using Rule 4 to evaluate 7 motion to dismiss petition for failure to exhaust state remedies
How later courts described this case
- using Rule 4 to evaluate 7 motion to dismiss petition for failure to exhaust state remedies
- using Rule 4 as procedural grounds to review motion to dismiss for state 9 procedural default
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 VONGSAVAT SAYASANE, No. 1:23-cv-01517-SKO (HC)
12 Petitioner, ORDER DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT
TO ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE
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v. ORDER DENYING PETITIONER’S
14 MOTION FOR INFORMATION
EXCHANGE AND MOTION TO
15 SUPPLEMENT
WARDEN, FCI-MENDOTA, [Docs. 21, 23]
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Respondent. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
17 TO GRANT RESPONDENT’S MOTION
TO DISMISS
18 [Doc. 12]
19 Petitioner is a federal prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis with a petition for
20 writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241.
21 On October 24, 2023, Petitioner filed the instant habeas petition. (Doc. 1.) On January
22 25, 2024, Respondent filed a motion to dismiss the petition. (Doc. 12.) Respondent contends the
23 petition should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and failure to exhaust administrative
24 remedies. Petitioner did not file an opposition. On March 22, 2024, the Court issued an order
25 directing Respondent to provide additional documentation. (Doc. 17.) On April 5, 2024,
26 Respondent filed under seal a Notice of Filing of Petitioner’s Final Order of Removal. (Doc. 18.)
27 On April 29, 2024, Petitioner filed a request entitled “Information Exchange Request.” (Doc. 21.)
28 On May 3, 2024, he filed a motion to supplement with additional argument. (Doc. 23.) Having
1 reviewed the pleadings, the Court will RECOMMEND Petitioner’s motion be DENIED and
2 Respondent’s motion to dismiss be GRANTED.
3 DISCUSSION
4 I. Motion to Dismiss
5 The Ninth Circuit has allowed respondents to file a motion to dismiss in lieu of an answer.
6 See, e.g., O’Bremski v. Maass, 915 F.2d 418, 420 (9th Cir. 1990) (using Rule 4 to evaluate
7 motion to dismiss petition for failure to exhaust state remedies); White v. Lewis, 874 F.2d 599,
8 602-03 (9th Cir. 1989) (using Rule 4 as procedural grounds to review motion to dismiss for state
9 procedural default); Hillery v. Pulley, 533 F.Supp. 1189, 1194 & n.12 (E.D. Cal. 1982) (same).
10 The Court will review the motion under Rule 4 standards. See Hillery, 533 F. Supp. at 1194 & n.
11 12.
12 II. Background
13 Petitioner is serving a sentence of 262 months for his 2010 conviction of one count of
14 conspiracy to traffic in illicit drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and possession with intent to
15 distribute illicit drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. (Doc. 12-1 at 9.1)
16 Petitioner was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution in Mendota, California,
17 at the time he commenced this action. In his petition, Petitioner claims that the Bureau of Prisons
18 (“BOP”) determined him ineligible for First Step Act (“FSA”) credits because he is subject to an
19 immigration detainer, not a final order of removal. (Doc. 1 at 2, 18.) According to BOP records,
20 Petitioner has been determined ineligible to apply FSA time credits to his sentence, not because
21 of an immigration detainer, but because he is subject to a “final order of removal.” (Doc. 12-1 at
22 15.) He has a projected release date of October 11, 2024. (Doc. 12-1 at 3.) Respondent has
23 submitted evidence under seal of a copy of a Final Order of Removal dated February 16, 1999.
24 According to the BOP’s records of its Administrative Remedy Program, Petitioner has
25 never submitted an Administrative Remedy Request with respect to the BOP’s calculation of FSA
26 time credits. (Doc. 12-1 at 4.)
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28 1 Citations are to ECF pagination unless noted.
1 III. Failure to State a Claim under the First Step Act
2 The First Step Act was enacted on December 21, 2018, and implemented a number of
3 prison and sentencing reforms, including computation of good time credits, reducing and
4 restricting mandatory minimum sentences, safety valve eligibility, retroactive application of the
5 Fair Sentencing Act, and the availability of early release. First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-
6 391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018).
7 Under the First Step Act, prisoners “who successfully complete[ ] evidence-based
8 recidivism reduction programming or productive activities” “shall earn 10 days of time credits for
9 every 30 days of successful participation.” 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4)(A). A prisoner determined “to
10 be at a minimum or low risk for recidivating, who, over 2 consecutive assessments, has not
11 increased their risk of recidivism, shall earn an additional 5 days of time credits for every 30 days
12 of successful participation in evidence-based recidivism reduction programming or productive
13 activities.” 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4)(A)(ii).
14 The BOP determined that Petitioner was eligible to earn FTCs pursuant to the First Step
15 Act, but the BOP determined that Petitioner was not eligible to have FTCs applied to his
16 sentence. The BOP’s determination is correct. According to the First Step Act,
17 A prisoner is ineligible to apply time credits under subparagraph (C) if the prisoner is the
subject of a final order of removal under any provision of the immigration laws (as such
18 term is defined in section 101(a)(17) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C.
1101(a)(17))).
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20 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4)(E)(i) (emphasis added). Respondent has submitted under seal a copy of
21 the Final Order of Removal dated February 16, 1999. The statute is clear that Petitioner is not
22 eligible to have FTCs applied to his sentence because he is subject to a final order of removal
23 under immigration laws. Thus, Respondent is correct that Petitioner is statutorily barred and has
24 no lawful basis to claim application of FTCs against his sentence.
25 IV. Exhaustion
26 Before filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus, a federal prisoner challenging any
27 circumstance of imprisonment must first exhaust all administrative remedies. Martinez v.
28 Roberts, 804 F.2d 570, 571 (9th Cir. 1986); Chua Han Mow v. United States, 730 F.2d 1308,
1 1313 (9th Cir. 1984); Ruviwat v. Smith, 701 F.2d 844, 845 (9th Cir. 1983). The requirement that
2 federal prisoners exhaust administrative remedies before filing a habeas corpus petition was
3 judicially created; it is not a statutory requirement. Brown v. Rison, 895 F.2d 533, 535 (9th Cir.
4 1990). Thus, “because exhaustion is not required by statute, it is not jurisdictional.” Id. If
5 Petitioner has not properly exhausted his claims, the district court, in its discretion, may either
6 “excuse the faulty exhaustion and reach the merits or require the petitioner to exhaust his
7 administrative remedies before proceeding in court.”
8 The first step in seeking administrative remedies is a request for informal resolution. 28
9 C.F.R. § 542.13. When informal resolution procedures fail to achieve sufficient results, the BOP
10 makes available to inmates a formal three-level administrative remedy process: (1) a Request for
11 Administrative Remedy (“BP-9”) filed at the institution where the inmate is incarcerated; (2) a
12 Regional Administrative Remedy Appeal (“BP-10”) filed at the Regional Office for the
13 geographic region in which the inmate’s institution is located; and (3) a Central Office
14 Administrative Remedy Appeal (“BP-11”) filed with the Office of General Counsel. 28 C.F.R. §
15 542.10 et seq.
16 According to Respondent, Petitioner has never requested relief through the BOP’s
17 administrative remedy process with respect to FTCs. Thus, the claims are unexhausted. The
18 exhaustion requirement “is not lightly to be disregarded.” Murillo v. Mathews, 588 F.2d 759, 762,
19 n.8 (9th Cir. 1978) (citation omitted). A “key consideration” in exercising such discretion is
20 whether “relaxation of the requirement would encourage the deliberate bypass of the
21 administrative scheme[.]” Laing v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 994, 1000 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal
22 quotation marks omitted). The exhaustion requirement should not be excused in this case because
23 Petitioner has deliberately bypassed the administrative scheme. Had he properly sought
24 administrative relief, the BOP would have advised him of his immigration status and his
25 ineligibility for application of FTCs pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4)(E)(i).
26 V. Miscellaneous Motions
27 On April 29, 2024, Petitioner filed a request/motion entitled “Information Exchange
28 Request.” (Doc. 21.) Petitioner states he sent out a FOIA request to the USCIS in March. He
1 states he believes this information will be helpful for resolution of the case. As discussed above,
2 however, the Court has received and reviewed the Final Order of Removal. This is sufficient for
3 resolution of the matter and any additional information from a FOIA request is unnecessary.
4 Petitioner further contends he is from Laos and under current immigration laws, he cannot
5 be deported to Laos, a communist country. However, the Final Order of Removal provides for
6 removal to the United Kingdom. In any case, the First Step Act bars the application of time
7 credits if the prisoner is the subject of a final order of removal, which Petitioner clearly is. See 18
8 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4)(E)(i) (emphasis added). The statute does not require that removal be
9 guaranteed.
10 Petitioner also requests that the Court order Respondent to serve him with a copy of the
11 Final Order of Removal. Petitioner is not entitled to judicial review of the removal order, and he
12 did not suffer any prejudice in this action from initial lack of access to the document. Mendoza-
13 Linears v. Garland, 51 F.4th 1146, 1160 (9th Cir. 2022). Petitioner is advised that he should
14 access his central file for review of the order of removal.2
15 On May 3, 2024, Petitioner filed a motion to supplement with additional arguments. (Doc.
16 23.) The arguments are the same as presented in the petition: he contends he is entitled to First
17 Step Act credits because he has a detainer lodged against him but not a final order of removal. As
18 previously noted, Respondent has lodged under seal a copy of the Final Order of Removal.
19 Petitioner’s additional arguments are unavailing.
20 ORDER
21 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Petitioner’s miscellaneous motions (Docs.
22 21, 23) are DENIED, and the Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to assign a district judge to this case.
23 RECOMMENDATION
24 For the foregoing reasons, the Court RECOMMENDS that Respondent’s motion to
25 dismiss be GRANTED.
26 This Findings and Recommendation is submitted to the United States District Court Judge
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2 In its Notice of Request to Seal Exhibit 1, Respondent states he emailed the Final Order of Removal to
28 BOP on April 5, 2024, to be placed in Petitioner’s central file. (Doc. 19.)
1 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the
2 Local Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. Within
3 twenty-one (21) days after being served with a copy of this Findings and Recommendation, any
4 party may file written objections with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document
5 should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” Replies
6 to the Objections shall be served and filed within ten (10) court days (plus three days if served by
7 mail) after service of the Objections. The Court will then review the Magistrate Judge’s ruling
8 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections
9 within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the Order of the District Court. Martinez
10 v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). This recommendation is not an order that is immediately
11 appealable to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Any notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 4(a)(1),
12 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, should not be filed until entry of the District Court's
13 judgment.
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IT IS SO ORDERED.
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16 Dated: May 9, 2024 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto .
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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