“Due Process Clause incorporate[s] the common-law rule that a judge must recuse himself 11 when he has ‘a direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest’ in a case. This rule reflects the 12 maxim that ‘[n]o man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause[.]’”
How later courts described this case
- “Due Process Clause incorporate[s] the common-law rule that a judge must recuse himself 11 when he has ‘a direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest’ in a case. This rule reflects the 12 maxim that ‘[n]o man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause[.]’”
- “Since I do not believe my impartiality can 26 reasonably be questioned, I do not think it would be proper for me to recuse. That alone is 27 conclusive[.]”
- “Section 455(a) does not 18 require recusal based on speculation.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 CYRUS SANAI, Case No. 19-cv-08162-YGR (JD)
8 Plaintiff,
ORDER RE MOTIONS FOR
9 v. RECUSAL, DISCLOSURE, AND
DISCOVERY
10 ALEX KOZINSKI, et al.,
Re: Dkt. Nos. 77, 80, 84
Defendants.
11
12 Pro se plaintiff Cyrus Sanai is an attorney admitted to practice in California. Since 2005,
13 he has filed a number of judicial misconduct complaints against former circuit judge Alex
14 Kozinski, who retired from the bench in December 2017 amid an inquiry into sexual harassment
15 allegations against him. None of Sanai’s efforts gained any traction. He filed this lawsuit against
16 several federal and state judges and court officials who he believes are protecting Kozinski and
17 retaliating against Sanai for his advocacy. The details of this record are stated in the order
18 dismissing the complaint. See Dkt. No. 72 at 3-6.
19 Sanai has now added Judge Gonzalez Rogers to the list of judges he perceives to be biased.
20 She is presiding over this case, and in April 2021 dismissed Sanai’s complaint with prejudice
21 against the judges, court personnel, and the Judicial Council of the Ninth Circuit, on judicial
22 immunity and other grounds. Id. at 8-14.1 Judge Gonzalez Rogers entered a judgment, Dkt. No.
23 76, which left Sanai free to file a notice of appeal and raise any objections he might have to her
24 ruling in the normal course of appellate review. Rather than following that path, Sanai filed a
25 motion for recusal or disclosure pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455 that asked Judge Gonzalez Rogers to
26 remove herself from the case for the appearance of bias, or to “justify” her refusal to recuse by
27
1 making certain “requested disclosures” about her alleged lack of impartiality. Dkt. No. 77. After
2 that, he filed a motion to alter or amend judgment and for a “new trial,” although no trial had been
3 held. Dkt. No. 85. Sanai has also filed a request for discovery in connection with his recusal
4 motion. Dkt. No. 84. Among other requests, Sanai seeks to depose Judge Gonzalez Rogers, and
5 Circuit Judges Sidney Thomas, M. Margaret McKeown, Ronald Gould, and Johnnie B.
6 Rawlinson, on topics “relevant to the issue of disqualification.” Id.
7 While Judge Gonzalez Rogers would have been well within rights to rule on the recusal
8 request herself, see National Abortion Federation v. Center for Medical Progress, 257 F. Supp. 3d
9 1084, 1088 (N.D. Cal. 2017), she referred the recusal request for reassignment to another judge.
10 Dkt. No. 79. She also issued an order stating that she “again has no relevant information to share
11 or to disclose pursuant to section 455.” Dkt. No. 81.
12 This Court drew the random reassignment of the recusal request. Sanai filed a request for
13 disclosures from the Court, Dkt. No. 80, and for a deposition in connection with a judicial
14 clerkship served with one of the circuit judges Sanai named as a defendant here. Dkt. No. 84. He
15 also appears to suggest that this Court should recuse itself on the same ostensible ground. Dkt.
16 No. 87 at 4.
17 The recusal requests are without any legal or evidentiary support, and are denied. All
18 requests for disclosures and discovery are also denied.
19 DISCUSSION
20 I. THE REQUESTS RE THIS COURT
21 As an initial matter, Sanai hints, without clearly stating, that I should recuse myself under
22 28 U.S.C. § 455 from deciding the motion against Judge Gonzalez Rogers. Assuming that he has
23 made this request, it is denied. Sanai has not identified a good reason for me to decline to hear
24 this matter, which is a decision entrusted to my discretion. See Cheney v. U.S. Dist. Court for the
25 Dist. of Columbia, 541 U.S. 913, 926-27 (2004) (“Since I do not believe my impartiality can
26 reasonably be questioned, I do not think it would be proper for me to recuse. That alone is
27 conclusive[.]”) (citation omitted).
1 Sanai says that my service as a judicial law clerk to the Hon. Procter R. Hug, Jr., a former
2 United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, is a source of bias. I was a law clerk to Judge
3 Hug for one year immediately after graduating from Stanford Law School in 1988. Judge Hug’s
4 long and distinguished service on the Ninth Circuit ended with his retirement in November 2017,
5 and he passed away in October 2019. These facts are said to be relevant because Sanai named
6 Judge Hug as a defendant in this lawsuit, even though he had passed away two months before
7 Sanai filed the complaint. Sanai worries that I have an interest in protecting Judge Hug’s
8 “posthumous reputation,” which will skew my conclusions against Sanai. Dkt. No. 87 at 4.
9 None of this makes any reasonable sense. To start, Judge Hug is deceased, and so, as a
10 matter of law, he cannot be a defendant in this litigation. A “party cannot maintain a suit on
11 behalf of, or against, or join, a dead person, or in any other way make a dead person . . . party to a
12 federal lawsuit.” LN Mgmt, LLC v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 957 F.3d 943, 955 (9th Cir.
13 2020). There is nothing for me to protect because Sanai’s lawsuit cannot result in a judgment
14 against Judge Hug. In addition, nothing in this order could possibly affect Judge Hug’s reputation
15 in any way. Consequently, the fact that Judge Hug’s name appears in the complaint is a nullity for
16 present purposes.
17 Because Sanai’s recusal theory is untenable, the “disclosures” he requests are wholly
18 irrelevant. Such disclosures are, in any event, not contemplated by 28 U.S.C. § 455. Section
19 455(a) states that any United States judge “shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his
20 impartiality might reasonably be questioned,” and Section 455(b) then lists specific circumstances
21 in which the judge must “also disqualify himself,” including, for example, “[w]here he has a
22 personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts
23 concerning the proceeding.” As this makes clear, Section 455 is “directed to the judge, rather than
24 the parties,” and it is intended to be “self-enforcing on the part of the judge.” United States v.
25 Sibla, 624 F.2d 864, 867-68 (9th Cir. 1980). The statute consequently provides only that a judge
26 “should inform himself about his personal and fiduciary financial interests, and make a reasonable
27 effort to inform himself about the personal financial interests of his spouse and minor children
1 contemplated by the statute is a voluntary one, in the inapposite context of a possible waiver by a
2 party. See 28 U.S.C. § 455(e) (“Where the ground for disqualification arises only under
3 subsection (a), waiver may be accepted provided it is preceded by a full disclosure on the record of
4 the basis for disqualification.”).
5 Consequently, a litigant has no statutory right to demand any disclosures or discovery from
6 a judge under 28 U.S.C. § 455, a fact that Sanai in effect concedes. See Dkt. No. 77 at 3. There
7 are other strong reasons to bar such requests. Judges resolve disputes every day in decisions that
8 explain the legal and evidentiary reasons for the outcomes. If a litigant is unhappy with a
9 decision, she can appeal, which results in a second order that explains the reasons for the court’s
10 conclusions. At each stage, there necessarily will be parties who prevail and those who lose. To
11 allow disgruntled litigants the right to pursue “discovery” from judges above and beyond what is
12 stated in their decisions would fundamentally undermine the courts and cause untold chaos in the
13 fair and efficient administration of justice.
14 This is not to say that the door is shut to all inquiry by a party in the recusal context. There
15 may be room for some factual investigation, but only if relevant to the purposes of Section 455.
16 The pertinent test for recusal under the statute is “whether a reasonable person with knowledge of
17 all the facts would conclude that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”
18 National Abortion Federation, 257 F. Supp. 3d at 1089 (quoting United States v. Holland, 519
19 F.3d 909, 913-14 (9th Cir. 2008)). The “reasonable person” for this inquiry is not “someone who
20 is hypersensitive or unduly suspicious, but rather is a well-informed, thoughtful observer.” Id.
21 (quotations omitted). Although the analysis of each Section 455(a) recusal request must be guided
22 by “an independent examination of the unique facts and circumstances of the particular claim at
23 issue,” id., a well-informed, thoughtful observer would be aware that recusal is not required based
24 on the mere existence of personal or working relationships among colleagues, or even friendships.
25 See Cheney, 541 U.S. 913.
26 The discovery Sanai seeks goes exactly to these irrelevant concerns. He asks to explore
27 “Judge Donato’s background” and related topics that bear no meaningful connection to the
1 such as Judge Gonzalez Rogers’ and the Court’s “personal relationships with any of the
2 Defendants.”). Whatever the outer boundaries might be for a possible factual inquiry into recusal,
3 a question the Court does not decide today, the touchstone of relevance applies, and Sanai’s
4 requests do not meet it.
5 II. THE REQUESTS RE JUDGE GONZALEZ ROGERS
6 Turning to the main event, Sanai’s allegations against Judge Gonzalez Rogers are entirely
7 without foundation. He says that his “strongest” reason for recusal is the judge’s “financial
8 interest.” Dkt. No. 87 at 11. It is certainly true that a financial stake in the outcome of a case is a
9 well-established ground for recusal. See Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., Inc., 556 U.S. 868
10 (2009) (“Due Process Clause incorporate[s] the common-law rule that a judge must recuse himself
11 when he has ‘a direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest’ in a case. This rule reflects the
12 maxim that ‘[n]o man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause[.]’”) (citation omitted). But that is
13 not at all what Sanai is talking about.
14 The financial interest Sanai alleges is the pay differential between district and circuit
15 judges. Sanai says circuit judges get paid approximately $30,000 more per year than district
16 judges, but in fact the difference is a modest $13,200. See https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-
17 judgeships/judicial-compensation. This difference is said to matter because Sanai believes that
18 Judge Gonzalez Rogers is a leading candidate for nomination to the Ninth Circuit, and that she
19 aspires to the salary of a circuit judge. Dkt. No. 77 at 14-15. Sanai surmises, based entirely on
20 newspaper reports and other public sources, that Judge Gonzalez Rogers has an inside track for a
21 nomination because she is of Hispanic descent and “pressure groups” are demanding that the
22 White House select Hispanic judges. Id. at 19. In Sanai’s view, Judge Gonzalez Rogers
23 dismissed the case against Kozinski and his colleagues to curry favor with the current circuit
24 judges and win their support for a nomination. Id. at 21.
25 The point is not well taken. Sanai’s allegations are unreasonable on their face, and he has
26 not presented any evidence that even remotely supports them. He merely parrots the speculation
27 of press commentators about potential nominees. See, e.g., id. at 14-15, 19. As Justice Scalia
1 cannot determine the recusal question. It is well established that the recusal inquiry must be
2 ‘made from the perspective of a reasonable observer who is informed of all the surrounding facts
3 and circumstances.” Cheney, 541 U.S. at 925 (emphases in original; citations omitted).
4 Even if Sanai had presented some evidence, which he has not done, it would not matter for
5 recusal. That is because sitting judges play no role in the constitutional procedures that govern
6 judicial nominations. Article III judges are nominated by the President, and confirmed by the
7 United States Senate. See U.S. Const., art. II, § 2, cl. 2 (President “shall nominate, and by and
8 with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint . . . Judges of the supreme Court, and all
9 other Officers of the United States”). Sanai’s belief that “any of the Defendant [circuit] judges
10 could exercise a potential veto over Judge [Gonzalez] Rogers’ appointment,” and that they might
11 “blackball” her, fundamentally misunderstands this constitutional procedure. Dkt. No. 77 at 19-
12 21. Circuit judges have no power to make or unmake nominees. Sanai says that the defendant
13 judges could nevertheless “communicate to President Biden,” “to Attorney General Garland, a
14 former federal judge,” “their lawyers [who] are members of the DOJ,” or “to either of California’s
15 Senators,” but he offers nothing in the way of facts and evidence that might support these
16 imaginings. Id. at 19. This is not a record that supports recusal. See Clemens v. U.S. Dist. Court
17 for the Central Dist. of Cal., 428 F.3d 1175, 1180 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Section 455(a) does not
18 require recusal based on speculation.”); Yagman v. Republic Ins., 987 F.2d 622, 626 (9th Cir.
19 1993) (same).
20 This puts to rest Sanai’s “strongest” theory for recusal, and his ancillary theories are
21 equally infirm. He says that Judge Gonzalez Rogers engaged in “plagiarism.” Dkt. No. 77 at 21.
22 What this might mean is not at all clear, and the two sentences he flags in the motion to dismiss
23 order provide no meaningful information. One relates to the State Bar Court’s dismissal of
24 charges against Sanai (“all but one of the charges, a charge related to Sanai’s filing of judicial
25 misconduct complaints, were dismissed”), and another to a pre-filing order that was imposed on
26 Sanai (“[i]t further required any future misconduct complaint or petition for review submitted by
27 Sanai to be lodged by the Clerk and subjected to a determination of whether it ‘merits further
1 Gonzalez Rogers under Section 455, all the more so in light of the principle that “judicial rulings
2 || alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion” under Section 455(a).
3 Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994).
4 So too for the denial of leave to seek reconsideration. Sanai takes issue with the statement
5 by Judge Gonzalez Rogers that, “[t]o the extent that Sanai has issue with the Order and the
6 substance therein, the proper procedure is to appeal this Order to the Ninth Circuit Court of
7 || Appeals for a review of the Order at Docket Number 72.” Dkt. No. 77 at 14; Dkt. No. 75. Sanai
8 || reads this as a “pre-judgment” of his post-judgment motions. This again makes little sense. The
9 order dismissing the complaint terminated the litigation, and it was perfectly appropriate for Judge
10 Gonzalez Rogers to propose that Sanai appeal rather than keep beating a dead horse in her court.
11 In light of Sanai’s professed concerns about lack of impartiality, one would think he would have
12 || leapt at the opportunity to move on to other judges. It is also the case that Sanai had not filed his
5 13 post-judgment motions at the time of the denial of leave for reconsideration, which further
14 attenuates any connection between these events. Nothing Sanai alleges here would prompt a
3 15 reasonable observer to conclude that Judge Gonzalez Rogers is less than impartial.
16 CONCLUSION
3 17 Overall, Sanai’s recusal theories are inherently unreasonable and untethered to any
18 evidence that might make them even colorable. A good argument can be made that they are
19 frivolous, especially in light of the fact that Sanai is a practicing lawyer who can reasonably be
20 || expected to have a sharper understanding of the governing standards for recusal than a non-lawyer
21 pro se party.
22 The motion to recuse Judge Gonzalez Rogers, and the associated motions for disclosure
23 and discovery, are denied. Dkt. Nos. 77, 80, 84. The request for judicial notice and administrative
24 || motion to shorten time to file a motion for post-judgment discovery, Dkt. Nos. 78, 82, are denied
25 as moot. IT IS SO ORDERED.
26 || Dated: May 24, 2021
27
28 JAMES PONATO-
United tates District Judge