The opinion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 STANLEY W. MUNDY, No. 2:23-cv-00059-CKD P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 CITY AND COUNTY OF
SACRAMENTO, et al.,
15
Defendants.
16
17
18 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se in this civil rights action filed pursuant to 42
19 U.S.C. § 1983. This proceeding was referred to this court by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28
20 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
21 By order dated January 11, 2023, plaintiff’s first amended complaint filed in Mundy v.
22 Sacramento County Jail Medical Staff, et al., No. 1:22-cv-00401-ADA-SAB (E.D. Cal.), was
23 severed into three separate civil actions. This case, which relates only to the allegations of civil
24 rights violations by defendants at the Sacramento County Main Jail, was transferred to this
25 division and opened on the same day. See ECF No. 1. Plaintiff’s complaint is now before the
26 court for screening.
27 In the original action commenced in the Fresno Division, plaintiff submitted a declaration
28 that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). See Mundy v. Sacramento County Jail
1 Medical Staff, et al., No. 1:22-cv-00401-ADA-SAB (E.D. Cal.), at ECF No. 2. Accordingly, this
2 court will allow plaintiff to proceed in forma pauperis in this civil action as well.
3 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C.
4 §§ 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in
5 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct
6 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and
7 forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments
8 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account.
9 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time
10 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C.
11 § 1915(b)(2).
12 I. Screening Requirement
13 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
14 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The
15 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally
16 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek
17 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2).
18 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
19 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
20 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an
21 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
22 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
23 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th
24 Cir. 1989); Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227.
25 In order to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than
26 “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause
27 of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-557 (2007). In other words,
28 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
1 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, a claim
2 upon which the court can grant relief has facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A
3 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
4 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
5 at 678. When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted,
6 the court must accept the allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007), and
7 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416
8 U.S. 232, 236 (1974).
9 II. Allegations in the First Amended Complaint
10 Between June 2017 and June 2021, plaintiff was an inmate at the Sacramento County
11 Main Jail. The allegations in the complaint do not indicate whether plaintiff was a pretrial
12 detainee or a convicted defendant during this time frame.1 In this action, plaintiff sues the City
13 and County of Sacramento; Scott Jones, the Sheriff of Sacramento County; and various John and
14 Jane Does employed at the Sacramento County Main Jail.
15 Plaintiff generally asserts that he was diagnosed with a severe food allergy to soy and
16 informed various custodial and medical staff at the Sacramento County Main Jail about this
17 condition. Plaintiff suffered hundreds of severe reactions and injuries during a six month period
18 because defendants failed to warn him or protect him from the soy that was in the food they
19 served inmates.
20 As to defendant Jones, plaintiff specifically alleges that he maintained a jail policy of not
21 labeling the foods consumed by plaintiff which contained soy. As a result of this policy, plaintiff
22 asserts that he was injured because this was a known risk to plaintiff’s health. Plaintiff further
23 alleges that defendant Jones failed to train jail staff to recognize common allergic reactions. This
24
1 As a result, the court liberally construes these claims as being raised under the Eighth and
25
Fourteenth Amendments. Generally, inmates who sue prison officials for damages for injuries
suffered while in custody may do so under the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual
26
Punishment Clause or, if not yet convicted, under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process
27 Clause. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 (1979); Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d
1060, 1067-68 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc). But under both clauses, the inmate must show that the
28 prison official acted with deliberate indifference. Castro, 833 F.3d at 1068.
1 failure to train prevented plaintiff from obtaining necessary medical attention for his allergic
2 reactions to soy.
3 Defendant Jane Does, who are identified as a primary nurse and a medical doctor at the
4 Sacramento County Main Jail, were each deliberately indifferent to plaintiff’s serious medical
5 needs by failing to provide him with a non-soy diet and by failing to provide him with reasonable
6 medical care for his allergic reactions.
7 III. Legal Standards
8 The following legal standards are provided based on plaintiff’s pro se status as well as the
9 nature of the allegations in the complaint.
10 A. Linkage
11 The civil rights statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
12 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
13 Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362
14 (1976). The Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects' another to the deprivation of a
15 constitutional right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates
16 in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that
17 causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th
18 Cir. 1978) (citation omitted). In order to state a claim for relief under section 1983, plaintiff must
19 link each named defendant with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of
20 plaintiff's federal rights.
21 B. Supervisory Liability
22 Government officials may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their
23 subordinates under a theory of respondeat superior. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 (2009)
24 (“In a § 1983 suit ... the term “supervisory liability” is a misnomer. Absent vicarious liability,
25 each Government official, his or her title notwithstanding is only liable for his or her own
26 misconduct.”). When the named defendant holds a supervisory position, the causal link between
27 the defendant and the claimed constitutional violation must be specifically alleged; that is, a
28 plaintiff must allege some facts indicating that the defendant either personally participated in or
1 directed the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights or knew of the violations and failed to act
2 to prevent them. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d
3 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978).
4 IV. Analysis
5 The court has reviewed plaintiff’s complaint and, for the limited purposes of § 1915A
6 screening, finds that it states cognizable claims against defendant Scott Jones and the Jane Doe
7 defendants for Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment claims of deliberate indifference and a Monell2
8 claim against the County of Sacramento.3 However, the remaining John Doe defendants are
9 named in the complaint solely based on their supervisory capacity. This is not a sufficient basis
10 to attach § 1983 liability. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979). Therefore, the
11 court does not find that plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a cognizable claim against either the John
12 Doe Administrator of dietary food or the John Doe Supervisor in charge of training, hiring, and
13 dietary needs compliance at the Sacramento County Main Jail. Based on these deficiencies with
14 the remaining claims and defendants, plaintiff may choose to proceed immediately on the Eighth
15 and Fourteenth Amendment claims against Scott Jones and the Jane Doe defendants and the
16 Monell claim against the County of Sacramento, or he may attempt to cure the remaining defects
17 by filing a first amended complaint. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126–27 (9th Cir. 2000)
18 (en banc) (finding that district courts must afford pro se litigants an opportunity to amend to
19 correct any deficiency in their complaints). If plaintiff elects to proceed on the claims found
20 cognizable in this order, the court will construe plaintiff’s election as consent to dismiss the
21 remaining defendants and claims without prejudice pursuant to Rule 41(a) of the Federal Rules of
22 Civil Procedure.
23
24 2 See Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978) (establishing municipal
liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983).
25 3 The Jane Doe defendants employed as a registered nurse and medical doctor at the Sacramento
County Main Jail will not be served with process until plaintiff has identified their real names and
26
amended the complaint to substitute these defendants’ actual names. The burden is on plaintiff to
27 promptly discover the full names of these Jane Doe defendants. See Robinett v. Correctional
Training Facility, No. C 09-2845 SI (pr), 2010 WL 2867696 (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2010).
28
1 V. Leave to Amend
2 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, plaintiff must demonstrate how the conditions
3 complained of have resulted in a deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Ellis v.
4 Cassidy, 625 F.2d 227 (9th Cir. 1980). Also, the complaint must allege in specific terms how
5 each named defendant is involved. There can be no liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless there
6 is some affirmative link or connection between a defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation.
7 Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 96 S. Ct. 598 (1976); May v. Enomoto, 633 F.2d 164, 167 (9th
8 Cir. 1980); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). Furthermore, vague and
9 conclusory allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See
10 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
11 In addition, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to
12 make plaintiff’s amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended
13 complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This is because, as a
14 general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375
15 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967). Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no
16 longer serves any function in the case. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original
17 complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged.
18 VI. Plain Language Summary for Pro Se Party
19 The following information is meant to explain this order in plain English and is not
20 intended as legal advice.
21 Some of the allegations in the amended complaint state claims for relief against the
22 defendants, and some do not. You must decide if you want to (1) proceed immediately on the
23 Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment claims against defendant Scott Jones and the Jane Doe
24 defendants as well as the Monell claim against the County of Sacramento; or, 2) amend the
25 complaint to fix the problems identified in this order with respect to the remaining claims and
26 defendants. Once you decide, you must complete the attached Notice of Election form by
27 checking only one box and returning it to the court.
28 Once the court receives the Notice of Election, it will issue an order telling you what you
1 | need to do next. If you do not return this Notice, the court will order service of the complaint
2 | only on the claim found cognizable in this screening order and will dismiss the remaining claims
3 || and defendants without prejudice pursuant to Rule 41(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
4 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
5 1. Plaintiffis granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis.
6 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff
7 || is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C.
8 | § 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the
9 || Director of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently
10 || herewith.
11 3. Plaintiff has the option to proceed immediately on the Eighth and Fourteenth
12 || Amendment deliberate indifference claims against defendant Scott Jones and the Jane Doe
13 || defendants as well as the Monell claim against the County of Sacramento. In the alternative,
14 | plaintiff may choose to amend the complaint to fix the deficiencies identified in this order with
15 || respect to the remaining claims and defendants.
16 4. Within 21 days from the date of this order, plaintiff shall complete and return the
17 || attached Notice of Election form notifying the court whether he wants to proceed on the screened
18 || amended complaint or whether he wants time to file a second amended complaint.
19 5. If plaintiff elects to proceed on the claims found cognizable in this screening order, the
20 | court will construe plaintiff's election as consent to dismiss the remaining defendants and claims
21 || without prejudice pursuant to Rule 41(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
22 || Dated: June 2, 2023 / hice
fr fA. ?
CAROLYNK.DELANEY
24 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
25
26 || 12/mund0059.option.county
27
28
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 STANELY W. MUNDY, No. 2:23-cv-00059-CKD
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. NOTICE OF ELECTION
14 CITY AND COUNTY OF
SACRAMENTO, et al.,
15
Defendants.
16
17
Check only one option:
18
_____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment
19
deliberate indifference claims against defendant Scott Jones and the Jane Doe defendants as well
20
as the Monell claim against the County of Sacramento. Plaintiff voluntarily dismisses the
21
remaining claims and defendants; or
22
_____ Plaintiff wants time to file a first amended complaint.
23
24
25 DATED:
26
________________________________
27 Plaintiff
28