independent right to accurate prison 11 record has not been recognized
How later courts described this case
- independent right to accurate prison 11 record has not been recognized
- prisoner alleging deliberate indifference based on delay in treatment 27 must show delay led to further injury
- outdoor exercise 1 required when prisoners are confined in small cells almost 24 hours per day
- outdoor exercise not required when prisoners had access to 3 dayroom 18 hours per day
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 PHILLIP JOSEPH JOHNSON, Case No. 1:23-cv-00241-JLT-BAM (PC)
12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
TO DISMISS ACTION, WITH PREJUDICE,
13 v. FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
14 TRINH, et al., (ECF No. 34)
15 Defendants. FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE
16
17 Plaintiff Phillip Joseph Johnson (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in
18 forma pauperis in this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff’s second amended
19 complaint, filed July 17, 2023, is currently before the Court for screening. (ECF No. 34.)
20 I. Screening Requirement and Standard
21 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
22 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C.
23 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous
24 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary
25 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b).
26 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
27 pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not
28 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
1 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell
2 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as
3 true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
4 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
5 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires
6 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable
7 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret
8 Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully
9 is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility
10 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969.
11 II. Plaintiff’s Allegations1
12 Plaintiff is currently housed at Salinas Valley State Prison in Soledad, California. The
13 events in the complaint are alleged to have occurred while Plaintiff was housed at Pleasant Valley
14 State Prison (“PVSP”) in Coalinga, California and during transport to PVSP. Plaintiff names the
15 following defendants, all employed at PVSP: (1) Boa Trinh, Chief of Mental Health;
16 (2) Nicolesha Reed, Supervisor and Social Worker; (3) Young Lee, Psychologist; (4) Duran
17 Orozco, Social Worker; and (5) Rojas, Registered Nurse.
18 Plaintiff alleges as follows:
19 Claim One
20 Plaintiff was transferred from CCI to PVSP. When Plaintiff got to R&R at PVSP, he was
21 hungry and lethargic. Plaintiff spoke to Defendant Nurse Rojas and said he was hungry and had
22 not eaten any breakfast or dinner during the 2-day ride from CCI to PVSP. Then, about 4 officers
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24 1 The Court notes that Plaintiff separately filed a declaration on July 11, 2023, setting forth
allegations similar to those contained in the second amended complaint. (ECF No. 33.) Plaintiff
25
was advised in the Court’s June 28, 2023, screening order that his amended complaint must be
“complete in itself,” without referencing other versions of pleadings. (ECF No. 32, pp. 8–9
26
(citing Local Rule 220).) As the allegations in Plaintiff’s declaration are not included in his
27 second amended complaint, they are not considered here. However, in an abundance of caution,
the Court has reviewed those allegations and determined that they do not alter the findings and
28 recommendations below.
1 approached Plaintiff’s holding cell and the C/Os claimed Plaintiff had a doctor’s visit when
2 Plaintiff did not have any scheduled appointments. Plaintiff was taken by the officers to speak
3 with Defendant Duran Orozco. Defendants Rojas and Orozco said Plaintiff had made “threats”
4 towards the C/Os, when Plaintiff never spoke with any C/Os.
5 Plaintiff was not fed and instead was placed on suicide watch for 3.5 hours. Defendant
6 Orozco had the C/Os forcibly put Plaintiff in shackles in an extremely small cell for 3.5 hours
7 with no food. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants lied about him needing to be put on suicide watch,
8 just because he was hungry. After the 3.5 hours, Plaintiff was transferred to CMC State Prison,
9 and because of his transfer, he was not fed. This was all done out of spite, and Defendant Orozco
10 asked Plaintiff questions about why he was in prison, determined Plaintiff was unstable and made
11 false notes in Plaintiff’s file that now affect him permanently.
12 Plaintiff is now in a mental hospital, all because he said he was hungry. Plaintiff was
13 disciplined for nothing. Plaintiff is physically, emotionally, and mentally scarred and scared this
14 will happen in the future. This occurred on January 6 and ended January 13, 2023. From CMC
15 Plaintiff was brought back to CMC because nothing was wrong with him.
16 Claim Two
17 Plaintiff wrote to the Grievance Office with a 602 about a custody matter regarding his
18 cell being wiretapped. The Grievance Office contacted Defendants Reed, Lee, and Trinh.
19 Defendant Lee, Plaintiff’s psychologist, said Plaintiff was “delusional” without screening
20 Plaintiff. Defendant Lee didn’t diagnose Plaintiff properly and lied again in his notes in
21 Plaintiff’s medical file. Because of this, Plaintiff was forced to transfer away from Fresno
22 County, where some of his family lives.
23 Plaintiff spoke with Defendant Lee about why he lied about Plaintiff being delusional, and
24 he said that “matters” were out of his hands because Plaintiff is not allowed to write about
25 wiretaps in a 602-1 because it makes Plaintiff look crazy. Plaintiff explained it doesn’t matter
26 how he looks, and Defendant Lee said Plaintiff had to “hurry up” when Plaintiff speaks to him
27 because he is trying to leave. Defendant Lee just came to Plaintiff’s door and showed him a copy
28 of the 602-1, and Plaintiff said it is his legal right under the First Amendment. Plaintiff was then
1 transferred to CMC State Prison where it is dirty in the cells and he is not allowed to have a TV
2 due to non-cable capabilities. Plaintiff’s situation worsened to the point that he was sent to a
3 mental hospital. Plaintiff is emotionally, mentally, and physically harmed now.
4 Request for Relief
5 Plaintiff seeks nominal, compensatory, and punitive damages.
6 III. Discussion
7 Plaintiff’s second amended complaint fails to comply with Federal Rules of Civil
8 Procedure 8, 18, and 20 and fails to state a cognizable claim for relief. Despite being provided
9 with the relevant pleading and legal standards, Plaintiff has been unable to cure the identified
10 deficiencies.
11 A. Linkage
12 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides:
13 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be
subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights,
14 privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the
party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for
15 redress.
16 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute plainly requires that there be an actual connection or link between
17 the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by Plaintiff. See
18 Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). The
19 Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional
20 right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s
21 affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the
22 deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
23 Plaintiff again fails to adequately link any named defendants to his claims regarding not
24 being provided meals during his transport to PVSP. In addition, to the extent Plaintiff attempts to
25 bring a claim regarding improper processing of his grievance by the Grievance Office, Plaintiff
26 has not linked any named defendant to this claim. Finally, in the second amended complaint,
27 Plaintiff fails to link Defendants Reed and Trinh to any constitutional violations at all, stating
28 only that the Grievance Office contacted Reed and Trinh, along with Defendant Lee, in
1 connection with Plaintiff’s grievance.
2 B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8
3 Pursuant to Rule 8, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim
4 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Detailed factual allegations
5 are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
6 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). Plaintiff must
7 set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on
8 its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). While factual allegations
9 are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id.; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57; Moss,
10 572 F.3d at 969.
11 Here, Plaintiff’s second amended complaint is short, but it is not a plain statement of his
12 claims showing he is entitled to relief. Many of Plaintiff’s allegations remain conclusory, and
13 although he has identified a general time period during which the events occurred, it is difficult to
14 determine what order the events occurred in or who was involved. Plaintiff fails to include
15 factual allegations identifying what happened, which Defendant was involved, and how the
16 actions or inactions of each Defendant violated Plaintiff’s rights.
17 C. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 18 and 20
18 Plaintiff may not bring unrelated claims against unrelated parties in a single action. Fed.
19 R. Civ. P. 18(a), 20(a)(2); Owens v. Hinsley, 635 F.3d 950, 952 (7th Cir. 2011); George v. Smith,
20 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff may bring a claim against multiple defendants so
21 long as (1) the claim arises out of the same transaction or occurrence, or series of transactions and
22 occurrences, and (2) there are commons questions of law or fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2);
23 Coughlin v. Rogers, 130 F.3d 1348, 1351 (9th Cir. 1997). The “same transaction” requirement
24 refers to similarity in the factual background of a claim. Id. at 1349. Only if the defendants are
25 properly joined under Rule 20(a) will the Court review the other claims to determine if they may
26 be joined under Rule 18(a), which permits the joinder of multiple claims against the same party.
27 Plaintiff may not raise different claims against different defendants from different
28 institutions in a single action. Although all Defendants were employed at PVSP, Plaintiff appears
1 to raise claims involving events that occurred during his transport to PVSP and during his stay at
2 CMC State Prison. As Plaintiff was previously informed, Plaintiff may not, in a single case,
3 assert a claim related to an improper mental health diagnosis against one set of defendants while
4 simultaneously asserting a claim related to not receiving meals during or following a transport
5 against a different set of defendants. Unrelated claims involving multiple defendants belong in
6 different suits. Although Plaintiff states that not being fed is the connection between his claims, it
7 remains unclear how Plaintiff not receiving meals and the ensuing events is related to Plaintiff
8 filing a grievance regarding his cell being wiretapped and the events following thereafter.
9 D. First Amendment – Grievance Process
10 To the extent Plaintiff attempts to raise a claim regarding the processing of his grievance
11 regarding wiretapping of his cell and the Grievance Office contacting Defendants Reed, Lee, and
12 Trinh about the substance of the grievance, Plaintiff fails to state a claim.
13 Plaintiff cannot pursue any claims against prison staff based solely on the processing and
14 review of his inmate appeals. Plaintiff does not have a constitutionally protected right to have his
15 appeals accepted or processed. Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 860 (9th Cir.2003); Mann v.
16 Adams, 855 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir.19 88). The prison grievance procedure does not confer any
17 substantive rights upon inmates and actions in reviewing appeals cannot serve as a basis for
18 liability under section 1983. Buckley v. Barlow, 997 F.2d 494, 495 (8th Cir.1993); see also
19 Wright v. Shannon, No. 1:05-cv-01485-LJO-YNP PC, 2010 WL 445203, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 2,
20 2010) (plaintiff’s allegations that prison officials denied or ignored his inmate appeals failed to
21 state a cognizable claim under the First Amendment). Denial or refusal to process a prison
22 grievance is not a constitutional violation. Rushdan v. Gear, No. 1:16-cv-01017-BAM (PC),
23 2018 WL 2229259, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 16, 2018).
24 Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim arising out of the screening or
25 processing of his grievances or complaints.
26 ///
27 ///
28 ///
1 E. Eighth Amendment
2 1. Medical Care
3 A prisoner’s claim of inadequate medical care constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in
4 violation of the Eighth Amendment where the mistreatment rises to the level of “deliberate
5 indifference to serious medical needs.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006)
6 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). The two-part test for deliberate
7 indifference requires Plaintiff to show (1) “a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating that failure
8 to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and
9 wanton infliction of pain,’” and (2) “the defendant’s response to the need was deliberately
10 indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096.
11 A defendant does not act in a deliberately indifferent manner unless the defendant “knows
12 of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825,
13 837 (1994). “Deliberate indifference is a high legal standard,” Simmons v. Navajo Cty. Ariz., 609
14 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2010); Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004), and is
15 shown where there was “a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible
16 medical need” and the indifference caused harm. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. In applying this
17 standard, the Ninth Circuit has held that before it can be said that a prisoner’s civil rights have
18 been abridged, “the indifference to his medical needs must be substantial. Mere ‘indifference,’
19 ‘negligence,’ or ‘medical malpractice’ will not support this cause of action.” Broughton v. Cutter
20 Labs., 622 F.2d 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105–06). Even gross
21 negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. See Wood
22 v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990).
23 To prevail on a deliberate-indifference claim, a plaintiff must also show that harm resulted
24 from a defendant’s wrongful conduct. Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012);
25 see also Jett, Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir.2006); Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d
26 732, 746 (9th Cir. 2002) (prisoner alleging deliberate indifference based on delay in treatment
27 must show delay led to further injury).
28 ///
1 Further, a “difference of opinion between a physician and the prisoner—or between
2 medical professionals—concerning what medical care is appropriate does not amount to
3 deliberate indifference.” Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 987 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Sanchez v.
4 Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1989)), overruled in part on other grounds, Peralta v. Dillard,
5 744 F.3d 1076, 1082–83 (9th Cir. 2014); Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1122–23 (9th Cir.
6 2012) (citing Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1986)). Rather, Plaintiff “must
7 show that the course of treatment the doctors chose was medically unacceptable under the
8 circumstances and that the defendants chose this course in conscious disregard of an excessive
9 risk to [his] health.” Snow, 681 F.3d at 988 (citing Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332) (internal quotation
10 marks omitted).
11 Plaintiff fails to state a claim regarding his medical care. Plaintiff’s disagreement with
12 Defendant Lee or any other healthcare providers regarding his diagnosis, medical classification,
13 or the manner in which they enter notes in his file are not sufficient to show deliberate
14 indifference to serious medical needs. Furthermore, Plaintiff has not shown that any harm
15 resulted from Defendants’ actions or lack of actions. That Plaintiff was eventually sent to a
16 mental hospital that had dirty cells and no televisions, or was transferred to an institution away
17 from where some of his family lives, is not sufficient to demonstrate that Plaintiff suffered harm
18 as a result of Defendants’ actions.
19 2. Conditions of Confinement
20 Although the Constitution “‘does not mandate comfortable prisons,’” Wilson v. Seiter, 501
21 U.S. 294, 298 (1991) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 349), “inmates are entitled to
22 reasonably adequate sanitation, personal hygiene, and laundry privileges, particularly over a
23 lengthy course of time.” Howard v. Adkison, 887 F.2d 134, 137 (9th Cir. 1989). Some
24 conditions of confinement may establish an Eighth Amendment violation “in combination” when
25 each alone would not suffice, but only when they have a combined effect that produces the
26 deprivation of a single, identifiable human need such as food, warmth, or exercise—for example,
27 a low cell temperature at night combined with a failure to issue blankets. Wilson, 501 U.S. at
28 304–05 (comparing Spain v. Procunier, 600 F.2d 189, 199 (9th Cir. 1979) (outdoor exercise
1 required when prisoners are confined in small cells almost 24 hours per day), with Clay v. Miller,
2 626 F.2d 345, 347 (4th Cir. 1980) (outdoor exercise not required when prisoners had access to
3 dayroom 18 hours per day)). Temporary unconstitutional conditions of confinement do not
4 necessarily rise to the level of constitutional violations. See Anderson v. Cty. of Kern, 45 F.3d
5 1310, 1315 (9th Cir.), opinion amended on denial of reh’g, 75 F.3d 448 (9th Cir. 1995),
6 abrogated on other grounds by Sandin, 515 U.S. 472 (in evaluating challenges to conditions of
7 confinement, length of time the prisoner must go without basic human needs may be
8 considered)).
9 Adequate food is a basic human need protected by the Eighth Amendment. See Keenan v.
10 Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1091 (9th Cir. 1996), amended, 135 F.3d 1318 (9th Cir. 1998). The Eighth
11 Amendment right to food was clearly established as of at least 2001. Foster v. Runnels, 554 F.3d
12 807, 815 (9th Cir. 2009). Denial of food service presents a sufficiently serious condition to meet
13 the objective prong of the Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference analysis. Id. at 812–13; see,
14 e.g., id. at 812 (denial of 16 meals over 23 days was “a sufficiently serious deprivation because
15 food is one of life's basic necessities”); and id. at 812 n.1 (denial of 2 meals over 9-week period
16 was not sufficiently serious to meet objective prong of Eighth Amendment deliberate
17 indifference).“The Eighth Amendment ‘requires only that prisoners receive food that is adequate
18 to maintain health.’” Mendiola-Martinez v. Arpaio, 836 F.3d 1239, 1259 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing
19 Foster, 554 F.3d at 813 n.2).
20 Plaintiff alleges that he was lethargic and was malnourished due to lack of food during his
21 transport. However, Plaintiff does not set forth factual allegations showing that any specific
22 defendant during the transport was subjectively aware of a serious risk to Plaintiff’s health and
23 that the defendant deliberately disregarded such risk. See, e.g., Foster, 554 F.3d at 814. Plaintiff
24 does not state a claim against Defendant Rojas or Orozco related to lack of food because Plaintiff
25 does not allege that either defendant had any ability to provide him with food during or after the
26 transport, was aware that Plaintiff was not receiving food, and deliberately disregarded a serious
27 risk to Plaintiff’s harm.
28 ///
1 To the extent Plaintiff attempts to add a new claim related to his placement on suicide
2 watch in an extremely small cell for 3.5 hours with no food, these temporary conditions are also
3 not a sufficiently serious deprivation to state a cognizable claim under the Eighth Amendment.
4 Plaintiff does not allege that this placement caused him any harm. Finally, this claim is not
5 properly joined.
6 F. False Accusations
7 To the extent Plaintiff attempts to bring claims related to false reports that he threatened
8 C/Os or needed to be placed on suicide watch, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim.
9 The creation of false evidence, standing alone, is not actionable under § 1983. See
10 Hernandez v. Johnston, 833 F.2d 1316, 1319 (9th Cir. 1987) (independent right to accurate prison
11 record has not been recognized); Johnson v. Felker, No. 1:12–cv–02719 GEB KJN (PC), 2013
12 WL 6243280, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 3, 2013) (“Prisoners have no constitutionally guaranteed right
13 to be free from false accusations of misconduct, so the mere falsification of a report does not give
14 rise to a claim under section 1983.”) (citations omitted). Moreover, “plaintiff cannot state a
15 cognizable Eighth Amendment violation based on an allegation that defendant[ ] issued a false
16 rule violation against plaintiff.” Jones v. Prater, No. 2:10-cv-01381 JAM KJN P, 2012 WL
17 1979225, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jun. 1, 2012); see also Youngs v. Barretto, No. 2:16-cv-0276 JAM AC
18 P, 2018 WL 2198707, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 14, 2019) (noting that issuance of false rules violation
19 report does not rise to the level of cruel and unusual punishment) (citations omitted).
20 IV. Conclusion and Recommendation
21 For the reasons discussed, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable
22 claim for relief. Despite being provided with the relevant legal standards, Plaintiff has been
23 unable to cure the deficiencies in his complaint. Further leave to amend is not warranted. Lopez
24 v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000).
25 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that this action be dismissed for failure
26 to state a cognizable claim upon which relief may be granted.
27 These Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District Judge
28 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen
1 (14) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendation, Plaintiff may file written
2 objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s
3 Findings and Recommendation.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the
4 specified time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual
5 findings” on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v.
6 Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).
7
IT IS SO ORDERED.
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9 Dated: July 20, 2023 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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