a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if 19 he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do 20 that causes the alleged deprivation
How later courts described this case
- a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if 19 he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do 20 that causes the alleged deprivation
- “Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, 8 which was adopted to focus litigation on the merits of a claim.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 JESSICA MARIE McCRAVEN, No. 2:23-cv-0935 DB P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 SHANNON, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff, an inmate at the Solano County Justice Center, has filed a civil rights action
18 under 42 U.S.C. §1983. Before the court are plaintiff’s complaint for screening and plaintiff’s
19 motion to proceed in forma pauperis. For the reasons set forth below, this court grants plaintiff’s
20 motion to proceed in forma pauperis. This court further finds plaintiff has stated no cognizable
21 claims for relief and dismisses the complaint with leave to amend
22 IN FORMA PAUPERIS
23 Plaintiff has submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C.
24 §1915(a) Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis will be granted.
25 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C.
26 §§1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in
27 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. §1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct
28 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and
1 forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments
2 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account.
3 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time
4 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. §
5 1915(b)(2).
6 SCREENING
7 I. Legal Standards
8 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
9 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. §
10 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims
11 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be
12 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28
13 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2).
14 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
15 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
16 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an
17 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
18 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
19 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. Rule 8(a)(2) of
20 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain statement of the claim
21 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of what
22 the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
23 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
24 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must
25 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain
26 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic,
27 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the
28 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S.
1 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all
2 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969).
3 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
4 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes
to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation
5 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution .
. . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity,
6 or other proper proceeding for redress.
7 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
8 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
9 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). “A
10 person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of §1983,
11 if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform an act
12 which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.”
13 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
14 II. Analysis
15 A. Plaintiff’s Allegations
16 Plaintiff is an inmate at the Solano County Justice Center. It is not clear from the
17 complaint whether she has been convicted, and is therefore a prisoner, or whether she is a pretrial
18 detainee. Plaintiff identifies three defendants: (1) Dr. Shannon; (2) Dr. Nagar; and (3) Lt. Hagan.
19 Plaintiff alleges that in September 2022 she was transported from the Justice Center to
20 Planned Parenthood due to excessive vaginal bleeding. She saw Dr. Shannon there. Dr. Shannon
21 recommended an IUD and inserted one. Plaintiff continued to have excessive bleeding for the
22 next three months. In late December 2022, it was determined that the IUD had punctured her
23 uterus and it was removed.
24 Since then, plaintiff has requested a follow-up appointment to determine whether she has
25 suffered permanent damage to her uterus. She states that her medical requests have been largely
26 ignored and, at the time she filed the complaint in May 2023, she had not had a follow-up
27 appointment.
28 ////
1 B. Does Plaintiff State Claims for Relief?
2 Plaintiff fails to state claims for relief in large part because she fails to explain just what
3 each defendant did that caused her harm. Plaintiff does not mention any actions or failure to act
4 by Dr. Nagar or Lt. Hagan, much less conduct that might state a civil rights violation. Plaintiff is
5 advised that she must show Dr. Nagar and Lt. Hagan caused her physical harm. Plaintiff may not
6 recover damages for emotional distress in a §1983 suit unless she shows that each defendant also
7 caused a physical injury. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). Further, while plaintiff explains that Dr.
8 Shannon determined an IUD was appropriate and inserted it, nothing about those statements
9 shows that Dr. Shannon acted in any way that might violate plaintiff’s constitutional rights. In
10 order to state claims, then, plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show each defendant violated
11 her constitutional rights.
12 Plaintiff does not explain whether she is a pretrial detainee or a convicted prisoner. This
13 difference is important for determining the applicable legal standards. “[T]he Fourteenth
14 Amendment prohibits all punishment of pretrial detainees.” Demery v. Arpaio, 378 F.3d 1020,
15 1029 (9th Cir. 2004). “This standard differs significantly from the standard relevant to convicted
16 prisoners, who may be subject to punishment so long as it does not violate the Eighth
17 Amendment’s bar against cruel and unusual punishment.” Pierce v. Cnty. of Orange, 526 F.3d
18 1190, 1205 (9th Cir. 2008). Below, this court sets out the standards for each type of claim. If
19 plaintiff wishes to file an amended complaint, she must carefully review the relevant standards
20 when preparing the amended complaint.
21 1. Fourteenth Amendment Right to Medical Care
22 “[M]edical care claims brought by pretrial detainees...‘arise under the Fourteenth
23 Amendment’s Due Process Clause, rather than under the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual
24 Punishments Clause.’” Gordon v. Cnty. of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1124 (9th Cir. 2018) (citation
25 omitted). Therefore, “claims for violations of the right to adequate medical care ‘brought by
26 pretrial detainees against individual defendants under the Fourteenth Amendment’ must be
27 evaluated under an objective deliberate indifference standard.” Id. at 1124-25.
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1 To allege a claim for a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment right to medical care,
2 plaintiff must allege facts showing:
3 (1) The defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the conditions
4 under which the plaintiff was confined;
5 (2) Those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering serious harm;
6 (3) The defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk,
7 even though a reasonable officer in the circumstances would have appreciated the high
8 degree of risk involved - making the consequences of the defendant’s conduct obvious;
9 and
10 (4) By not taking such measures, the defendant caused the plaintiff’s injuries.
11 Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1071 (9th Cir. 2016). “With respect to the third
12 element, the defendant’s conduct must be objectively unreasonable, a test that will necessarily
13 turn[ ] on the facts and circumstances of each particular case.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
14 citations omitted).
15 2. Eighth Amendment Right to Medical Care
16 To state a claim of cruel and unusual punishment in medical care, plaintiff must allege
17 “acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate indifference to serious medical
18 needs.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976). An Eighth Amendment medical claim has
19 two elements: “the seriousness of the prisoner’s medical need and the nature of the defendant’s
20 response to that need.” McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled on
21 other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc).
22 A medical need is serious “if the failure to treat the prisoner's condition could result in
23 further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” McGuckin, 974
24 F.2d at 1059 (quoting Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104). Indications of a serious medical need include
25 “the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities.” Id.
26 at 1059-60. By establishing the existence of a serious medical need, a prisoner satisfies the
27 objective requirement for proving an Eighth Amendment violation. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S.
28 825, 834 (1994).
1 If plaintiff establishes the existence of a serious medical need, she must then show that
2 prison officials responded to the serious medical need with deliberate indifference. See Farmer,
3 511 U.S. at 834. In general, deliberate indifference may be shown when prison officials deny,
4 delay, or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or may be shown by the way in which
5 prison officials provide medical care. Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 393-94 (9th
6 Cir. 1988).
7 CONCLUSION
8 Above, this court finds plaintiff fails to state any claims for relief. Plaintiff will be given
9 an opportunity to amend the complaint.
10 In an amended complaint, plaintiff must address the problems with her complaint that are
11 explained above. Plaintiff is advised that in an amended complaint she must clearly identify each
12 defendant and the action that defendant took that violated plaintiff’s constitutional rights. The
13 court is not required to review exhibits or other filings to determine what plaintiff’s charging
14 allegations are as to each named defendant. Plaintiff must include ALL claims she wishes to
15 pursue in one amended complaint.
16 Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a
17 substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d
18 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if
19 he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do
20 that causes the alleged deprivation). “Vague and conclusory allegations of official participation
21 in civil rights violations are not sufficient.” Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir.
22 1982) (citations omitted).
23 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed.
24 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed.
25 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or
26 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b).
27 Plaintiff may not bring claims against different defendants that are not related to each
28 other. Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2). “[M]ultiple claims against a single party are fine, but Claim A
1 against Defendant 1 should not be joined with unrelated Claim B against Defendant 2. Unrelated
2 claims against different defendants belong in different suits.” George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607
3 (7th Cir. 2007) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). Simply alleging a “conspiracy” does not transform
4 unrelated claims into related claims.
5 The federal rules require a simple description of a party’s claims. Plaintiff’s claims must
6 be set forth in short and plain terms, simply, concisely and directly. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema
7 N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system,
8 which was adopted to focus litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.
9 An amended complaint must be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading.
10 E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading is superseded.
11 By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies she has made reasonable inquiry and has
12 evidentiary support for her allegations, and for violation of this rule the court may impose
13 sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.
14 For the foregoing reasons, and good cause appearing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as
15 follows:
16 1. Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is granted.
17 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff
18 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. §1915(b)(1).
19 All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the Solano County
20 Sheriff filed concurrently herewith.
21 3. Plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1) is dismissed with leave to amend.
22 4. Plaintiff is granted sixty days from the date of service of this order to file an amended
23 complaint that complies with the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the
24 Local Rules of Practice. The amended complaint must bear the docket number assigned this case
25 and must be labeled “First Amended Complaint.” Failure to file an amended complaint in
26 accordance with this order may result in a recommendation that this action be dismissed.
27 ////
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1 5. The Clerk of the Court is directed to send plaintiff a copy of the prisoner complaint
2 | form used in this district.
3 || Dated: December 8, 2023
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6 ORAH BARNES
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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