referring to 2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)
How later courts described this case
- referring to 2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)
- holding that there is no 27 respondeat superior liability under § 1983
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 DARIUS DE’MON LAKE, No. 2:23-CV-1311-DMC-P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 PATRICK COVELLO, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to
18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s complaint, ECF No. 1.
19 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief
20 against a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C.
21 § 1915A(a). This provision also applies if the plaintiff was incarcerated at the time the action was
22 initiated even if the litigant was subsequently released from custody. See Olivas v. Nevada ex rel.
23 Dep’t of Corr., 856 F.3d 1281, 1282 (9th Cir. 2017). The Court must dismiss a complaint or
24 portion thereof if it: (1) is frivolous or malicious; (2) fails to state a claim upon which relief can
25 be granted; or (3) seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See
26 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Moreover, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that
27 complaints contain a “. . . short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
28 entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This means that claims must be stated simply,
1 concisely, and directly. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 1996) (referring to
2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)). These rules are satisfied if the complaint gives the defendant fair notice
3 of the plaintiff’s claim and the grounds upon which it rests. See Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121,
4 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). Because Plaintiff must allege with at least some degree of particularity
5 overt acts by specific defendants which support the claims, vague and conclusory allegations fail
6 to satisfy this standard. Additionally, it is impossible for the Court to conduct the screening
7 required by law when the allegations are vague and conclusory.
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9 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS
10 Plaintiff names the following as defendants: (1) Patrick Covello, the Warden at
11 Mule Creek State Prison (MCSP); (2) Jeremy Rowe, a Correctional Officer at MCSP; (3) K.
12 Green, a Correctional Officer at MCSP; and (4) Landreth, a Correctional Officer at MCSP. See
13 ECF No. 1, pgs. 1-2. In his first and third claims, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Rowe, Green,
14 and Landreth used excessive force when they punched, kicked, and choked Plaintiff as he was
15 attempting to “prone out.” Id. at 3, 5. In his second claim, Plaintiff alleges “improper
16 investigation of crime.” Id. at 4. The only named defendant mentioned in this claim is Defendant
17 Covello, the prison Warden. See id. Plaintiff claims Covello is liable for failure to adequately
18 train other prison staff who are not named as defendants. See id.
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20 II. DISCUSSION
21 The Court finds that Plaintiff has alleged adequate facts to proceed on his Eighth
22 Amendment excessive force claims against Defendants Rowe, Green, and Landreth. Plaintiff has
23 not, however, alleged adequate facts to sustain a claim against the prison Warden, Defendant
24 Covello.
25 Supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of their
26 employees. See Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (holding that there is no
27 respondeat superior liability under § 1983). A supervisor is only liable for the constitutional
28 violations of subordinates if the supervisor participated in or directed the violations. See id. The
1 Supreme Court has rejected the notion that a supervisory defendant can be liable based on
2 knowledge and acquiescence in a subordinate’s unconstitutional conduct because government
3 officials, regardless of their title, can only be held liable under § 1983 for his or her own conduct
4 and not the conduct of others. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009). Supervisory
5 personnel who implement a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of
6 constitutional rights and the moving force behind a constitutional violation may, however, be
7 liable even where such personnel do not overtly participate in the offensive act. See Redman v.
8 Cnty of San Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc).
9 When a defendant holds a supervisory position, the causal link between such
10 defendant and the claimed constitutional violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v.
11 Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir.
12 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations concerning the involvement of supervisory personnel in
13 civil rights violations are not sufficient. See Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th
14 Cir. 1982). “[A] plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the
15 official’s own individual actions, has violated the constitution.” Iqbal, 662 U.S. at 676.
16 Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Covello is responsible for the improper
17 investigation of a crime because he failed to adequately train or supervise subordinate personnel
18 who are not named as defendants. Because there is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983,
19 this allegation is insufficient to sustain a claim against Defendant Covello, even assuming that
20 improper investigation of a crime constitutes a cognizable claim. Plaintiff will be provided leave
21 to amend.
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23 III. CONCLUSION
24 Because it is possible that the deficiencies identified in this order may be cured by
25 amending the complaint, Plaintiff is entitled to leave to amend. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d
26 1122, 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). Plaintiff is informed that, as a general rule, an
27 amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258,
28 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). Therefore, if Plaintiff amends the complaint, the Court cannot refer to the
1 || prior pleading in order to make Plaintiff's amended complaint complete. See Local Rule 220. An
2 || amended complaint must be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. See id.
3 If Plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, Plaintiff must demonstrate how the
4 || conditions complained of have resulted in a deprivation of Plaintiff's constitutional rights. See
5 || Ellis v. Cassidy, 625 F.2d 227 (9th Cir. 1980). The complaint must allege in specific terms how
6 || each named defendant is involved, and must set forth some affirmative link or connection
7 || between each defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation. See May v. Enomoto, 633 F.2d
8 | 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
9 Because the complaint appears to otherwise state cognizable claims, if no amended
10 || complaint is filed within the time allowed therefor, the Court will issue findings and
11 || recommendations that the claims identified herein as defective be dismissed, as well as such
12 | further orders as are necessary for service of process as to the cognizable claims.
13 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff may file a first amended
14 | complaint within 30 days of the date of service of this order.
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16 | Dated: July 27, 2023 SS GC
M7 DENNIS M. COTA
18 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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