims arise under California law. Oppo. 10–11. The first
9 half of the argument, though, does not militate one way or the other. The second, requiring a court
10 to apply another forum’s law, is not dispositive. See Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 67 (“[F]ederal
11 judges routinely apply the law of a State other than the State in which they sit.”); Liberty Mut. Ins.
12 Co. v. Fairbanks Co., 17 F. Supp. 3d 385, 398 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“The forum’s familiarity with the
13 governing law is typically to be accorded little weight on a motion to transfer venue because
14 federal courts are deemed capable of applying the substantive law of other states.”) (internal
15 citations and quotations omitted). Here, moreover, the transferee court would already have to
16 become familiar with the substantive law when resolving the other claims.
17 On the private-interest factors, IFG argues that all relevant witnesses will be in California.
18 Oppo. 9–10. Were there no claims already transferred under the forum selection clause, this factor
19 would be significant. But many, if not most, of the witnesses will have to testify in Texas due to
20 the transferred claims, mitigating any inconvenience. None of IFG’s cases that denied transfer on
21 this basis dealt with other claims governed by a forum selection clause. Id. (collecting cases). The
22 only other private factor that IFG points to is that it is headquartered in this District. Id. That
23 reality, however, does not shift the scales in its favor because it alone cannot overcome the
24 inefficiency and potentially inconsistent decisions that would arise from splitting such similar,
25
26
3 At the hearing, IFG argued that the assigned claims would have pre-assignment evidence that the
direct claims lacked. Even if that were true—it seems somewhat unlikely that it is more than de
27
minimis given the derivative nature of the claims and counsel could not point to anything
1 related claims.
2 Accordingly, because the covered and noncovered claims are so intertwined, transfer is
3 warranted. To the extent that a few private interest factors favor IFG, they do not overcome the
4 strong considerations to the contrary.
5 CONCLUSION
6 The motion to transfer is GRANTED." This case shall be TRANSFERRED to the U.S.
7 District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
8 IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 Dated: June 22, 2021
10 ; \
11
Witliam H. Orrick
12 United States District Judge
14
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28 + Quest asks that, if I deny its motion to transfer, I dismiss the Complaint in the alternative. Mot.
18. Because I grant its transfer motion, there is no need to consider this argument.