“Directors or officers of a corporation do 17 not incur personal liability for torts of the corporation merely by reason of their official position, 18 unless they participate in the wrong or authorize or direct that it be done.”
How later courts described this case
- “Directors or officers of a corporation do 17 not incur personal liability for torts of the corporation merely by reason of their official position, 18 unless they participate in the wrong or authorize or direct that it be done.”
- the 4 doctrine of illegality considers whether the object of the contract is illegal, not manner in which it 5 is performed
- “if a district court had to evaluate every possible defense that 9 could reduce recovery below the jurisdictional amount the district court would essentially have to 10 decide the merits of the case before it could determine if it had subject matter jurisdiction”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4
5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
8 AIMSLEY ENTERPRISES INC., ET AL., CASE NO. 19-cv-02101-YGR
9 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING IN PART MOTION OF
AFFINITAS MEDIOS DE PAGOS, SAPI DE
10 vs. CV TO DISMISS ON GROUNDS OF FORUM
NON CONVENIENS;
11 DOUG E. MERRYMAN; OPMNY, LLC; ORDER DENYING MOTION OF
AND AFFINITAS MEDIOS DE PAGOS, SAPI DEFENDANTS DOUG E. MERRYMAN AND
12 DE CV, OPMNY, LLC TO DISMISS
13 Defendants. Re: Dkt. Nos. 52, 61
14
15 Plaintiffs1 filed their First Amended Complaint on September 3, 2019 in this action (Dkt.
16 No. 50 [“FAC”].) As against defendant Affinitas Medios De Pagos, SAPI de CV (“AMDP”), the
17 FAC alleges claims for negligence, conversion, a common count for money had and received,
18 violation of the California Unfair Competition Law (Cal. Business & Professions Code section
19 17200, “UCL”), and, in the alternative, breach of contract. The FAC alleges separate claims as
20 against defendants Doug E. Merryman and OPMNY, LLC, for conversion, money had and
21 received, violation of California Penal Code section 496 and the UCL.
22 Presently pending before the Court are two motions: (i) AMDP’s motion to dismiss the
23 FAC pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1), (3), and the forum non conveniens doctrine; and (ii) Merryman
24 and OPMNY’s motion to dismiss the FAC under Rules 12(b)(1) and (6). The Court, having
25
1 Plaintiffs in this action are: Aimsley Enterprises Inc., Aldaine Technologies Inc., Cadwell
26
Systems Inc., Desmond Quantics Inc., Estrell Industries Inc., Everly Holdings Inc., Halsten
Developments Inc., Hannon Electronics Inc., Kennedy Alliances Inc., Lakeford Developments
27
Inc., Lawton Innovations Inc., Maisy Operations Inc., Parkgate Solutions Inc., Portling Strategies
1 reviewed thoroughly the papers filed in support of and in opposition to the motions, the admissible
2 evidence,2 and good cause appearing, the motion of AMDP is GRANTED and the motion of
3 Merryman and OMPNY is DENIED. The Court briefly outlines the allegations in the FAC, and
4 then considers each motion in turn.
5 I. SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS
6 A. Plaintiffs’ Allegations
7 Plaintiffs are companies engaged in online marketing of dietary supplements and beauty
8 products. Between February 26 and March 27, 2018, each of the plaintiffs individually entered
9 into a substantially identical Trade Affiliation Agreement3 (hereinafter, “Agreements”) with
10 defendant AMDP, a company4 based in Mexico, pursuant to which AMDP was to provide
11 authorization, processing and settlement services for plaintiffs’ customers’ credit card payment
12 transactions. Under the terms of the Agreements, AMDP received fees for its services which it
13 deducted from sales proceeds, in addition to withholding 10% of proceeds as a reserve against
14 future transactions, and the remainder of the proceeds were transferred to a single deposit account
15 for all plaintiffs. (FAC ¶ 35.)5
16 Plaintiffs began processing online sales transactions through these accounts in late May
17
2 The Court addresses the request for judicial notice and objections to evidence herein.
18
3 An example of the two-part Agreement is attached to the FAC as Exhibits A and B.
19
4 Though plaintiffs allege that AMDP is a “bank,” AMDP’s head of operations, Martin
Juarez Audiffred describes AMDP as an “acquirer” which
20
acts like a bank ‘settling’ or paying funds related to transactions from the
consumers’ banks for credit card, debit card, gift card and loyalty card purchases
21
for payment to the merchants for their goods and services. In doing so, Affinitas
essentially extends credit to merchants who desire to accept credit card payments,
22
guaranteeing the transactions and taking on the risk of a consumer reversing the
charge through the card issuing bank, known as chargebacks, which can be
23
assessed as late as 12 months after the transaction.
(Audiffred Decl. ¶ 3.)
24
5 Plaintiffs allege that the terms of the fee schedules in their respective agreements were:
25 each plaintiff would pay a one-time merchant set-up and affiliation fee of $500 per merchant
account; and a monthly fee of $300 per month; a discount rate of 3.65% to 3.95% depending upon
26 the chargeback rate; a transaction fee of $0.30 USD; a transaction refund fee of $0.70 USD; a
chargeback fee of $40 (< 1%) to $50 (>1%); a chargeback re-presentment fee of $25. AMDP
27 would deduct its agreed upon fees in addition to withholding 10% of the transaction proceeds as
rolling reserves and would deposit the net proceeds on a weekly basis to a single deposit account
1 2018. Plaintiffs allege that in early June 2018, they noticed net proceeds were not reconciling with
2 the sales volume and proceeds were not being deposited timely or consistently. (Id. ¶ 37.) In late
3 July/early August 2018, they stopped receiving deposits from AMDP but continued to have fees
4 debited from the collective Settlement Account. (Id.)
5 Plaintiffs allege that MMG6 was directed to contact defendant Merryman about the funds
6 plaintiffs believed they were owed. (Id. ¶ 38.) Merryman informed MMG that there were
7 excessive chargebacks to the merchant accounts but did not provide data to back up that statement.
8 (Id.) Plaintiffs allege they began to lose revenue in August to October of 2018 because of “high
9 decline rates” and eventually had to cancel all recurring subscriptions,7 resulting in lost revenue.
10 (Id. ¶ 39.)
11 Plaintiffs further allege that on December 4, 2018, AMDP representative Martin Juarez
12 Audiffred acknowledged AMDP owed plaintiffs “a final settlement amount of no less than
13 $269,076.36, and agreed that [AMDP] would pay that amount pending approval from [its] Board.”
14 (Id. ¶ 40, emphasis in original.) After no payment was forthcoming and plaintiffs (through MMG)
15 demanded payment of the final settlement amount, Audiffred explained that the delay in payment
16 was due to a separate action AMDP had filed against Merryman and his company, OPMNY. (Id.
17 ¶ 41.) Plaintiffs objected that they had no contractual relationship with Merryman and OPMNY
18 and the separate action should not affect payment to them. (Id.) Eventually, after further
19 demands, AMDP stated that the final settlement amount discussed in December 2018 was subject
20 to deductions for fees still owed to AMDP, and that plaintiffs were owed only a net amount of
21
22
6 Plaintiffs allege that the single account was controlled by “MMG,” plaintiffs’ common
manager and administrator. (FAC ¶ 35.) MMG apparently stands for Moo Media Group, Inc., not
23
a party to this action. (See Declaration of Martin Juarez Audiffred, Dkt. No. 61-2, ¶ 4.)
24 7 According to the Audiffred declaration, plaintiffs’ business model is to offer free or
discounted trials of their beauty and supplement products, requiring the customer to submit a
25 credit card payment to cover shipping and handling. (Audiffred Decl. ¶ 5.) Thereafter, customers
automatically receive and are billed for the products on a recurring basis, such as every 30 days,
26 unless the customer cancels the subscription. (Id.) Plaintiffs filed a separate document objecting
to Audiffred’s declaration (Dkt. No. 64-1), in violation of Rule 7-3(a) of this Court’s Local Rules.
27 The objections are directed at paragraphs in which Audiffred describes plaintiffs’ business model
and how they approached defendants to provide credit card processing services, not to any facts
1 $867.50 in total. (Id. ¶ 43.)8 Plaintiffs’ instant lawsuit followed.
2 B. Allegations Incorporated in the FAC From Other Actions
3 Plaintiffs further base their claims upon, and incorporate into the FAC, allegations made by
4 other parties in two separate actions: (1) AMDP’s complaint in a separate action in this District
5 against defendants Merryman and OPMNY, entitled Affinitas Medios de Pagos S.A.P.I. C.V. v.
6 Merryman, et al., Case No. 18-cv-5628-YGR, the allegations of which plaintiffs characterize as
7 admissions by AMDP (see id. ¶¶ 45-79); and (2) a complaint filed by Merryman’s business
8 partner, Brent Gephart, in the District of Nevada entitled Brent Gephart v. Doug Merryman, Case
9 No. 2:18- cv-01670-GMN-CWH (see id. ¶¶ 80-96).9 With respect to the former, plaintiffs repeat
10 the allegations therein to conclude and allege that AMDP was transferring plaintiffs’ sales
11 proceeds to OPMNY, which was in turn was transferring them to another company (Affinitas,
12 Inc.) controlled by defendant Merryman. (Id. ¶ 56.) Merryman is alleged to have siphoned off a
13 percentage of the funds and purported to settle the accounts with merchants such as plaintiffs
14 while charging them fees in excess of those permitted in their Agreements. (Id. ¶¶ 56-59.)
15 With respect to the Gephart complaint, plaintiffs also incorporate allegations therein as
16 part of the FAC, reciting that Gephart (not a party here) alleged Merryman was commingling
17 funds and using certain of their companies’ funds for his personal gain, and was settling
18 merchants’ accounts on behalf of AMDP without a proper license to do so, and without following
19 federal regulations and “Card Brand” rules. (Id. ¶¶ 87, 89, 91, 92.)
20
21
8 In contrast to plaintiffs’ allegations in the FAC, Audiffred declares that AMDP noticed
excessive rates of chargebacks from plaintiffs’ customers, in excess of the 1% limit in section 5 of
22
the Agreements. (Audiffred Decl. ¶¶ 11, 12.) Plaintiffs were given daily notifications that
excessive chargebacks could result in shutdown of their accounts, but continued to have
23
transactions with declines, refunds, and chargebacks between 1.5% and 6.8% of their total
transactions, with only about 42% of transactions resulting in a successful sale. (Id.) AMDP
24
contends it terminated plaintiffs’ agreements as of January 2019 due to refunds and chargebacks
reaching 6.5% of all transactions. (Id. at ¶ 13.) The Court does not reach these factual disputes in
25
resolving the instant motion.
26 9 Paragraphs 46 through 73 all begin “Affinitas alleges” or “Affinitas admits,” concluding
at paragraph 74 “[a]ll this means . . . .” and alleging other conclusions at paragraphs 75 to 79
27 based on the allegations in the separate Affinitas action. (FAC ¶¶ 46-79.) Similarly, the
allegations in paragraphs 80 to 94 of the FAC herein simply repeat the allegations of the Gephart
1 Based on the allegations of those other complaints, plaintiffs claim in the FAC that their
2 Agreements with AMDP “had an unlawful object” and are “void as an illegal contract” because
3 AMDP’s performance depended upon using the “illegal services” of OPMNY, an entity that was
4 not qualified or licensed to perform those services. (Id. ¶ 96.)
5 III. MOTION OF AMDP TO DISMISS FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT
6 AMDP moves to dismiss the FAC under Rules 12(b)(1) and (b)(3), and alternatively under
7 the doctrine of forum non conveniens. AMDP contends that the Court lacks subject matter
8 jurisdiction over the claims because plaintiffs cannot satisfy the amount-in-controversy
9 requirement for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. AMDP further contends that the action should
10 be dismissed based upon the parties’ forum selection clause in their respective Trade Affiliation
11 Agreements, which require that disputes be adjudicated or arbitrated in Mexico. The Court
12 considers each argument in turn.
13 A. Lack of Diversity Jurisdiction Based On Insufficient Amount in Controversy
14 With respect to its lack of diversity jurisdiction argument, AMDP contends plaintiffs do
15 not meet the amount-in-controversy requirement for two reasons: (1) the Affiliation Agreements
16 limit each plaintiff’s recovery such that they cannot meet the jurisdictional threshold “to a legal
17 certainty;” and (2) plaintiffs have aggregated damages improperly in alleging the amount-in-
18 controversy in their complaint.
19 The amount in controversy is generally determined from the face of the complaint. St.
20 Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-289 (1938); see also Hunt v.
21 Washington State Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 347-348 (1977). Thus, dismissal of a
22 complaint that alleges the jurisdictional minimum is only appropriate “when a rule of law or
23 limitation of damages would make it virtually impossible for a plaintiff to meet the amount-in-
24 controversy requirement.” Pachinger v. MGM Grand Hotel-Las Vegas, Inc., 802 F.2d 362, 364
25 (9th Cir. 1986) (statutory limitation on damages). In the Pachinger case, the Ninth Circuit stated
26 that: “[o]nly three situations clearly meet the legal certainty standard: 1) when the terms of a
27 contract limit the plaintiff's possible recovery; 2) when a specific rule of law or measure of
1 amount of damages was claimed merely to obtain federal court jurisdiction.” Pachinger v. MGM
2 Grand Hotel-Las Vegas, Inc., 802 F.2d 362, 364 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing 14A Wright, Miller, and
3 Cooper, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, Jurisdiction, § 3702 at 48–50 (2d ed. 1985)).
4 However, more recent Ninth Circuit authority holds that a contractual damages limitation, and
5 indeed any valid defense that might appear from the face of the complaint (e.g., statute of
6 limitations), will not operate to preclude jurisdiction simply because it would reduce recovery
7 below the $75,000 threshold. Geographic Expeditions, Inc. v. Estate of Lhotka ex rel. Lhotka, 599
8 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2010) (“if a district court had to evaluate every possible defense that
9 could reduce recovery below the jurisdictional amount the district court would essentially have to
10 decide the merits of the case before it could determine if it had subject matter jurisdiction”).
11 Here, AMDP has raised contractual damage limitations as a basis for finding plaintiffs
12 cannot meet the jurisdictional amount. AMDP contends that section 10(c) of the Agreement limits
13 the damages that plaintiffs may obtain against them to an award equal to the last three months of
14 fees charged, and prohibits tort damages, including punitive damages.10 (FAC, Exh. A at 18 of
15 39.) AMDP further contends that none of the plaintiffs was charged fees in excess of $75,000 for
16 the last three months preceding the litigation. (Audiffred Decl., ¶¶ 17-18, Exh. 5.) However,
17 based on the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Geographic Expeditions, these defenses to the
18 jurisdictional amount are not a proper basis for granting dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1).
19 Geographic Expeditions, 599 F.3d at 1108. Thus, these grounds for dismissal fail.
20
21 10 Section 10(c) of the Agreement states:
10(c). Limits of Responsibility. The Trade Affiliate acknowledges that all the
22
quotas and commissions paid to [AMDP] for the rendering of the Services of
processing are limited in connection with the funds delivered to the Trade
23
Affiliate for the Transactions and consequently the availability of [AMDP] to
render the Services is based on the limitation of responsibilities contained in the
24
Agreement. Therefore, any obligation on behalf of [AMPD] in terms of the
Agreement, whether in favor of the Trade Affiliate or any other person, regardless
25
the cause of the responsibility, shall not exceed, in total, to an amount equal to the
total amount of the quotas and commissions paid by the Trade Affiliate during the
26
last 3 (three) months, prior any event arises under which [AMDP] has any
responsibility. In no event shall [AMDP] or its representatives, agents, officers,
27
directors or employees will be liable for indirect, consequential, special or
1 Second, AMDP contends that plaintiffs have aggregated their alleged damages improperly
2 for the multiple named plaintiffs. Aggregation of damages for multiple named plaintiffs in order
3 to meet the jurisdictional threshold is not permitted if the obligation is owed to individual
4 plaintiffs separately. Gibson v. Chrysler Corp., 261 F.3d 927, 944 (9th Cir. 2001). Here, each
5 plaintiff entered into its own separate Affiliation Agreement with AMDP at a different time, and
6 each stopped processing at a different time. However, AMDP concedes on reply that Everly’s
7 claim for proceeds at issue is at least $75,000 (Reply at 3:16-20) before its claims for treble
8 damages and other relief are taken into account. Because the contractual limitations on the
9 amount and type of damages recoverable cannot be considered in determining the amount in
10 controversy at the pleading stage, at least one of the named plaintiffs has claims exceeding the
11 jurisdictional amount. “[T]he threshold requirement of § 1367(a) is satisfied in cases. . . where
12 some, but not all, of the plaintiffs in a diversity action allege a sufficient amount in controversy.”
13 Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 566 (2005). Therefore, this basis for
14 dismissal for lack of jurisdiction fails as well.
15 B. Dismissal for Improper Venue
16 AMDP also seeks dismissal of this action for improper venue based upon the Agreements’
17 forum selection clause.11 Under the Agreement, disputes related to reserve funds must be
18 submitted to arbitration in Mexico (FAC, Exh. A, section 8) and all other disputes related to the
19 interpretation or performance of the Agreement must be litigated in the Mexican Federal Court in
20 Mexico City (id., section 26). In addition, the parties agreed that “all the operations, Services and
21 Transactions under the Agreement shall be considered [to] occur in Mexico” and “the business
22 operations are carried out in Mexico” (id., section 25(b)), and that the Affiliation Agreements were
23 executed “in Mexico, Federal District, on July 27, 2015.” (id., Exhibit A, Additional Services).
24
25
11 AMDP brought its motion pursuant to section 1404 and Rule 12(b)(3) in the alternative,
26 in an abundance of caution. Settling a split of authority, the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in
Atlantic Marine determined that, where a party asserts venue is improper due to a forum selection
27 agreement, the appropriate procedural mechanism is a motion under section 1404(a), rather than a
motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3). Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S. 49, 59-60. The Court is
1 When enforcement of a forum selection clause calls for venue in a foreign court, as here,
2 dismissal is appropriate. Atlantic Marine Const. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. of Texas, 571
3 U.S. 49, 60-61 (2013); Yei A. Sun v. Advanced China Healthcare, Inc., 901 F3d 1081, 1087 (9th
4 Cir. 2018) (citing Atlantic Marine). Forum selection clauses are presumed valid and should be
5 enforced unless doing so clearly would be “unreasonable and unjust, or the clause was invalid for
6 such reasons as fraud or overreaching.” Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S. at 62-63; Sun, 901 F.3d at
7 1088. The burden is on plaintiff to show why the court should not enforce the forum selection
8 clause. See Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S. at 63; Sun, 901 F.3d at 1087. Thus, a forum selection
9 clause should be enforced unless plaintiffs can make a strong showing that: “(1) the clause is
10 invalid due to ‘fraud or overreaching,’ (2) ‘enforcement would contravene a strong public policy
11 of the forum in which suit is brought, whether declared by statute or by judicial decision,’ or (3)
12 ‘trial in the contractual forum will be so gravely difficult and inconvenient that [the litigant] will
13 for all practical purposes be deprived of his day in court.’” Sun, 901 F.3d at 1088 (quoting M/S
14 Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15, 18 (1972)); Petersen v. Boeing Co., 715 F.3d
15 276, 280 (9th Cir. 2013) (same). Plaintiffs argue all three exceptions apply here.
16 1. Agreements Are Void for Illegality in their Entirety
17 With respect to the exception for invalidity of the venue provision due to “fraud or
18 overreaching” plaintiffs argue that AMDP’s allegations in its own complaint against Merryman
19 and OPMNY show that OPMNY violated money transmission laws. Thus, plaintiffs contend the
20 Agreement had an illegal object and is void in its entirety.
21 The fraud exception to the general rule of enforceability “does not mean that any time a
22 dispute arising out of a transaction is based upon an allegation of fraud . . . the [forum selection]
23 clause is unenforceable [but r]ather . . . [that the] forum-selection clause in a contract is not
24 enforceable if the inclusion of that clause in the contract was the product of fraud or coercion.”
25 Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 519 n.14 (1974) (emphasis supplied); see also
26 Batchelder v. Kawamoto, 147 F.3d 915, 919 (9th Cir. 1998) (citing Scherk). “[A] party seeking to
27 avoid enforcement of the forum selection clause under the first exception must show that the
1 Transportation, Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 1199, 1204 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (citing Scherk and Batchelder).
2 Moreover, where a contract can be performed in a legal manner, it will not be declared void due to
3 performance in an illegal manner. Mcintosh v. Mills, 121 Cal. App. 4th 333, 346 (2004) (the
4 doctrine of illegality considers whether the object of the contract is illegal, not manner in which it
5 is performed); Vagim v. Brown, 63 Cal.App.2d 504, 511 (1944); Cal. Civil Code 1636 (contract
6 must be interpreted to give it lawful effect where possible). Plaintiffs concede the object of the
7 Agreement was to provide credit card processing services. The FAC does not allege an illegal
8 object, but instead alleges an illegal manner of performing a lawful object by AMDP’s agents
9 (Merryman and OPMNY). Plaintiffs offer no evidence that the forum selection clause itself was
10 procured by fraud or overreaching.12 Thus, plaintiffs fail to meet their burden on this exception.
11 2. Enforcement Would Contravene Strong Public Policy of
the Present Forum
12
Plaintiffs contend that enforcement of the forum selection clause would contravene a
13
strong public policy of the forum because the California and federal money transmission and
14
banking laws they allege defendants violated are matters of fundamental public policy of
15
California and the United States.
16
“While a court may consider factors relating to the public interest (such as the
17
administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; the local interest in having localized
18
controversies decided at home; [and] the interest in having the trial of a diversity case in a forum
19
that is at home with the law), those factors will rarely defeat” a motion to dismiss based upon a
20
forum selection clause. Sun, 901 F.3d at 1088 (internal quotations and punctuation omitted). Here,
21
plaintiffs sought out and contracted with a Mexican credit card processor, not a U.S. processor,
22
and in doing so agreed to be subject to the terms and conditions of VISA and MasterCard’s
23
international rules as well as the rules of Promoción y Operación, S.A. de C.V. (PROSA).
24
25
12 To the extent plaintiffs seek judicial notice of the complaints filed in other actions and
26 offer the allegations therein for the truth of the matter asserted, the allegations in those other
complaints are neither a proper subject of judicial notice nor relevant to the issue of whether the
27 forum selection clause itself was procured by fraud or overreaching. Plaintiffs’ request for judicial
notice of the documents at Exh. 1 (Affinitas complaint) and Exh. 2 (Gephart declaration) is
1 (Agreement §II(3)(b).) Plaintiffs further agreed to comply with the governing Security
2 Regulations of the Information in Mexico (RSIM) and that Mexican law would apply to the
3 Agreement. (Id. at §§ 22, 25(b).) Plaintiffs’ arguments that California and U.S. law apply and
4 implicate fundamental public policies of the current forum are undercut by the terms of their
5 Agreements. Thus, the Court concludes that the public policy factor favors venue in Mexico, and
6 plaintiffs have failed to establish otherwise.
7
3. Mexican Forum So Gravely Difficult and Inconvenient That Plaintiffs
8 Would Be Effectively Deprived of Their Day in Court
With respect to the third factor, plaintiffs argue that a Mexican forum would be so difficult
9
and inconvenient as to deprive them of their day in court, citing statements from a United States
10
Department of State 2018 Human Rights Report on Mexico for the proposition that Mexican
11
courts are susceptible to improper influence by public and private entities, including transnational
12
criminal organizations, and that civil actions for damages require that “authorities must first find
13
the defendant guilty in a criminal case.” (Plaintiffs’ RJN, Exh. 3 at 14.)13 Thus, plaintiffs contend
14
they effectively would be unable to seek any damages in Mexico and would have no practical
15
remedy. However, plaintiffs misstate the findings in the Report, which referred only to damages
16
with respect to human rights violations, not routine business disputes. (Id.)14 Likewise, plaintiffs’
17
reliance on a State Department Travel Advisory for Mexico is misplaced, as it does not more than
18
indicate travelers should exercise “increased caution.” It does not describe conditions that would
19
prevent a fair opportunity to litigate a civil action. (Plaintiffs’ RJN, Exh. 4.) Neither document
20
indicates that plaintiffs would be unable to obtain a fair trial on the disputes herein against AMDP.
21
A foreign forum must provide the plaintiff with “some” remedy in order for the alternative
22
forum to be considered adequate. Loya v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 583 F.3d
23
24
25 13 The request for judicial notice of this report and the travel advisory, Exhs. 3 and 4, are
GRANTED.
26
14 The Report states: “Citizens have access to an independent judiciary in civil matters to
27 seek civil remedies for human rights violations. For a plaintiff to secure damages against a
defendant, authorities first must find the defendant guilty in a criminal case. . . .” (Plaintiffs’ RJN
1 656, 666-67 (9th Cir. 2009). The Ninth Circuit, as well as others, have found Mexico an adequate
2 forum for litigation, despite differences in Mexican and American substantive and procedural
3 laws. Id.; Vasquez v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 325 F.3d 665, 672 (5th Cir. 2003) (finding
4 Mexico an adequate forum despite limits on damages); Monugian v. Desarrollo Marina Vallarta
5 S.A. DE C.V., No. CV081497GAFAJWX, 2008 WL 11336862, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2008) (in
6 case alleging fraudulent timeshare scheme, finding no evidence that dismissal in favor of Mexican
7 forum would deprive plaintiffs of their day in court or contravene strong public policy of
8 California and that numerous courts have so held) (collecting cases). Plaintiffs have failed to meet
9 their burden on this exception.
10
4. Mexico Is Not an Available Alternative Forum Because Not All
11 Defendants Are Subject to Jurisdiction There
Finally, plaintiffs contend that co-defendants Merryman and OPMNY are residents of
12
California and are not subject to suit in Mexico, so the forum selection clause should not be
13
enforced to dismiss AMDP from this action. Plaintiffs argue that where there are multiple
14
defendants and only some are subject to the forum selection clause, dismissal must be denied
15
unless all defendants are amenable to suit in the alternative forum.15 However, the authority
16
offered by plaintiffs does not account for the Supreme Court’s holding in Atlantic Marine that,
17
“[i]n all but the most unusual cases[,]” parties to a forum-selection clause should be bound to
18
litigate in the forum designated by the clause. Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S. at 66, and dismissed in
19
the non-agreed forum.16
20
“Where the parties have agreed to a forum-selection clause, they ‘waive the right to
21
22
23
15 AMDP is a Mexican corporation with its principal place of business in Mexico City and
consented to jurisdiction in Mexico by executing the Affiliation Agreements. (FAC Exh. A, p. 32
24 of 39, Section 26.) There is no question that AMDP would be subject to personal jurisdiction in a
Mexican forum.
25 16 The only post-Atlantic Marine authority cited by plaintiffs for this proposition is
Nibirutech Ltd v. Jang, 75 F. Supp. 3d 1076 (N.D. Cal. 2014), in which the court did not reach the
26
applicability of the forum selection clause due to fact issues, but proceeded to determine whether
27 the case should be transferred to a foreign venue under the traditional, less restrictive forum non
conveniens standards. Id. at 1081, 1087. Fischer v. Magyar Allamvasutak Zrt., 777 F.3d 847, 867
1 challenge the preselected forum as inconvenient or less convenient for themselves or their
2 witnesses, or for their pursuit of the litigation.’” Sun, 901 F.3d at 1091 (quoting Atlantic Marine,
3 571 U.S. at 64). The party seeking to avoid enforcement of a forum selection clause bears the
4 burden of establishing any factors that would disfavor it enforcement. Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S.
5 at 67. Here, plaintiffs make no factual showing that Merryman and OPMNY would not be
6 amenable to personal jurisdiction and service of process in a Mexican forum. Plaintiffs argue that
7 their claims against AMDP should not be severed from the action by dismissal because defendants
8 Merryman and OPMNY acted as agents of AMDP and all defendants’ liability is intertwined.
9 However, they sidestep the question of whether Merryman and OPMNY would be bound to the
10 forum selection clause for those same reasons. See GemCap Lending I, LLC v. Pertl, No. CV 19-
11 1472-JFW(PJWX), 2019 WL 6468580, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2019) (non-signatories to the
12 contract can be bound by forum selection clause under theories of agency, third party beneficiary,
13 alter ego, and estoppel, among others); Manetti-Farrow, Inc. v. Gucci Am., Inc., 858 F.2d 509, 514
14 (9th Cir. 1988) (“a range of transaction participants, parties and non-parties, should benefit from
15 and be subject to forum selection clauses” including non-parties closely related to the contractual
16 relationship). Despite having appeared in this action, neither Merryman nor OPMNY raised an
17 objection to the dismissal of AMDP based on the forum selection clause.17
18 In short, the Court does not find the purported inability to compel Merryman and OPMNY
19 to appear in litigation in Mexico grounds for denying enforcement of the forum selection clause.
20 Based upon the foregoing, the motion of AMDP to dismiss the claims against it based
21 upon enforcement of a forum selection clause under the principles in Atlantic Marine is
22 GRANTED.
23
24
17 Similarly, neither party offers relevant authority regarding whether the Atlantic Marine
25 framework is altered when the forum selection clause applies to some but not all parties to the
litigation. The Court is aware of out-of-circuit authority adopting a four-step test to determine
26 whether to sever claims of the contracting party or transfer the entire action to the contractual
forum, even as to non-signatories. In re: Howmedica Osteonics Corp, 867 F.3d 390, 403-05 (3d
27 Cir. 2017). The Court has not found authority addressing the appropriate analysis when transfer is
not possible because the contractual forum is outside the United States and therefore not subject to
1 IV. MOTION OF DEFENDANTS MERRYMAN AND OPMNY, LLC
2 The Court next considers the motion of defendants Merryman and OPMNY, LLC to
3 dismiss the FAC18 on the following grounds: (1) complete diversity of citizenship does not exist;
4 (2) the amount in controversy requirement is not met; (3) the alter ego allegations that form the
5 basis for Merryman’s liability are insufficient; and (4) the allegations are insufficient to state
6 claims for conversion, violation of Penal Code 496, and money had and received against both
7 Merryman and OPMNY.19 For the reasons stated above in connection with AMDP’s motion,
8 dismissal on the grounds of failure to allege the required amount in controversy is DENIED.
9 As to the remaining grounds offered by Merryman and OPMNY, the Court considers each
10 in turn.
11 A. Lack of Complete Diversity
12 Defendants argue that plaintiff Rosland Operations Inc. and OPMNY share Georgia
13 citizenship, precluding diversity jurisdiction. In their opposition, plaintiffs concede that there is a
14 lack of diversity with respect to Rosland (Oppo. at 7:25-27, fn. 2), but volunteer to dismiss
15 Rosland so that complete diversity is restored, as is permitted under applicable authorities. See
16 Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826, 830; Louisiana Municipal Police
17 Employees’ Retirement Sys. v. Wynn, 829 F. 3d 1048, 1057 (9th Cir. 2016). Based upon that
18 concession, Rosland is HEREBY DISMISSED as a party-plaintiff, and plaintiffs avoid dismissal on
19 grounds of lack of complete diversity of citizenship.
20 B. Failure to Allege Alter Ego Sufficiently As To Merryman
21 Next, defendants contend that Merryman is sued as the alter ego of OPMNY and
22 allegations of alter ego liability must be alleged with particularity, which plaintiffs have not done.
23 Merryman contends that plaintiffs have failed to plead the claims against him individually (for
24 conversion, violation of Penal Code 496, and a common count for money had and received). The
25
18 Plaintiffs allege claims against Merryman and OPMNY based upon conversion;
26
violation of California Penal Code section 496 related to receipt of stolen property; a common
count for money had and received; and a claim under California’s Unfair Competition Law
27
(“UCL,” Business & Professions Code 17200.)
1 Court previously dismissed the claims against Merryman for failure to allege sufficient facts.
2 Defendants contend that the allegations in paragraphs 80 through 96 of the FAC do not provide
3 enough new factual detail to support individual liability against Merryman.
4 Incorporating allegations from the Gephart action, the FAC alleges that Merryman
5 commingled funds of OPMNY with another company (Affinitas, Inc.), embezzled and used
6 OMPNY’s funds for his personal gain, and directed others to alter the records of the company to
7 facilitate that misuse. (FAC ¶¶ 23, 80-96.) The FAC alleges that Merryman conducted OPMNY’s
8 money transmission business improperly and unlawfully, including settling merchant accounts,
9 embezzling funds from merchants, and altering merchant records. (Id. ¶¶ 91-94.) Specifically
10 with respect to plaintiffs, the FAC alleges Merryman siphoned off money from plaintiffs’ funds
11 for his own personal gain after they were received by OPMNY from AMDP. (Id. ¶¶ 58, 91.)
12 The allegations against Merryman describe his personal wrongdoing, not merely liability
13 as OPMNY’s alter ego. Both California and Nevada law make managers of limited liability
14 companies personally liable for their tortious conduct without the need to pierce the corporate veil.
15 People v. Pacific Landmark, LLC, 129 Cal.App.4th 1203, 1214-15; see United States Liab. Ins.
16 Co. v. Haidinger-Hayes, Inc., 1 Cal.3d 586, 595 (1970) (“Directors or officers of a corporation do
17 not incur personal liability for torts of the corporation merely by reason of their official position,
18 unless they participate in the wrong or authorize or direct that it be done.”); Gardner on Behalf of
19 L.G. v. Eighth Judicial District Court, 133 Nev. 730, 734 (Nev. 2017) (“A plain reading of NRS
20 86.371 protects members and managers only from individual liability resulting from the debts or
21 liabilities of the LLC, not liabilities incurred as a result of individual acts.”). Presumably, in
22 addition to incorporating allegations made by other people in other actions, plaintiffs’ counsel has
23 undertaken a reasonable investigation to ensure that these “factual contentions have, or will likely
24 have, evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation and discovery,”
25 as counsel must under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.20 As a pleading matter,
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20 In their opposition to the motion, plaintiffs ask the Court to take judicial notice of
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documents filed in the Gephart action—including a complaint, a declaration, and a temporary
1 the FAC alleges a plausible basis for Merryman’s individual liability regardless of the sufficiency
2 of the alter ego allegations in the FAC. The motion to dismiss on these grounds is, therefore,
3 DENIED.
4 C. Failure to Allege Conversion, Penal Code § 496, and Common Count
5 Finally, Merryman and OPMNY argue that plaintiffs’ claims against them for conversion,
6 violation of California Penal Code section 496, and money had and received fail because plaintiffs
7 allege the funds due and owing to them are not in possession of either of these two defendants but
8 instead are in the possession of non-party Affinitas, Inc. (FAC ¶¶ 141-43 [conversion]; 152 [Penal
9 Code § 496]; 171-72 [Money Had and Received].)
10 Plaintiffs allege that Merryman controls Affinitas, Inc.’s bank account and Merryman
11 caused OPMNY to transfer funds stolen from plaintiffs into the Affinitas, Inc. account. (FAC ¶¶
12 58, 142-43.) Plaintiffs argue that the proceeds they are owed constitute a specific, identifiable sum
13 transferred from AMDP to OPMNY to make payments to them, and that Merryman and OPMNY
14 intentionally and substantially interfered with plaintiffs’ right to possession of those proceeds.
15 While citing no authority in support of their position, Merryman and OPMNY contend that each
16 of the claims requires a plausible allegation that the funds due and owing are in Merryman and
17 OPMNY’s possession.
18 The elements of these three claims are similar. More to the point here, the Court’s
19 examination of the relevant authority indicates that all three lack a requirement that the defendant
20 be in possession of the funds alleged to have been taken from or owed to plaintiffs as defendants
21 argue. As to the first, “[c]onversion is the wrongful exercise of dominion over the property of
22 another[, t]he elements of [which] are: (1) the plaintiff's ownership or right to possession of the
23 property; (2) the defendant's conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property rights; and (3)
24
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alleged in other court documents in the context of this motion as they are not a proper subject for
26 judicial notice and are hearsay. While the Court agrees that it cannot take judicial notice of the
contents of filings in other actions for the truth of the matters asserted therein, the Court is not
27 required to make any findings of fact on a motion to dismiss, making their truth irrelevant in any
event. Because the statements in those other documents have no bearing on the sufficiency of the
1 damages.” Lee v. Hanley, 61 Cal. 4th 1225, 1240 (2015) (internal citation omitted). “It is not
2 necessary that there be a manual taking of the property; it is only necessary to show an assumption
3 of control or ownership over the property, or that the alleged converter has applied the property to
4 his own use.” Oakdale Village Group v. Fong, 43 Cal.App.4th 539, 543–44 (1996).21
5 As to the second claim, California Penal Code section 496(c) permits “any person who has
6 been injured by a violation of section 496(a)… may bring an action for three times the amount of
7 actual damages, if any sustained by the plaintiff, costs of suit, and reasonable attorney’s fees.”
8 (Cal. Penal Code § 496(c).) Section 496(a) makes it a criminal offense to “bu[y] or receiv[e] any
9 property that has been stolen or that has been obtained in any manner constituting theft or
10 extortion” or to conceal, sell, or withhold such property from the owner.22 As to the third claim
11 targeted by the motion, “[a] cause of action for money had and received is stated if it is alleged
12 [that] the defendant is indebted to the plaintiff in a certain sum for money had and received by the
13 defendant for the use of the plaintiff.” Avidor v. Sutter's Place, Inc., 212 Cal. App. 4th 1439, 1454
14 (2013) (internal citations and punctuation omitted). An allegation that the defendant is still in
15 possession of the identified funds is not required for any of the claims.
16 In short, the grounds for dismissal argued by these defendants are without merit and their
17 motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is DENIED.
18 //
19
21 The Court notes, however, that a cause of action for conversion requires identification of
20
a specific sum owned by plaintiff rather than a generalized claim for money lost or owed. See
PCO, Inc. v. Christensen, Miller, Fink, Jacobs, Glaser, Weil & Shapiro, LLP, 150 Cal. App. 4th
21
384, 395–97 (2007). Given the lack of briefing on this point, the Court will resolve the issue, as
22
necessary, in later proceedings. The parties are DIRECTED to meet and confer on the topic and
determine whether the issue can be addressed by stipulation rather than further motion practice,
and so note in their case management statement.
23
22 Recent California authority issued after the close of briefing in this matter indicates that
24 the claim under section 496(c) here might not be viable for other reasons not raised by Merryman
and OPMNY. Siry Inv., L.P. v. Farkhondehpour, No. B277750, 2020 WL 1026822, at *18 (Cal.
25 Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2020), as modified on denial of reh'g (Mar. 23, 2020) (“treble damages are not
available under Penal Code section 496, subdivision (c) in cases where the plaintiff merely alleges
26 and proves conduct involving fraud, misrepresentation, conversion, or some other type of theft
that does not involve ‘stolen’ property. Again, given the lack of briefing on this issue, the Court
27 will resolve it, if necessary, at a later juncture. The parties are DIRECTED to meet and confer on
the topic and determine whether the issue can be addressed by stipulation rather than by further
1 Thus, for the reasons set forth above, the grounds for dismissal argued by defendants
2 || Merryman and OPMNY fail to persuade, and their motion to dismiss the FAC is DENIED in its
3 entirety.
4 || V. FURTHER ORDERS
5 Defendant AMDP is DISMISSED.
6 Rosland Operations Inc. is DISMISSED as a party-plaintiff.
7 Defendants Merryman and OPMNY are directed to file their answer to the FAC no later
8 than thirty days from the date of this order.
9 The Court sets the case for a case management hearing on May 18, 2020. Normally, those
10 || would be conducted at 2:00 p.m. at the federal courthouse in Oakland, California. In light of the
11 national pandemic, the Court may have different procedures in place at that time. The parties shall
12 || timely file a joint case management conference statement and see the Court’s scheduling page for
13 updates regarding the logistics of the conference.
14 This terminates Docket Nos. 52 and 61.
3 15 IT Is SO ORDERED.
A 16 || Dated: April 6, 2020 Lopeee Hrptilflecs,—
YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGER’
7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
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