listing 11 and weighing relevant factors
How later courts described this case
- listing 11 and weighing relevant factors
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 Michael Harrosh, No. 2:21-cv-01969-KJM-JDP
12 Plaintiff, ORDER
13 v.
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, et al.,
1S Defendants.
16
17 In their pending cross-motions for summary judgment, the parties advance competing
18 | iterpretations of the Tahoe Regional Planning Compact between Nevada and California
19 | approved by Congress under the Compacts Clause. Plaintiff Michael Harrosh contends the Tahoe
20 | Regional Planning Compact unambiguously requires five affirmative votes by the California
21 | delegation of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency’s governing board to approve all projects.
22 | Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. at 6, ECF No. 95. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency denies its
23 | governing board must approve all projects by affirmative vote; it has long delegated approval
24 | decisions out of necessity, and it argues California and Nevada have consented to the delegation
25 | of project approvals. Agency Mot. at 14-15, 19-21, ECF No. 96. Neither California nor Nevada
26 | isaparty. The parties are directed to file simultaneous supplemental briefs addressing the
27 | following questions on joinder under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19:
1 1. Does the conflict above make Nevada and California or any of their subdivisions,
2 agencies or officers necessary parties who must be joined under Rule 19(a)(1)? In their responses
3 to this question, the parties should address whether California and Nevada must be joined because
4 “a district court cannot adjudicate an attack on the terms of a negotiated agreement without
5 jurisdiction over the parties to that agreement.” Clinton v. Babbitt, 180 F.3d 1081, 1088 (9th Cir.
6 1999); see also, e.g., Tarrant Reg’l Water Dist. v. Herrmann, 569 U.S. 614, 628 (2013)
7 (“Interstate compacts are construed as contracts under the principles of contract law.”).
8 2. Does the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency adequately represent the interests of
9 Nevada and California and their subdivisions, agencies and officers in this action such that their
10 joinder is not necessary? See, e.g., Alto v. Black, 738 F.3d 1111, 1127–29 (9th Cir. 2013) (listing
11 and weighing relevant factors); Salt River Project Agr. Imp. & Power Dist. v. Lee, 672 F.3d 1176,
12 1180–81 (9th Cir. 2012) (same). In their responses to this question, the parties should address
13 whether past conflicts between the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and the states show the
14 Agency’s interests may not be aligned with those of Nevada, California or their subdivisions,
15 agencies and officers. Cf., e.g., Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Plan. Agency,
16 535 U.S. 302, 309 (2002) (noting California’s previous dissatisfaction with the Agency); Sierra
17 Club v. Tahoe Reg’l Plan. Agency, 840 F.3d 1106, 1111 (9th Cir. 2016) (summarizing the
18 California Attorney General’s past “concerns about delegation of project approval via Area
19 Plans,” among other things).
20 3. Can the court order the joinder of Nevada and California or any of their
21 subdivisions, agencies or officers under Rule 19(a)(2)?
22 4. Assuming Nevada and California or their subdivisions, agencies or officers are
23 necessary parties who cannot be joined, how should the court consider the factors listed in Rule
24 19(b)(1)–(4)?
25 The parties’ simultaneous supplemental briefs must be filed within fourteen days and
26 must not exceed ten pages.
27 IT IS SO ORDERED.
28 DATED: September 6, 2023.