“Except 19 where a different standard is specified by law, a petitioner or applicant in administrative immigration 20 proceedings must prove by a preponderance of evidence that he or she is eligible for the benefit 21 sought.”
How later courts described this case
- “Except 19 where a different standard is specified by law, a petitioner or applicant in administrative immigration 20 proceedings must prove by a preponderance of evidence that he or she is eligible for the benefit 21 sought.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 FONTENOY ENGINEERING INC, Case No. 18-cv-03361-DMR
8 Plaintiff,
ORDER ON CROSS-MOTIONS FOR
9 v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
10 KATHY A. BARAN, et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 42, 47
11 Defendants.
12 Plaintiff Fontenoy Engineering Inc. (“Fontenoy”) brings this suit against Defendants United
13 States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) and Department of Homeland Security
14 (“DHS”), seeking court review of Defendants’ administrative decision to deny the H1-B application
15 that Fontenoy filed on behalf of a prospective employee, Mark Goan. [Docket No. 1 (“Compl.”).]
16 Fontenoy now moves for summary judgment. [Docket Nos. 42 (“Pltf. Mot.”), 48 (“Opp.”), 49
17 (“Reply”).] Defendants filed a cross-motion. [Docket Nos. 47 (“Def. Mot.”), 50 (“Reply”).] The
18 court held a hearing on December 19, 2019.
19 Upon reviewing the parties’ briefs, considering the administrative record, and hearing oral
20 argument, the court denies Fontenoy’s motion and grants Defendants’ motion.
21 I. Background
22 The following facts are taken from the administrative record. [Docket No. 41 (“A.R.”).]
23 Where indicated, the court cites the complaint for the purposes of providing background
24 information. Fontenoy is a general engineering contractor specializing in underground utility
25 construction. Compl. ¶ 8. Fontenoy intends to employ Goan, a native and citizen of Ireland, in the
26 specialty occupation of Civil Engineer (Energy). Id. ¶ 1. Goan holds a Bachelor of Science degree
27 from the Institute of Technology, Sligo and a Foundational degree from the Queen’s University of
1 April 2, 2016, Fontenoy filed a H-1B petition on behalf of Goan, seeking to change Goan’s
2 immigration status from J-1 to H-1B. A. R. 168-231.
3 On October 5, 2016, USCIS issued a Notice of Intent to Deny the petition. A.R. 232-239
4 (“NOID”). USCIS explained that another petitioner, JMB Construction, Inc. (“JMB”), had also
5 filed a H-1B petition for the same beneficiary. A.R. 233. USCIS noted the following similarities
6 between the petitions:
7 • Both companies are seeking to employ the beneficiary for the same
position of Civil Engineer (Energy) with an annual salary of $72,700
8
per year and perform the same exact duties;
9 • Both companies are in the same business of providing general
engineering contracting;
10 • The letters of support submitted by both petitioners are nearly
identical. The language of both appear similar and/or identical in
11
material respects;
12 • The petitions have been filed using the same attorney;
• Aidan O’Sullivan, the listed president of Fontenoy Engineering, was
13 the beneficiary of two I-129 and one I-140 petitions filed by JMB
Construction, Inc.
14
A.R. 233. The NOID went on to explain that both petitions were filed under the numerical limits of
15
the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), section 214(g)(1)(A), and that federal regulations
16
prohibit the filing of multiple such petitions for the same beneficiary in the same fiscal year except
17
for certain enumerated circumstances. A.R. 233-35. The prohibition extends to an employer’s
18
“related entities (such as a parent company, subsidiary, or affiliate),” unless all of the related entities
19
can demonstrate a “legitimate business need” to file multiple petitions for the same beneficiary. Id.
20
USCIS noted that Fontenoy and JMB appeared to be related entities that had filed duplicate petitions
21
for the same beneficiary without a legitimate business need. A.R. 234 (citing 8 C.F.R §
22
214.2(h)(2)(i)(G)). It also determined that Fontenoy had not demonstrated that Goan’s foreign
23
degree in Energy, Sustainability and the Environment was related to a civil engineering position.
24
Finally, because of the alleged relationship between the entities, USCIS found that JMB did not
25
make a creditable offer of employment to Goan and did not have the requisite employment
26
relationship with him. A.R. 235-39.
27
Fontenoy responded to the NOID on November 2, 2016. A.R. 240-412. Fontenoy
1 represented that it is owned 100% by Aidan O’Sullivan, while JMB is majority owned by John and
2 Margaret Burke, who together own 94.7% of the company. A.R. 240. Based on the differences in
3 ownership, Fontenoy asserted that it is “clearly not a parent or subsidiary of JMB.” A.R. 240. It
4 also averred that it is not an affiliate of JMB, as that term is defined in the Foreign Affirms Manual
5 (“FAM”):
6 (a) One of two subsidiaries, both of which are owned and controlled by the
same parent or individual; or
7
8 (b) One of two legal entities owned and controlled by the same group of
individuals, each individual owning and controlling approximately the
9 same share or proportion of each entity . . . .
10 A.R. 240-41 (quoting FAM pt. 9, § 402.12-9(A)(b)(6)). According to Fontenoy, it is not an affiliate
11 of JMB because the requisite level of ownership and control is missing. Fontenoy argued that there
12 is “nothing to prohibit an individual with multiple job offers from two distinct and different
13 companies as long as they are not a parent, subsidiary or affiliate of each other.” A.R. 241.
14 In response to the similarities between the companies noted by NOID, Fontenoy explained
15 that “the construction industry in the San Francisco Bay Area is currently experienc[ing] a high
16 growth rate” and that “construction engineering graduates are currently receiving multiple job
17 offers.” A.R. 241. It stated that the identical salaries of $72,700 is based on the “prevailing wage
18 of $72,654 for civil engineers” and represented that the job descriptions for the two positions are
19 similar because “a civil engineer’s job duties are the same irrespective of the company.” A.R. 241.
20 Fontenoy submitted additional documentation from both companies to show that they are separate
21 entities, including tax documents and other corporate information. A.R. 241-242. It also provided
22 a letter from Professor Rovane Younger of California State University (Chico), confirming that
23 graduates from CSU’s construction engineering department typically receive multiple job offers.
24 A.R. 241-42.
25 On December 13, 2016, USCIS denied the petition. A.R. 155-164. It repeated the statutory
26 and regulatory authority regarding multiple H-1B petitions and restated the NOID’s conclusion that
27 Fontenoy and JMB appear to be related entities. A.R. 157. USCIS indicated that it had reviewed
1 JMB’s 2015 tax returns list Aidan O’Sullivan as a 2.3% shareholder of JMB and Fontenoy’s 2015
2 tax returns list Sean Burke as a paid officer for the company. A.R. 158. The decision stated: “From
3 the evidence submitted, it appears that both entities have vested interest in each other and are
4 partially owned by Aidan O’Sullivan.” A.R. 158. USCIS concluded that Fontenoy “failed to submit
5 corroborating evidence” that it and JMB are separate entities; that the companies have offered Goan
6 two or more job offers for distinct positions; or that Fontenoy has a legitimate business need to file
7 multiple H-1B petitions for the same beneficiary. A.R. 158.
8 USCIS also denied the petition on alternative and independent grounds. First, it reexamined
9 whether there was a credible offer of employment. A.R. 159. It noted that the two applications
10 indicated that Goan would be performing the exact same duties, and that Fontenoy failed to explain
11 how he would be “fully capable of supporting each entity’s needs” while working for “two different
12 entities, full-time, with two different workloads; and at two different locations.” A.R. 161. In
13 addition, USCIS reaffirmed the NOID’s determination that there was not an employer-employee
14 relationship because the “evidence provided does not establish whether [Fontenoy] ha[s] the right
15 to control the beneficiary’s employment” if Goan would be simultaneously employed by both
16 entities. A.R. 163. It also noted that Fontenoy had not provided any additional evidence that Goan’s
17 foreign credentials qualified him for the proffered position. USCIS concluded that “[t]he
18 discrepancies in [Fontenoy’s] submission have not been explained satisfactorily” and accordingly
19 denied the petition. A.R. 161.
20 Fontenoy filed an appeal with the Administrative Appeals Office (“AAO”) on February 10,
21 2017. A.R. 64-152. It argued that USCIS had applied an overbroad interpretation of “related
22 entities” under section 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G). A.R. 77. It asserted that the finding in USCIS’s decision
23 was “based on an erroneous reading of the facts and evidence and an exaggeration of Aidan
24 O’Sullivan’s ownership interest” in JMB. A.R. 81. Fontenoy contended that USCIS had conflated
25 John Burke (JMB’s majority owner) and Sean Burke (Fontenoy’s officer) who are in fact “two
26 different individuals.” It also contested USCIS’s reasoning regarding the credible offer of
27 employment and the employer-employee relationship, stating that it “never intended to employ
1 intended to work for the entity whose application was accepted (if either). A.R. 85. With respect
2 to Goan’s qualifications for the offered position, Fontenoy represented that Goan holds two degrees
3 in Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, and that those degrees are directly related to the position
4 of Civil Engineer (Energy). A.R. 86-87. It also submitted contracts for various projects to
5 demonstrate that there was a legitimate business need for Goan to work on projects that are unrelated
6 to JMB.
7 On August 1, 2017, the AAO dismissed the appeal. A.R. 56-63. It affirmed USCIS’s
8 determination that the companies are “related entities” and cited several rationales. First, it
9 reiterated USCIS’s observations that “both companies seek to employ [Goan] in the same position
10 with the same job duties, requirements, and salary” and that “[b]oth companies are represented by
11 the same attorney and submitted nearly identical documentation, including identical job
12 descriptions, in support of the petitions.” A.R. 59. Second, the AAO acknowledged that
13 O’Sullivan’s 2.3% ownership interest in JMB appears “minimal in terms of corporate control,” but
14 stated that it must also “consider whether an informal relationship exists” between the companies.
15 A.R. 59 (internal quotation marks omitted). It considered significant that JMB filed two
16 nonimmigrant visa petitions and one immigrant visa petition on behalf of O’Sullivan and inferred
17 that O’Sullivan used to be (or still is) a JMB employee. A.R. 59. According to the AAO, Fontenoy’s
18 assertion that O’Sullivan is not an employee of JMB and has no other involvement with that
19 company was not corroborated by objective, independent evidence. A.R. 59. Third, the AAO noted
20 that JMB has two other shareholders and that Fontenoy did not disclose the identities of these
21 individuals or state whether they are involved in Fontenoy’s operations. A.R. 59. Fourth, with
22 respect to the identities of “Sean Burke” and “John Burke,” the AAO stated that the common last
23 name may imply a familial tie or other close relationship between the individuals and therefore it
24 was not enough for Fontenoy to merely assert that these are “two different individuals.” A.R. 59.
25 Fifth, the AAO observed that Fontenoy had not directly addressed “whether there exists a working
26 relationship” between these various individuals and it was unclear whether the companies shared
27 any critical employees or personnel. Based on these factors, the AAO found that Fontenoy and JMB
1 “legitimate business need” to file duplicative petitions for Goan and concluded it had not because
2 the petitions were “materially identical” and that Fontenoy admitted that it filed them to increase
3 Goan’s chances of being selected under the H1-B lottery. A.R. 61.
4 The AAO also determined that Fontenoy failed to show that there was a credible job
5 opportunity. A.R. 62. For example, Fontenoy and JMB classified the offered position as a civil
6 engineering position. A.R. 61. However, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Outlook
7 Handbook (“OOH”) states that “[c]ivil engineers need a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering, in
8 one of its specialties, or in civil engineering technology.” A.R. 62 (citation omitted). The AAO
9 stated that Fontenoy had not established that Goan’s degree in “Energy, Environment and
10 Sustainability” is equivalent to a degree in civil engineering or a closely related specialty. A.R. 62.
11 It also noted that the letter Fontenoy submitted from Professor Younger addressed construction
12 management and that it appeared that Goan’s prospective job duties overlapped with those of a
13 construction manager. A.R. 62. Based on these reasons, the AAO found that the record did not
14 sufficiently demonstrate the “substantive nature” of the proffered position. A.R. 62. The AAO did
15 not reach USCIS’s other grounds for denial, including whether the proffered position qualifies as a
16 specialty occupation and whether Goan is qualified to perform that job.1 A.R. 63.
17 On September 1, 2017, Fontenoy filed a motion to reopen or reconsider before the AAO.
18 Compl. ¶ 16; Id., Ex. G. It argued that the AAO’s interpretation of “related entities” was overbroad
19 and unsupported by authority. It disputed the AAO’s finding that it had not provided adequate
20 evidence regarding O’Sullivan’s relationship with JMB because Fontenoy’s tax records indicate that
21 he devotes 100% of his time to that business. Fontenoy also stated that it contacted JMB after the
22 AAO’s decision to confirm that JMB’s two other shareholders have “no relationship whatsoever”
23 with Fontenoy. Id. at 8. Fontenoy noted that it could have provided this information to USCIS
24 sooner but it was not brought up until the AAO decision. The motion also reasserted that “John
25 Burke” and “Sean Burke” are two different individuals and that Sean Burke’s family ties are
26
27
1 However, the AAO disproved USCIS’s assertion that the duplicate petitions requested concurrent
1 irrelevant. Fontenoy stated that it had made it “abundantly clear that it does not share the same
2 signatories, worksite locations, contacts and work orders making it illogical, inefficient and even
3 impossible to share critical employees and personnel.” Id. at 10. Fontenoy also argued that it had
4 established a legitimate business need to employ Goan even if it is related to JMB. Specifically, it
5 asserted that the contracts it submitted on appeal show the availability of projects for the proffered
6 position with entities that are not JMB. It contended that the nature of the two businesses is very
7 different because Fontenoy qualifies for certain incentive programs that JMB does not.
8 The AAO denied the motions. With respect to the motion to reopen, the AAO acknowledged
9 that O’Sullivan may not currently be an employee of JMB but that Fontenoy had not addressed other
10 significant aspects of O’Sullivan’s relationship to JMB, including his apparent past employment
11 with that entity. It accepted Fontenoy’s new evidence that JMB’s other shareholders are not related
12 to Fontenoy. However, it determined that the new evidence does not address “all aspects of the
13 relationship” between the two entities and pointed out that Fontenoy had apparently, by its
14 conspicuous silence, conceded that there is a familial relationship between John Burke and Sean
15 Burke. On the motion to reconsider, the AAO rejected Fontenoy’s argument that its interpretation
16 of “related entities” is “so broad that it could reach most if not all entities working in the same
17 geographical area or industry.” Id. at 3 (quotation marks omitted). It explained:
18 The Petitioner’s concerns are misplaced. We are not concerned with
petitioning employers who have any quantum of a relationship. Two
19
unwitting companies would not likely have the requisite similitude to
20 trigger the bar. But the more similarities in the records, the more likely the
companies were acting in concert to undermine the purpose of the random
21 lottery process. Whether two petitioners are “related entities” is an issue of
fact that we determine based on the totality of the record. Some factors
22 relevant to relatedness may include familial ties, proximity of locations,
leadership structure, employment history, similar work assignments, and
23
substantially similar supporting documentation.
24
Id. The AAO noted that Fontenoy did not contest the prior decision’s statement that Fontenoy and
25
JMB cooperated with each other’s filings. It concluded that the motion to reconsider also did not
26
address other concerns raised previously, including inconsistencies with Fontenoy’s claim that the
27
proffered position is a civil engineering job and Goan’s intentional actions in seeking out as many
1 job offers as possible. The AAO accordingly denied both motions, and this action followed.
2 The complaint alleges three claims for relief. On December 10, 2019, the court granted
3 Defendants’ partial motion to dismiss two of the claims. [Docket No. 29.] Petitioner’s sole
4 remaining claim under the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., is the
5 subject of this motion.
6 II. Standard of Review
7 In cases involving review of a final agency determination under the APA, a district court’s
8 role is not fact-finding. Nw. Motorcycle Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 18 F.3d 1468, 1472 (9th Cir.
9 1994). “[T]he function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the
10 evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.” Occidental
11 Eng’g Co. v. I.N.S., 753 F.2d 766, 769 (9th Cir. 1985). The reviewing court must “hold unlawful
12 and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
13 of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). “Review under the
14 arbitrary and capricious standard is deferential.” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs. of Wildlife,
551 U.S. 644, 658 (2007). A court should not vacate an agency’s decision unless it has “relied on
15
factors which Congress had not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important
16
aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before
17
the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product
18
of agency expertise.” Id. (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto.
19
Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)).
20
Judicial review of agency decisions is “especially deferential in the context of immigration
21
policy.” Jang v. Reno, 113 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1997). “To determine whether an agency
22
violated the arbitrary and capricious standard, [the] court must determine whether the agency
23
articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Ariz. Cattle
24
Growers’ Ass’n v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife, 273 F.3d 1229, 1236 (9th Cir. 2001). In order for the court
25
to confirm the agency’s decision as rationally connected to the facts, the agency must have
26
considered “substantial evidence” that supported its decision. See Nakamoto v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d
27
874, 881–82 (9th Cir. 2004). “To reverse under the substantial evidence standard, the evidence must
1 be so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find the facts were as the [plaintiff]
2 alleged.” Singh v. Reno, 113 F.3d 1512, 1514 (9th Cir. 1997).
3 III. Discussion
4 A. Statutory Framework
5 Employers in the United States may petition for a nonimmigrant temporary work visa under
6 the H-1B program. See 8 U.S.C. § 1184(c). To petition for a H1-B visa, the employer must submit
7 a Form I-129 (Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker) and file a Labor Condition Application (“LCA”).
8 See 8 C.F.R. § 213.2 (h)(4)(i)(B)(1). An H-1B visa grants the employee temporary admission into
9 the United States to “perform services . . . in a specialty occupation.” 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b). For the purposes of a H-1B visa, a “specialty occupation” means an
10
“occupation that requires—(A) theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized
11
knowledge, and (B) attainment of a bachelor’s or higher degree in the specific specialty (or its
12
equivalent) as a minimum for entry into the occupation in the United States.” 8 U.S.C. 1184(i)(1).
13
Currently, the number of H1-B visas that may be granted in any given fiscal year is capped at
14
65,000.2 8 U.S.C. § 1184(g).
15
Federal regulations prohibit an employer or a related entity from filing multiple cap-subject
16
H-1B petitions on behalf of the same beneficiary in the same fiscal year:
17
18 An employer may not file, in the same fiscal year, more than one H–1B
petition on behalf of the same alien if the alien is subject to the numerical
19 limitations of section 214(g)(1)(A) of the Act . . . . [F]iling more than one
H–1B petition by an employer on behalf of the same alien in the same fiscal
20 year will result in the denial or revocation of all such petitions. If USCIS
believes that related entities (such as a parent company, subsidiary, or
21
affiliate) may not have a legitimate business need to file more than one H–
22 1B petition on behalf of the same alien subject to the numerical limitations
of section 214(g)(1)(A) of the Act or otherwise eligible for an exemption
23 under section 214(g)(5)(C) of the Act, USCIS may issue a request for
additional evidence or notice of intent to deny, or notice of intent to revoke
24 each petition. If any of the related entities fail to demonstrate a legitimate
business need to file an H–1B petition on behalf of the same alien, all
25
petitions filed on that alien's behalf by the related entities will be denied or
26 revoked.
27
1 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G). The Federal Register explains the circumstances under which related
2 entities may file multiple petitions for the same beneficiary:
3 This rule does not, however, preclude related employers from filing
petitions on behalf of the same [noncitizen]. USCIS recognizes that an
4
employer and one or more related entities (such as a parent, subsidiary or
5 affiliate) may extend the same [noncitizen] two or more job offers for
distinct positions and therefore have a legitimate business need to file two
6 or more separate H-1B petitions on behalf of the same [noncitizen].
7 73 Fed. Reg. 15392. That section also explains the consequences of attempting to bypass the
8 multiple-petition prohibition:
9 USCIS may issue a request for additional evidence or notice of intent to
deny, or notice of intent to revoke for any or each petition if it determines
10 that the employer and related entity(ies) filed a duplicate petition as defined
in this regulation. See 8 CFR parts 103 and 214.2(h)(11). The burden rests
11
with the employer to establish that it has a legitimate business need to file
12 more than one H-1B petition on behalf of the same alien. If the employer
does not meet its burden, USCIS may deny or revoke each petition, as
13 appropriate. Without such authority, a loophole would exist for related
employers to file multiple petitions on behalf of the same alien under the
14 guise that the petitions are based on different job offers, when the true
purpose of filing the petitions is to secure employment for the alien with a
15
single employer seeking his or her services. As an example, one target of
16 this provision is the unscrupulous employer that establishes or uses shell
subsidiaries or affiliates to file additional petitions on behalf of the same
17 alien in order to increase the alien's chances of being allotted an H-1B
number. USCIS believes that these consequences are warranted in order to
18
deter unfair filing practices and further ensure the integrity of the H-1B cap
19 counting process.
73 Fed. Reg. 15393. The primary issue presented in this motion is whether Fontenoy and JMB are
20
related entities within the meaning of the statute and if so, whether Fontenoy has a legitimate
21
business need for filing a duplicate petition. Fontenoy also raises other challenges to the AAO’s
22
decision, including that USCIS and the AAO did not apply the correct burden of proof and that the
23
AAO applied an inappropriate standard in dismissing its motion to reopen. These arguments are
24
addressed in turn.
25
B. Related Entities
26
On March 23, 2018, USCIS published a policy memorandum adopting the AAO’s decision
27
in Matter of S- Inc. and directed USCIS to follow the reasoning in that decision in similar cases
1 moving forward. See Matter of S- Inc., Adopted Decision 2018-02, 2018 WL 1583229 (Mar. 23,
2 2018). The policy memorandum was adopted after the AAO issued its decision in this case.3 In
3 Matter of S-, Inc., an employer filed a H-1B petition on behalf of a prospective employee who was
4 also the beneficiary of another petition filed by a second company. Id. at *1. USCIS acknowledged
5 that the two entities had separate federal employer identification numbers (FEINs), operation
6 locations, management, and ownership and were therefore not related to each other as a parent
7 company, subsidiary, or affiliate. Id. at *3. Nevertheless, it found they were “related entities”
8 “based on the similarities between the two petitions, [and because] both filed for the Beneficiary to
9 work in substantially the same job at the same end-client.” Id. at *3. USCIS denied the petition on
that basis. Id. On appeal, the employer argued that “related entities” refers only to “entities that are
10
related through corporate ownership and control.” Id. The AAO rejected that argument. It noted
11
that the text of the regulations “does not circumscribe a closed set of relevant relationships” but
12
instead provides a non-exhaustive list of examples. Id. (citing 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G)). The
13
AAO determined that adopting the employer’s definition would allow corporations to employ
14
crafted strategies to game the lottery system, and instead defined “related entities” to include
15
“petitioners, whether or not related through corporate ownership and control, who submit multiple
16
petitions for the same beneficiary for substantially the same job.” Id. It also explained the factors
17
relevant to deciding whether two jobs are substantially the same:
18
Whether two jobs are “substantially the same” is an issue of fact that we
19
determine based on the totality of the record. Some factors relevant to
20 relatedness may include familial ties, proximity of locations, leadership
structure, employment history, similar work assignments, and substantially
21 similar supporting documentation. The Petitioner cautioned that reading the
rule to include petitioners, whether or not related through corporate
22
ownership and control, could ensnare companies that can be found ‘related’
23 for any number of ‘unspecified reasons.’ The Petitioner’s concerns are
misplaced. We are not concerned with petitioning employers who have any
24 quantum of a relationship. Two unwitting companies would not likely have
the requisite similitude to trigger the bar. But the more similarities in the
25 records, the more likely the companies were seeking to undermine the
26
3 The court acknowledges that Matter of S- Inc. is not retroactive authority for the AAO’s decision
27
in this case and is not binding on this court. However, the court considers the reasoning presented
purpose of the random lottery process.
1
Id. Applying that standard to the facts before it, the AAO noted that USCIS had found multiple
2
similarities between the petitions including the beneficiary’s assignment to “the same end-client
3
through the same mid-vendors.” Id. at *4. It also observed that the second company had executed
4
a subcontractor agreement with the employer less than a month before the H-1B petition at issue
5
had been filed. Id. Based on these connections between the companies, the AAO determined that
6
the two companies were related entities.
7
Matter of S- Inc. is persuasive because it cautions against a bright line rule based on purely
8
legal classifications in favor of a fact-intensive inquiry into the actual nature of a corporate
9
relationship. As that decision noted, employers could “easily circumvent” a rigid legalistic
10
construction “through corporate law stratagems.” 2018 WL 1583229, at *3. Notably, the
11
framework proposed by Matter of S- Inc. cuts both ways because it prohibits USCIS from summarily
12
denying petitions based solely on legal classifications. In sum, the individualized inquiry set forth
13
in that case comports with the language of the federal regulations and the intent behind multiple-
14
petition bar.
15
While the AAO did not apply Matter of S- Inc. in the current case (as that decision had not
16
yet been published), it engaged in a similar fact-intensive inquiry to determine the nature of the
17 relationship between Fontenoy and JMB.4 It pointed out that 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G) lists
18 several kinds of related entities (“such as a parent company, subsidiary, or affiliate”) and determined
19 that that language only describes some examples of related entities and is not an exhaustive list.
20 Examining the intent behind the H-1B lottery system, the AAO stated that it must “expansively
21 interpret” the meaning of “related entities” in order to effectuate the remedial purpose of that
22 process. (“If we were to limit 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G) to only legally related entities, then the
23 regulation’s primary purpose to curb abuse of the random lottery system could continue to be easily
24 frustrated.”). The AAO found that Fontenoy and JMB are related entities on numerous grounds,
25 including the “nearly identical documents” submitted by the same attorney in support of both
26
4 In so finding, the AAO applied the “ordinary meaning” of the word “related,” which it identified
27
has having “some sort of connection.” With respect to Fontenoy’s argument that this language is
1 petitions and apparent connections between the companies through various employees and officers.
2 Given the similarities between the petitions as well as the other apparent connections between the
3 entities, the AAO determined that Fontenoy and JMB “likely knew of and cooperated with the
4 other’s filing for [Goan].” It accordingly held that the multiple petitions fell under the circumstances
5 that 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G) was intended to prohibit.
6 At the hearing, Fontenoy acknowledged that “related entities” does not only refer to parents,
7 subsidiaries, or affiliates, and that a totality of the circumstances test applies. However, it argues in
8 its motion that Matter of S- Inc. supports its position because the AAO in that case found the entities
9 related “on the sole grounds that they offered the same job for the same end client through[] the
same vendors.” Mot. at 14. Fontenoy reiterates that Fontenoy and JMB neither contract services
10
from each other nor share the same end clients, and that the petitions show both entities intend to
11
“directly employ the beneficiary at its separate locations, to work on its construction projects and
12
end clients.” Id.
13
Fontenoy’s arguments are not persuasive. While Matter of S- Inc. considered the shared
14
end-clients as an important factor to the outcome of that case, it listed many other factors that are
15
relevant to the relatedness inquiry, including “familial ties, proximity of locations, leadership
16
structure, employment history, similar work assignments, and substantially similar supporting
17
documentation.” 2018 WL 1583229, at *3. Notably, most if not all of the listed factors exist in this
18
case. Additionally, the court agrees with Defendants that Fontenoy has repeatedly failed to address
19
significant concerns raised by USCIS and the AAO. In none of its briefing, either in the
20
administrative process or the current motion, does Fontenoy address why the petitions were nearly
21
identical and filed by the same attorney; why O’Sullivan was the beneficiary of three visa petitions
22
filed by JMB; and whether there is a familial relationship between Sean Burke and the majority
23
shareholders of JMB. While those factors may not be dispositive in determining whether the entities
24
are related, it is notable that Fontenoy does not directly address them or explain why they are not
25
important considerations. At the hearing, Fontenoy argued that each factor cited by the AAO was
26
also consistent with Fontenoy and JMB not being related entities. However, it is not within the
27
purview of this court to reweigh the evidence considered by the AAO; the AAO’s decision will be
1 upheld so long as it is based on substantial evidence.
2 In addition, there are other indicators that Fontenoy has been less than transparent. For
3 example, Fontenoy summarily asserts that the two companies are “competitors” but offers no
4 explanation as to why competitors would coordinate in drafting and filing petitions for the same
5 employee.5 Considering the record as a whole, the court finds that there is substantial evidence
6 supporting the AAO’s determination that Fontenoy and JMB are related entities.
7 C. Legitimate Business Need
8 Even if Fontenoy and JMB are related entities, they may each file a H-1B petition for the
9 same beneficiary in the same fiscal year if they have a legitimate business need to do so. 8 U.S.C.
§ 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G). Fontenoy argues that both entities have a legitimate business need to hire a
10
Civil Engineer (Energy), while Defendants assert that it has shown no such need. The only authority
11
either side cites that interprets the phrase “legitimate business need” is the example in the Federal
12
Register cited above:
13
14 [I]f the bottled beverage plant owned by the Fortune 500 company and the
cereal manufacturing company owned by the same Fortune 500 company
15 are each in need of the services of a Chief Financial Officer, both may file
one petition each on behalf of the same alien. A subsidiary should not file
16 an H-1B petition for an alien just to increase the alien’s chances of being
selected for an H-1B number where that subsidiary has no legitimate need
17
to employ the alien and is, instead, only filing a petition to facilitate the
18 alien’s hiring by a different, although related, subsidiary.
19 73 Fed. Reg. 15393.
20 In this case, USCIS did not address “legitimate business need” except to summarily conclude
21 that Fontenoy has not established that factor because of the similarities between the petitions. The
22 AAO considered the issue more explicitly:
23 Generally, in determining whether a petitioner has demonstrated a
“legitimate business need,” we consider factors relevant to the nature of the
24
beneficiary’s proposed employment such as the same or similar job duties
25 and the submission of identical supporting documentation. We also
consider factors relevant to the nature of the petitioner’s business
26
27
5 Fontenoy argued at the hearing that it is common practice for immigration attorneys to represent
operations, including the ability of the petitioner to support the proposed
1
employment within its particular business operations, the petitioner’s hiring
2 and recruiting history for the proffered position, and the petitioner’s intent
in filing the petition for the beneficiary. Each set of petitions must be
3 evaluated on a case-by-case basis, with no one factor necessarily
determinative or exclusive. Whether or not 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(G)
4 applies ultimately boils down to the nature and purpose of the employment
being offered: each proffered position must be materially distinct and must
5
represent a credible, bona fide job opportunity.
6 Id. at 6 (footnote omitted). The AAO found that Fontenoy failed to establish a legitimate business
7 need for three reasons: (1) the petitions filed by both entities were materially identical; (2) Fontenoy
8 admitted that Goan sought employment with both entities to increase his chances of being selected
9 for the H-1B lottery; and (3) Fontenoy had not demonstrated a credible, bona fide job opportunity
10 for Goan.
11 With respect to the first rationale, the AAO did not explain why the similarities in the
12 petitions indicate the lack of a legitimate business need. As Fontenoy points out, both entities could
13 have a legitimate business need to employ Goan for the same type of work. In the Federal Register
14 example, two subsidiaries of the same parent company submitted legitimate petitions for a Chief
15 Financial Officer. While the AAO recognized that related entities may each try to fill a position
16 with the same job title and similar duties, it did not explain why Fontenoy and JMB cannot do so
17 here. At the hearing, Defendants conceded that the similarities in the applications alone is not
18 material to the legitimate business need analysis. Accordingly, the AAO’s first reason is not
19 supported by substantial evidence.
20 The AAO’s second rationale was that Fontenoy admitted that it filed its petition “with the
21 intent to increase [Goan’s] chances of being selected under the H-1B lottery.” That portion of the
22 AAO’s decision appears to misconstrue Fontenoy’s position. In the appeal, Fontenoy actually said
23 that Goan himself “intentionally sought out as many job offers as possible, and planned on making
his actual decision on what job offer to accept only after knowing if a particular petition had been
24
accepted for processing.” Compl., Ex. E, at 10. The prohibition on multiple petitions is to prevent
25
employers from “exploit[ing] the random selection process to the competitive disadvantage of other
26
petitioners.” 73 Fed. Reg. 15392. For example, “one target of this provision is the unscrupulous
27
1 of the same alien in order to increase the alien’s chances of being allotted an H-1B number.” Id. at
2 15393. The clear intent behind the prohibition is to prevent an employer from gaming the lottery
3 system to increase its own chances of hiring a beneficiary. Defendants cite no authority preventing
4 beneficiaries from increasing their own chances of being selected, such as by seeking out as many
5 sponsoring employers as possible. Therefore, the AAO’s second reason is not supported by
6 substantial evidence.
7 Finally, the AAO found that Fontenoy had not established that there was a credible job
8 opportunity for Goan. It noted that the OOH states that “[c]ivil engineers need a bachelor’s degree
9 in civil engineering, in one of its specialties, or in civil engineering technology.” Compl., Ex. F, at
7. The AAO found that neither petition stated that the proffered job required a degree in civil
10
engineering or another related engineering degree. Both instead stated that the proffered position
11
of Civil Engineer (Energy) requires “at least a bachelor’s degree in Energy, Environment and
12
Sustainability or a related field.” Id. As the AAO noted, the “required” degree is conveniently
13
identical to the foreign degree held by Goan. The apparent tailoring of the petitions to fit Goan’s
14
exact qualifications implicates the lack of a credible job opportunity for a civil engineer. In addition,
15
the AAO pointed out that Professor Younger’s letter addressed construction management rather than
16
civil engineering. It noted that the job duties listed for Goan also appeared to overlap extensively
17
with the job duties of a construction manager.6 Based on these factors, the AAO stated that “it is
18
19
6 The application described the proposed job duties as follows:
20
Mr. Goan will be involved in conducting site safety management, the preparation
of scheduling for project start dates and updates, traffic plans, permit acquisitions,
21
submittal preparations, material purchasing and control, quality control monitoring,
overseeing project control systems and documentation. He will compile change
22
orders and estimates, and carry out other work in support of on-site engineering
activities. He will be responsible for analyzing drawings, blueprints, survey reports
23
and maps using engineering and design software. He will calculate costs of
materials required for projects applying his knowledge and techniques of
24
engineering and advanced mathematics. He will inspect construction sites to
monitor progress and ensure conformance to design specifications and safety
25
standards in accordance with OSHA rules and regulations. He will prepare daily
reports, time sheets, safety logs, cost coding, and project schedules. He will prepare
26
monthly requisition and progress payments; oversee subcontract provisions related
to compliance with plans and specification; and ensure quality control procedures
27
and standards. He will oversee and facilitate the exploration and use of alternative
1 not apparent that the proffered position is actually a civil engineering position.” Id. The AAO held
2 that it could not determine the substantive nature of the position being offered and therefore could
3 not find that there was a credible, bona fide job opportunity.
4 Notably, Fontenoy did not address these concerns in its motion to reopen or reconsider, and
5 did not address them in its briefing in this case other than to point to the contracts it submitted to
6 show that there are available construction projects that require the job duties listed on the petitions.
7 While the contracts may indicate some legitimate business need to hire civil engineers generally,
8
they are not probative of whether the position offered to Goan is a civil engineering job.7 At the
9 hearing, Fontenoy asserted that it and JMB both construct underground pipelines to transport energy,
among other things. It represented that the job duties it listed on the H-1B application may overlap
10
to some extent with those of a construction manager but claimed that the position is traditionally
11
filled by civil engineers. For this proposition, Fontenoy cited to Younger’s letter; however,
12
Younger’s letter discusses construction management rather than civil engineering. The letter does
13
not mention engineering at all, much less explain why jobs like the proffered position are
14
engineering rather than construction management jobs. See A.R. 397. Younger’s signature block
15
also indicates that he is a Professor of Construction Management. Id. In addition, Fontenoy cited
16
to the OOH’s statement that “[c]ivil engineers need a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering [or] in
17
one of its specialties,” and asserted that energy engineering has been acknowledged as an
18
engineering specialty. However, the AAO did not reach its conclusion on the basis that Civil
19
Engineer (Energy) is not a specialty of engineering, but rather because the listed job duties did not
20
appear to describe an engineering position.8 The AAO acknowledged that Goan’s degree is in
21
“Energy, Environment and Sustainability,” but stated that Fontenoy had not established that his
22
23
A.R. 219.
24
7 Fontenoy acknowledged at oral argument that the contracts do not reference Mr. Goan specifically.
25
Nor did it explain how the general need for civil engineers in energy established that the specific
position offered would meet that need.
26
8 Fontenoy asserted that it had to list Goan’s position under the general “Civil Engineer” code when
27
filing the LCA because there is no code specific to Civil Engineer (Energy). But the code Fontenoy
1 degree is “equivalent to an engineering degree, much less an engineering degree in the specific field
2 of civil engineering or one of its closely related specialties.” Compl., Ex. F at 7. In sum, Fontenoy’s
3 arguments do not address the core concern raised by the AAO; namely, whether the specific position
4 offered to Goan qualified as a civil engineering job.
5 Fontenoy complains at several points that “there would be no evidence that [it] could have
6 provided to meet the burden applied in this case,” but that statement is not credible. See Mot. at 16.
7 In its initial decision, the AAO listed several factors relevant to the “legitimate need” determination,
8 including “the ability of the petitioner to support the proposed employment within its particular
9 business operations, the petitioner’s hiring and recruiting history for the proffered position, and the
petitioner’s intent in filing the petition for the beneficiary.” Fontenoy could have, but did not, submit
10
evidence of how it has hired for the position of Civil Engineering (Energy) in the past; what
11
qualifications it has previously accepted for that position; or evidence of industry custom relating to
12
the job duties of civil engineers in energy.
13
For all of the reasons stated above, the court finds that the AAO’s decision that Fontenoy
14
failed to demonstrate a legitimate business need to submit a duplicate petition on behalf of Goan is
15
supported by substantial evidence.
16
D. Burden of Proof
17
The applicable burden a petitioner must meet to establish eligibility for a H-1B visa is a
18
preponderance of the evidence. Matter of Chawathe, 25 I. & N. Dec. 369, 375 (2010) (“Except
19
where a different standard is specified by law, a petitioner or applicant in administrative immigration
20
proceedings must prove by a preponderance of evidence that he or she is eligible for the benefit
21
sought.”).
22
Fontenoy argues that USCIS and the AAO improperly imposed a heightened burden of proof
23
in this case. It asserts that at each stage of the administrative proceedings, it presented the requested
24
additional evidence “only to find new allegations” raised in the next decision. It argues that the
25
AAO did not even consider the contracts it submitted, which “demonstrate the nature and type of
26
the Plaintiff’s work, and make it clear that such work does require the services of the proffered
27
position.” Mot. at 16. Fontenoy asserts that “it appears that there would be no evidence that Plaintiff
1 could have provided to meet the burden applied in this case.” Id.
2 Fontenoy’s argument lacks merit. The record establishes that Fontenoy repeatedly failed to
3 address concerns raised by USCIS and the AAO, such as why two the petitions are nearly identical
4 and filed by the same attorney; why O’Sullivan was the beneficiary of three visa petitions filed by
5 JMB; and whether there is a familial relationship between Sean Burke and the majority shareholders
6 of JMB. In its initial decision, the AAO explained in depth why it found there was not a credible
7 job offer and listed the kinds of evidence relevant to that determination. Fontenoy’s motion to
8 reopen or reconsider summarily asserted that the contracts it submitted prove the existence of the
9 proffered position, but it did not explain how the contracts prove the job duties and qualifications
required for a civil engineer. In sum, the record does not support Fontenoy’s characterization of the
10
burden of proof applied in this case.
11
E. Motion to Reopen
12
“A motion to reopen must state the new facts to be provided in the reopened proceeding and
13
be supported by affidavits or other documentary evidence.” 8 C.F.R. § 103.5(a)(2). A petitioner
14
must “support [its] motion to reopen with new facts that [are] material to the merits of [the]
15
underlying application.” Delgado v. Quarantillo, 611 F. App’x 30, 31 (2d Cir. 2015).
16
Fontenoy filed a motion to reopen with “new fact[s] about its contracts for ongoing
17
construction projects and copies of actual contracts as supporting evidence.” Reply at 3. Fontenoy
18
argues that the AAO inappropriately failed to consider the new arguments and evidence because
19
they establish that Fontenoy and JMB do not contract for or with one another and that Fontenoy had
20
a legitimate business need to employ Goan to complete the work pursuant to the contracts. Id. at 5.
21
Fontenoy’s position is unconvincing. It is clear that the AAO did consider the new evidence on the
22
merits because it acknowledged that “[t]he newly submitted evidence resolves the ownership of
23
[JMB].” Id. However, the AAO also noted that the new evidence does not establish that Fontenoy
24
and JMB are not related because it does not explain other factors the AAO considered relevant in
25
making its decision, such as O’Sullivan’s employment history with JMB and the apparent familial
26
relationship between Sean Burke and John Burke. Fontenoy does not explain how the new evidence
27
it submitted is relevant to those concerns. The AAO’s initial decision made clear that it was not
1 relying on some formal legal relationship (such as a contracting relationship) between the parties,
2 so more evidence disputing that point is not relevant. Therefore, the AAO did not err in not
3 specifically addressing the contracts Fontenoy submitted.
4 IV. Conclusion
5 For the reasons stated above, the court denies Fontenoy’s motion and grants Defendants’
6 || motion. The Clerk shall enter judgment for Defendants and against Fontenoy and close the file in
7 || this matter.
8
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