The opinion
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 BEVERLY NEHMER, et al.,
11 Plaintiffs, No. C 86-06160 WHA
12 v.
13 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERAN ORDER ON MOTION
AFFAIRS, FOR ENFORCEMENT
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OF FINAL JUDGMENT
Defendant.
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16 INTRODUCTION
17 In this certified class action resolved by consent decree thirty years ago, plaintiff veterans
18 bring a fourth motion for enforcement of the consent decree. Defendant federal agency
19 opposes. To the extent stated herein, plaintiffs’ motion is granted.
20 STATEMENT
21 Thirty-three years ago, Judge Thelton Henderson certified plaintiffs’ class of all Vietnam
22 veterans and their survivors who had applied, or were eligible to apply, to the VA for
23 service-connected disability or death compensation “arising from exposure during active-duty
24 service to herbicides containing dioxin.” Nehmer v. U.S. Veterans’ Admin., 118 F.R.D. 113,
25 116 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 22, 1987). Dioxin is the toxic contaminant in the defoliant known as
26 Agent Orange (because of the orange-colored stripe on its barrels) sprayed by the United States
27 Armed Forces in Vietnam to clear jungle and destroy crops during the Vietnam War.
1 See Nehmer v. United States Veterans’ Administration, 712 F. Supp. 1404, 1407 (N.D. Cal.
2 May 3, 1989) (Nehmer I).
3 Plaintiffs initially challenged a VA regulation promulgated under the Veterans’ Dioxin
4 and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act of 1984. The Dioxin Act “dramatically
5 alter[ed] the process governing [veterans’] Agent Orange disability claims. Rather than have
6 the VA determine in individual adjudicatory proceedings whether a particular veteran’s
7 claimed disease was caused by Agent Orange exposure, the Act authorize[d] the Administrator
8 of the VA [ ] to conduct rulemaking to determine which diseases [would] be deemed service
9 connected for all diseases claimed to be caused by Agent Orange exposure.” Id. at 1407–08.
10 The Act applied to veterans exposed to dioxin during “service . . . in the Republic of Vietnam.”
11 Pub. L. 98-542, § 5(a)(1), 98 Stat. 2725, 2727 (1984).
12 The challenged regulation provided that any veteran who had served “in the Republic of
13 Vietnam” would “be presumed to have been exposed to a herbicide containing dioxin while in
14 Vietnam.” 38 C.F.R. § 3.311a(b) (1986). But, under Regulation 311, only a single disease —
15 chloracne — was “sufficient to establish service-connection for resulting disability.” 38 C.F.R.
16 § 3.311a(c). Judge Henderson invalidated the regulation because, although Congress had
17 intended the VA to “predicate service connection upon a finding of a significant statistical
18 association between dioxin exposure and various diseases,” the VA had erroneously required
19 proof that a causal relationship existed. Nehmer I, 712 F.Supp. at 1420, 1423.
20 While the VA was in the process of promulgating regulations to replace the one
21 invalidated by the 1989 order, Congress enacted the Agent Orange Act of 1991. 38 U.S.C.
22 § 1116(b) (originally codified as § 316(b)). The Agent Orange Act mandated that the VA
23 accord service-connection status to three diseases — non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, soft tissue
24 sarcomas, and chloracne — if manifested by a veteran who “served in the Republic of
25 Vietnam” during the war. 38 U.S.C. § 1116(a)(1)(B). The pertinent implementing regulation
26 stated:
27 “Service in the Republic of Vietnam” includes service in the
1 38 C.F.R. § 3.311a (1985). The Act also required that whenever the VA Secretary determined
2 that a “positive association exists between” exposure to herbicides and a disease, “the
3 Secretary shall prescribe regulations providing that a presumption of service connection is
4 warranted for that disease” due to herbicide exposure. 38 U.S.C. § 1116(b)(1). It did not,
5 however, ensure that as the Secretary recognized further diseases as presumptively service-
6 connected, any prior claims based on those diseases would be readjudicated.
7 Three months after the Agent Orange Act, the certified class entered into a consent
8 decree with the VA to ensure automatic readjudication of such previously-denied claims.
9 The consent decree provided, in part, that “[a]s soon as a final rule is issued service
10 connecting, based on dioxin exposure, any . . . disease in the future pursuant to the Agent
11 Orange Act of 1991, . . . the VA shall promptly thereafter” (a) identify all claimants who
12 previously filed a disability or death compensation claim based on such disease,
13 (b) readjudicate that claim under the new rule, and (c) if the claim is granted, assign as the
14 effective date the date the VA received the claim or the date the claimant became disabled
15 or death occurred, whichever is later. Because the consent decree turned on a veteran’s
16 eligibility for benefits under the Agent Orange Act, the decree, like the Act, applied to veterans
17 who “served in the Republic of Vietnam” (see FINAL STIPULATION AND ORDER (the consent
18 decree), Dkt. No. 141 ¶ 3).
19 Since agreeing to the consent decree, the VA has issued ten rules service-connecting
20 dozens of diseases to presumed herbicide exposure in Vietnam (Decl. Devlin ¶ 2 n.1 (listing
21 rules)). 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e) (listing diseases). Readjudications of hundreds of thousands
22 of claims have resulted in billions of dollars of retroactive benefit awards that might not
23 otherwise have been paid. Class counsel has had to remain vigilant to ensure the government’s
24 compliance with its consent decree obligations. On three separate occasions (four including
25 this motion), they have had to seek enforcement of the consent decree on a class-wide basis.
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1 Each time, Judge Henderson interpreted the consent decree in plaintiffs’ favor and granted the
2 requested relief. Each time, our court of appeals affirmed, most recently stating:
3 What is difficult for us to comprehend is why the Department of
Veteran Affairs, having entered into a settlement agreement and
4 agreed to a consent order some 16 years ago, continues to resist its
implementation so vigorously, as well as to resist equally
5 vigorously the payment of desperately needed benefits to Vietnam
war veterans who fought for their country and suffered grievous
6 injury as a result of our government’s own conduct . . . . [O]ne
thing is clear. Those young Americans who risked their lives in
7 their country’s service and are even today suffering greatly as a
result are deserving of better treatment from the Department of
8 Veterans Affairs than they are currently receiving. We would hope
that this litigation will now end, that our government will now
9 respect the legal obligations it undertook in the Consent Decree
some 16 years ago, that obstructionist bureaucratic opposition will
10 now cease, and that our veterans will finally receive the benefits to
which they are morally and legally entitled.
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12 Nehmer v. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 494 F.3d 846, 864–65 (9th Cir. 2007).
13 The latest challenge concerns “blue water navy veterans,” meaning, those who served
14 aboard a ship that was located in the territorial waters of “the Republic of Vietnam” during
15 the war but did not set foot on the landmass of Vietnam or serve in the inland waterways of
16 Vietnam (brown water navy veterans). The VA’s refusal is based on its interpretation of the
17 Agent Orange Act’s limitation to veterans who “served in the Republic of Vietnam.” The VA
18 interprets this phrase as only including veterans who had boots on the ground in Vietnam and
19 brown water navy veterans, not including blue water navy veterans.
20 This order follows full briefing and a telephonic hearing (due to the ongoing public
21 health emergency).
22 ANALYSIS
23 Agent Orange was used extensively by the United States military in the Republic of
24 Vietnam between 1961 and 1971. Military personnel began to raise questions about its toxic
25 effects on soldiers and sailors as early as 1967, and the first claims to the Department of
26 Veterans Affairs asserting conditions related to Agent Orange came in 1977. The military,
27 however, denied that there were any long-lasting harmful effects on our personnel. In 1984,
1 disability claims on a presumptive basis for all diseases shown to be associated with Agent
2 Orange exposure by veterans who “serv[ed] . . . in the Republic of Vietnam.” Pub. L. 98-542,
3 § 5(a)(1), 98 Stat. 2725, 2727 (1984).
4 A regulation purporting to implement the Dioxin Act presumed veterans who “served in
5 the Republic of Vietnam” were exposed to herbicides containing dioxin (like Agent Orange)
6 but restricted the diseases sufficient to establish service-connection for a resulting disability to
7 only a single disease — chloracne. 38 C.F.R. § 3.311a(b) & (c) (1986).
8 This lawsuit challenged that regulation.
9 Congress then enacted the Agent Orange Act of 1991, which, as discussed, mandated that
10 the VA accord service-connection status to chloracne and two additional diseases if manifested
11 by a veteran who “served in the Republic of Vietnam” during the Vietnam era, and required
12 that whenever the VA Secretary determined that a “positive association exists between”
13 exposure to herbicides and a disease, “the Secretary shall prescribe regulations providing that
14 a presumption of service-connection is warranted for that disease” due to herbicide exposure.
15 38 U.S.C. §§ 1116(a)(1)(B) and 1116(b)(1).
16 This led to the consent decree in this case. The purpose of the consent decree was to
17 require, as additional diseases became recognized, automatic readjudications by the VA of
18 claims by military personnel who had served “in the Republic of Vietnam” where those claims
19 had earlier been denied on the ground that the disease in question had not been determined to
20 be service-connected. As discussed, while the consent decree does not use the words
21 “Republic of Vietnam,” its applicability turned on veteran eligibility for benefits under the
22 Agent Orange Act, and so its provisions are limited, like the Act, to veterans who “served in
23 the Republic of Vietnam.” Recognizing that the list of diseases warranting a presumption of
24 service-connection might expand as time went on, the consent decree ensured automatic
25 readjudication of diseases subsequently determined to be presumptively service-connected.
26 For example, if a claim was denied on the ground that the Parkinson’s disease afflicting a
27 veteran had not been connected to his or her service in Vietnam but the agency subsequently
1 determined it presumptively service-connected, then the consent decree required the agency
2 to automatically go back and find the claim and readjudicate it.
3 Significantly, then existing statutes did not require automatic readjudications. (Nor has
4 any statute since.) The benefit of the consent decree for veterans was and remains the
5 requirement for automatic readjudications. This has become an important feature of the
6 consent decree because the VA’s list of presumptively service-connected diseases related
7 to dioxin exposure has since risen to thirty-seven. 38 C.F.R. § 3.309(e) (listing diseases).
8 In other words, many diseases previously denied by the VA as connected to “service in the
9 Republic of Vietnam” have now been recognized by the agency as presumptively connected
10 to such service. The consent decree has served the useful purpose of requiring the agency to
11 automatically readjudicate those claims.
12 Nothing in the consent decree limited relief only to those veterans who set foot on the
13 landmass of Vietnam or served in the inland waterways of Vietnam, meaning nothing in the
14 consent decree denied relief to blue water navy veterans, i.e., those sailors who served offshore
15 but within the territorial waters of the Republic of Vietnam. Rather, the consent decree
16 mandated that “[a]s soon as a final rule is issued service connecting, based on dioxin exposure,
17 any . . . disease which may be service connected in the future pursuant to the Agent Orange
18 Act of 1991 . . . the VA shall promptly thereafter readjudicate all claims for any such
19 disease . . . without waiting for final rules to be issued on any other diseases” (Dkt. No. 141
20 ¶ 3). The purpose of the consent decree was to provide relief to all veterans entitled to the
21 benefits of the Dioxin Act and the Agent Orange Act, and to give all such veterans the further
22 benefit of automatic readjudications.
23 For the first eleven years of the consent decree, the VA in fact did give automatic
24 readjudications to any veteran who had received a Vietnam service medal, which was
25 “[a]warded to all members of the Armed Forces of the United States serving at any time
26 between July 4, 1965 and March 28, 1973, in Vietnam, its contiguous waters, or airspace,
27 thereover” (Decl. Spataro ¶ 9, Exh. 9). This included blue water navy veterans who had served
1 an interpretive regulation excluding the blue water navy veterans from benefits under the Acts,
2 and limiting relief to those who had had boots on the ground or had served in the inland
3 waterways of Vietnam (brown water navy).
4 By the time of this interpretive regulation in 2002, the United States Court of Appeals for
5 the Federal Circuit had acquired subject-matter jurisdiction over challenges to such regulations.
6 So, our case sat on the sidelines and watched with interest as that challenge unfolded in the
7 Federal Circuit.
8 The first case to litigate the issue was a disability claim by Jonathan Haas, who had
9 served the U.S. Navy in the Republic of Vietnam for seven years, and another twelve years in
10 the reserves. While in Vietnam, Haas had served on an ammunition ship and had resupplied
11 boats and ships patrolling the coastal water of Vietnam with ammunition, food, stores, and
12 fuel, but the VA would not deem his subsequent disability presumptively connected to his
13 service because he had never entered the ports of Vietnam (due to the risks of explosion due
14 to enemy fire or sabotage). The issue he raised did not concern automatic readjudication.
15 His issue was the blue-water issue. The Federal circuit gave deference to the agency and ruled
16 against him because he had been a sailor only off the coast. Haas v. Peake, 544 F.3d 1306,
17 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2008).
18 The Federal Circuit en banc later reversed itself, however. Alfred Procopio, Jr., served
19 on the U.S.S. Intrepid, deployed in the waters offshore of the landmass of the Republic of
20 Vietnam, and later sought entitlement to service-connection for diabetes mellitus and prostate
21 cancer but was denied service-connection because he was a blue-water sailor. The Federal
22 Circuit held that Haas had been wrongly decided, and that blue-water sailors were in fact
23 within the ambit of the statute. Procopio v. Wilkie, 913 F.3d 1371, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
24 The agency now accepts Procopio as correctly decided. Therefore, in the judgment
25 of this Court, the consent decree’s requirement for automatic readjudications extends to all
26 veterans covered by those Acts, including blue-water veterans.
27 The agency insists, however, that relief under the consent decree should be limited to
1 excluding blue-water veterans who served within the Republic of Vietnam. The agency insists
2 that we are interpreting a contract, i.e., the consent decree, and not the statute, that the original
3 intent of the parties must be determinative, and that the intent of the agency was to exclude
4 blue-water veterans even though they served in the territorial waters of “the Republic of
5 Vietnam.”
6 This order disagrees. First, the objective and reasonable intent of the consent decree
7 was to require automatic readjudications for all persons entitled to benefits under the Acts.
8 The Acts extended benefits to all those military personnel who had served within “the Republic
9 of Vietnam.” The scope of that term has now been finally settled by Procopio, with the
10 blessing of the agency, to include blue-water sailors. This alone is dispositive.
11 Second, the agency itself in its first eleven years, in fact, extended the benefits of the
12 consent decree to anyone who had received a Vietnam service medal, which included the
13 blue-water veterans. This practical construction of the agreement torpedoes the agency’s later
14 change of heart. Alabama v. North Carolina, 560 U.S. 330, 346 (2010); Air France v. Saks,
15 470 U.S. 392, 396 (1985); Crestview Cemetery Ass’n. v. Dieden, 54 Cal.2d 744, 754 (1960).
16 The agency now says that was a decade-long mistake and that the agency should have all
17 along denied relief under the consent decree. Nevertheless, that was the practical construction
18 of the parties at the time and it is completely unpersuasive that the agency years later says that
19 its practical construction goofed. The agency’s subjective intent, moreover, is not
20 determinative. In construing a contract, we look to how reasonable parties in such
21 circumstances would construe the agreement. The intent of the contract objectively and
22 reasonably construed was to provide automatic readjudications for all entitled to benefits
23 under the Acts.
24 In June 2019, in the wake of Procopio, Congress enacted the Blue Water Navy Vietnam
25 Veterans Act, which expressly provided that all diseases covered by the Agent Orange Act
26 were connected to blue-water veterans’ service in Vietnam, and provided substantial relief to
27 the victims of the agency’s misguided interpretation. 38 U.S.C. § 1116A(a). While the 2019
1 would benefit from the consent decree, such as adult children of the veterans, and it did not
2 require automatic readjudications. Therefore, the consent decree continues to have importance.
3 The fact that Congress solved part of the problem in 2019 in no way undoes the consent
4 decree. The House Report made clear that “[n]othing in [the Blue Waters Act] intends to limit
5 the rights of Nehmer class members who seek relief for benefits under the Nehmer Consent
6 Decree.” H.R. Rep. 116-58 at 284 (2019). The fact that there are overlapping and coextensive
7 benefits for some veterans does not erase the benefit of the consent decree for the others.
8 The agency contends that class counsel is guilty of laches for not having raised the issue
9 presented in Haas until now. The answer is that Procopio very recently settled that question.
10 Everyone then would have expected the agency to extend the benefit of the consent decree to
11 all those veterans entitled to the benefit of the Dioxin Act and Agent Orange Act. Surprisingly,
12 however, the agency refused to do so and took the position that the consent decree applied to a
13 narrower class of veterans than the statutes themselves. For the reasons stated above, this was
14 in error and class counsel promptly brought the issue to the district court once they learned of
15 the agency’s obstinance on the impact of Procopio.
16 In theory only, class counsel could have challenged the Haas decision in this district and
17 then in the Ninth Circuit, but that would have been a long shot because, by 2002, the Federal
18 Circuit had exclusive jurisdiction to review VA rules and regulations, see 38 U.S.C. § 502,
19 and it is highly likely that our own court of appeals would have felt obliged to follow Haas.
20 Counsel for the class acted reasonably in raising the issue only after Procopio had been
21 decided in 2019.
22 Challenges to VA action must, today, be brought before the Federal Circuit. But this
23 rule did not exist until 1989, two years after plaintiffs filed this lawsuit challenging a VA
24 regulation. Reviewing the pertinent legislative history, Judge Henderson determined that
25 Congress meant to preserve actions filed before September 1989, affirming prior circuit
26 decisions allowing judicial review. Thus, this Court retained (and retains) jurisdiction over
27 plaintiffs’ claims. Nehmer I, 712 F.Supp. at 1410–11.
1 CONCLUSION
2 To the extent stated herein, plaintiffs’ motion is granted. Defendant shall (1) identify,
3 within 120 days of the date of this order, all of the Nehmer readjudication decisions made
4 pursuant to the consent decree in which the VA denied compensation on the ground that the
5 veteran was not entitled to the presumption of herbicide exposure because the veteran did not
6 set foot on the landmass of Vietnam or serve in the inland waterways of Vietnam; (2) issue,
7 within 240 days of the date of this order, a replacement decision that determines: (a) whether
8 the veteran served in the territorial waters of the Republic of Vietnam during the war and, if so,
9 (b) the amount of retroactive compensation, if any, the veteran or the veteran’s survivor (or, if
10 the veteran or survivor is deceased, the estate of the deceased veteran or survivor) is entitled
11 under the terms of consent decree; and (3) provide class counsel, pursuant to the Privacy
12 Protection Order (see Dkt. Nos. 224, 446, 447), with a copy of (a) all of the Nehmer
13 readjudication decisions identified, (b) all of the replacement decisions issued, and (c) each
Y 14 notice letter sent to the class members and coding sheet associated with such replacement
15 decisions.
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il IT ISSO ORDERED.
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19 Dated: November 5, 2020.
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WIL ALSUP
22 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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