The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 JAMES L. JOHNSON JR., No. 2:22–cv–02061–DAD–CKD PS
12 Plaintiff, ORDER
13 v.
14 SOLANO COUNTY SHERRIFF, ET AL.,
15 Defendants.
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18 Plaintiff, who is proceeding without counsel in this action, was granted leave to proceed in
19 forma pauperis (“IFP”) on January 11, 2023.1 (ECF No. 3.) The court also granted plaintiff an
20 opportunity to amend his complaint, which alleged excessive force and other constitutional
21 violations against the Solano County Sheriff’s Department and Officer Cynthia Hill, Officer
22 Adrian Torres, and Officer Marc Avecilla. (See ECF Nos. 1, 3.)
23 Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint (FAC) on January 26, 2023. (ECF No. 4.) As
24 set forth below, the FAC’s excessive force claims against Officer Hill, Officer Torres, and Officer
25 Avecilla are sufficiently pled to survive this initial screening inquiry,2 while other deficiencies
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1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to
27 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72.
2 The court reserves decision on the merits of plaintiff’s claims until the record is sufficiently
28 developed. This order does not preclude any defendant from challenging plaintiff’s complaint
1 remain. As explained in Part IV, below, plaintiff may proceed immediately on the excessive
2 force claims against the named officers, or further amend the complaint to fix the deficiencies
3 identified in this order.
4 I. Legal Standards
5 To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “naked
6 assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
7 action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). In other words,
8 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
9 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, relief
10 cannot be granted for a claim that lacks facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim
11 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
12 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
13 678. When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, the
14 court must accept the well-pled factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94
15 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan v.
16 Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986).
17 Pleadings by self-represented litigants are liberally construed. See Haines v. Kerner, 404
18 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972); Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988).
19 Unless it is clear that no amendment can cure the defects of a complaint, a self-represented
20 plaintiff proceeding IFP is ordinarily entitled to notice and an opportunity to amend before
21 dismissal. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other
22 grounds by statute as stated in Lopez, 203 F.3d 1122; Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1230
23 (9th Cir. 1984). Nevertheless, leave to amend need not be granted when further amendment
24 would be futile. See Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996).
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28 through a timely motion under Rule 12 or other appropriate method.
1 II. Background
2 Plaintiff initially filed this action against the Solano County Sheriff’s Department, Officer
3 Cynthia Hill, Officer Adrian Torres, and Officer Marc Avecilla in an official capacity. (ECF No.
4 1 at 2-3.) Plaintiff alleged that while he was handcuffed at the Stanton Correction Facility in
5 Fairfield, California, he was beaten, uppercut, and spit on, and sustained bruises to his lower
6 torso, legs, and back. (Id. at 7.) Plaintiff alleged that he was deprived of medical treatment and is
7 seeking $150,000 in monetary damages for psychological counseling, lost wages, emotional
8 distress, and pain and suffering. (Id).
9 In the initial screening order, the court dismissed the complaint with leave to amend and
10 asked plaintiff to clarify his custody status at the time of the alleged use of force in any amended
11 complaint. (ECF No. 3 at 7.) The court informed plaintiff that when seeking damages against
12 officers in a § 1983 lawsuit, a plaintiff must bring the suit in an “individual” or “personal”
13 capacity, as opposed to an “official” capacity. (Id. at 6.) The court also informed plaintiff that
14 any allegations of deprivation of medical treatment must link an act or omission with a named
15 defendant. (Id. at 7.) Finally, the court informed plaintiff that a sheriff’s department is not a
16 “person” for purposes of § 1983, and therefore the Solano County Sheriff’s Department was not a
17 proper defendant. (Id. at 7.)3
18 On January 26, 2023, plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint (FAC). (ECF No. 4.)
19 Plaintiff’s FAC alleges Officer Hill beat plaintiff with a nightstick, Officer Torres spit on him,
20 and Officer Avecilla upper-cut him multiple times, resulting in bruises to his lower torso, legs,
21 and back. (ECF No. 4 at 5, 8.) Plaintiff’s FAC states he was a “pretrial detainee” and that he was
22 “waiting to be sentenced for a firearm and evading police.” (Id. at 8.) Because individuals
23 awaiting sentencing have necessarily been convicted, the court interprets plaintiff’s complaint to
24 mean he was a convicted detainee awaiting sentencing. Plaintiff’s FAC clearly indicates that he
25 is suing defendants Cynthia Hill, Adrian Torres, and Marc Avecilla in an individual capacity. (Id.
26 at 2-3.) Plaintiff continues to name Solano County Sheriff’s Department as a defendant. (Id. at
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3 As discussed in Part II.B., below, the Ninth Circuit has since ruled that sheriff’s departments in
28 California are “persons,” and thus proper defendants in § 1983 actions.
1 1.) As it concerns his allegations of deprivation of medical treatment, plaintiff alleges that the
2 “officers wouldn’t let the nurses that work for well pass give [him] any treatment.” (Id. at 5.)
3 III. Analysis
4 A. Claims against individual officers
5 1. Eighth Amendment excessive force claim
6 Section 1983 provides a cause of action for the deprivation of “rights, privileges, or
7 immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States” against a person acting
8 “under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage.” Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S.
9 635, 639 (1980). To state a claim for relief under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that the
10 defendant (1) acted under color of state law; and (2) caused a plaintiff to be deprived of a right
11 secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Nurre v. Whitehead, 580 F.3d 1087,
12 1092 (9th Cir. 2009).
13 Plaintiff’s complaint alleges Eighth Amendment excessive force violations against
14 defendants. In the Ninth Circuit, excessive force claims for individuals who have been convicted
15 but are awaiting sentencing are brought under the Eighth Amendment. See Norbert v. City &
16 Cnty. of San Francisco, 10 F. 4th 918, 927 (9th Cir. 2021) (for persons “convicted and awaiting
17 sentence,” the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment applies).
18 Because plaintiff was a convicted detainee awaiting sentencing, the Eighth Amendment excessive
19 force standards apply.
20 The Eighth Amendment prohibits prison officials from inflicting cruel and unusual
21 punishment on inmates which has been defined as “the unnecessary and wanton infliction of
22 pain.” Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986). “[W]henever prison officials stand accused
23 of using excessive physical force in violation of the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, the
24 core judicial inquiry is… whether force was applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore
25 discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” Hudson v. McMillan, 503 U.S. 1, 7
26 (1992). The court’s inquiry into an excessive force claim focuses on the extent of the prisoner’s
27 injury, the need for application of force, the relationship between that need and the amount
28 of force used, the threat reasonably perceived by the responsible officials, and any efforts made to
1 temper the severity of a forceful response. Id. While the absence of a serious injury is relevant to
2 the Eighth Amendment inquiry, it does not end it. Id. The malicious and sadistic use of force to
3 cause harm always violates contemporary standards of decency in violation of the Eighth
4 Amendment. Whitley, 475 U.S. at 327.
5 Here, plaintiff alleges Officer Hill beat plaintiff with a nightstick, Officer Torres spit on
6 him, and Officer Avecilla upper-cut him multiple times, resulting in bruises to his lower torso,
7 legs, and back. (ECF No. 4 at 5, 8.) Plaintiff was in handcuffs during at least some of the alleged
8 violations. (Id. at 8.) The amount of force described in the complaint appears unreasonable and
9 intended to cause harm, not restore order, regardless of any need for force. Accordingly, plaintiff
10 has stated a cognizable Eighth Amendment excessive force claim against defendants Cynthia Hill,
11 Adrian Torres, and Marc Avecilla.
12 2. Deprivation of medical treatment claim
13 A prisoner’s claim of inadequate medical care does not constitute cruel and unusual
14 punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment unless the mistreatment rises to the level of
15 “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir.
16 2006) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). Deliberate indifference may be
17 shown by the denial, delay or intentional interference with medical treatment or by the way in
18 which medical care is provided. Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 394 (9th Cir. 1988).
19 The two-part test for deliberate indifference requires plaintiff to show (1) “a ‘serious medical
20 need’ by demonstrating that failure to treat a prisoner's condition could result in further
21 significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain,’” and (2) “the defendant's
22 response to the need was deliberately indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. A defendant does not
23 act in a deliberately indifferent manner unless the defendant “knows of and disregards an
24 excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994).
25 Plaintiff’s FAC states that the officers “would not let the nurses that work for well pass
26 give [him] any treatment.” (ECF No. 4 at 5.) The complaint does not specify which officers
27 prevented the nurses from providing medical treatment, nor does it provide detail as to how that
28 defendant prevented the nurses from attending to plaintiff. However, even assuming the officers
1 named in this suit are those that prevented treatment, and that their response was deliberately
2 indifferent, plaintiff has not alleged injuries that amount to a serious medical need. See Zoellner
3 v. City of Arcata, F.Supp.3d 2022 WL 602874 *17 (N.D. Cal) (Mar. 1, 2022) (serious medical
4 need found where evidence “suggests more than simple bruising and swelling”); MacFalling v.
5 Nettleton, No. CV 17-02399 SVW (AFM), 2017 WL 3498616, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2017)
6 (determining that cuts, abrasions, and swollen hands resulting from overly tight handcuffs did not
7 rise to level of a serious medical need); Telles v. Stanislaus County Sheriff's Dep't, No. 1:10-cv-
8 01911-AWI-JLT, 2011 WL 2036962, at *5 (E.D. Cal. May 24, 2011) (stating that cuts and
9 bruises were not a serious medical need where plaintiff failed to establish the severity of the
10 injuries). Accordingly, plaintiff does not state a claim under § 1983 for deprivation of medical
11 treatment.
12 B. Claims against the Solano County Sheriff’s Department
13 1. Solano County Sheriff’s Department is a proper defendant.
14 In the initial screening order, the court informed plaintiff that the Solano County Sheriff’s
15 Department is not a proper defendant, citing a split in authority in the Ninth Circuit regarding
16 whether municipal police departments are “persons” within the meaning of § 1983. (ECF No. 3 at
17 6.) However, during the time that has passed since the court issued its initial screening order, the
18 Ninth Circuit issued its decision in Duarte v. City of Stockton, clarifying that municipal police
19 departments and sheriff’s departments are “persons” within the meaning of § 1983, and are
20 therefore proper defendants. No. 21-16929, 2023 WL 2028432, at *6 (9th Cir. Feb. 16, 2023).
21 Accordingly, the Solano County Sheriff’s Department is a person within the meaning of § 1983,
22 and therefore a proper defendant.
23 2. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against the Solano County Sheriff’s Department is
24 insufficiently pled
25 Although the Solano County Sheriff’s Department is a proper defendant, plaintiff has not
26 properly alleged a claim against it. A municipality may not be vicariously liable under § 1983 for
27 an injury caused by its employee or agent. See Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Services of City of New
28 York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). However, municipalities may be held liable as “persons” under
1 § 1983 “when execution of a government's policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or
2 by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury.”
3 Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S. Ct. 2018. A plaintiff may also establish municipal liability by
4 demonstrating that (1) the constitutional tort was the result of a “longstanding practice or custom
5 which constitutes the standard operating procedure of the local government entity;” (2) the
6 tortfeasor was an official whose acts fairly represent official policy such that the challenged
7 action constituted official policy; or (3) an official with final policy-making authority “delegated
8 that authority to, or ratified the decision of, a subordinate.” Price v. Sery, 513 F.3d 962, 966 (9th
9 Cir. 2008). Plaintiff's FAC does not allege any injuries that resulted from a longstanding custom,
10 policy, or practice by the Solano County Sheriff. Accordingly, plaintiff has not properly pled a §
11 1983 claim against the Solano County Sheriff’s Department.
12 IV. Summary
13 In summary, the court finds that plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment excessive force claims
14 against defendants Cynthia Hill, Adrian Torres, and Marc Avecilla are sufficiently pled such that
15 the complaint survives this initial screening inquiry. As discussed above, plaintiff has not stated
16 claims for deliberate indifference to a medical need against any defendants, nor has he stated
17 claims against the Solano County Sherriff’s Department. Accordingly, plaintiff may choose to
18 proceed on the Eighth Amendment excessive force claims found cognizable against the named
19 individual officers, or he may elect to cure the defects by filing a second amended complaint. If
20 plaintiff chooses to proceed on the Eighth Amendment excessive force claims against individual
21 officers, the court will construe this as a request to voluntarily dismiss the additional claims and
22 defendants pursuant to Rule 41(a)(1)(i) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
23 Finally, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to
24 make plaintiff’s amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended
25 complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This is because, as a
26 general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375
27 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967). Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no
28 longer serves any function in the case. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original
1 | complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged.
2 ORDER
3 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
4 1. Within 21 days from the date of this order, plaintiff shall complete and return the
5 attached Notice of Election form notifying the court whether he wants to proceed
6 immediately on the Eighth Amendment excessive force claims against defendants
7 Cynthia Hill, Adrian Torres, and Mare Avecilla, or whether he wants time to file a
8 first amended complaint.
9 2. plaintiff fails to return the attached Notice of Election within the time provided, the
10 court will construe this failure as consent to dismiss the deficient claims and proceed
11 only on the cognizable claims identified above.
12 | Dated: February 28, 2023 ( ae } it | / de □ sia
13 CAROLYN K DELANEY
14 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
10 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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JAMES L. JOHNSON JR., No. 2:22–cv–02061–DAD–CKD PS
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Plaintiff,
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v. NOTICE OF ELECTION
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SOLANO COUNTY SHERRIFF, et al.,
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Defendants.
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Check only one option:
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_____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on the Eighth Amendment excessive force claims
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against defendants Cynthia Hill, Adrian Torres, and Marc Avecilla. Plaintiff voluntarily
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dismisses the remaining claims and defendant; OR
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_____ Plaintiff wants time to file a second amended complaint.
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23 DATED:
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26 Plaintiff
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