court must 19 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff
How later courts described this case
- court must 19 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff
- court 18 must accept the allegations as true
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 WILLIAM JOSEPH BABBITT, No. 2:22-cv-02196 DAD AC PS
11 Plaintiff,
12 v. ORDER
13 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS AND
14 REHABILITATION, et al.,
15 Defendants.
16
17 Plaintiff is proceeding in this action pro se. This matter was accordingly referred to the
18 undersigned by E.D. Cal. 302(c)(21). Plaintiff has filed a request for leave to proceed in forma
19 pauperis (“IFP”), and has submitted the affidavit required by that statute. See 28 U.S.C.
20 § 1915(a)(1). The motion to proceed IFP will therefore be granted.
21 I. SCREENING
22 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally
23 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks
24 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
25 Plaintiff must assist the court in determining whether or not the complaint is frivolous, by drafting
26 the complaint so that it complies with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Fed. R. Civ. P.”).
27 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are available online at www.uscourts.gov/rules-
28 policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-civil-procedure.
1 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the complaint must contain (1) a “short and
2 plain statement” of the basis for federal jurisdiction (that is, the reason the case is filed in this
3 court, rather than in a state court), (2) a short and plain statement showing that plaintiff is entitled
4 to relief (that is, who harmed the plaintiff, and in what way), and (3) a demand for the relief
5 sought. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff’s claims must be set forth simply, concisely and directly.
6 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). Forms are available to help pro se plaintiffs organize their complaint in
7 the proper way. They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200),
8 Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms.
9 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
10 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the
11 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they
12 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the
13 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von
14 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert.
15 denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011).
16 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint
17 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court
18 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must
19 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a
20 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520
21 (1972). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable
22 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618,
23 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice
24 to state a claim. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
25 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
26 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to
27 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has
28 facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
1 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
2 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity
3 to amend, unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Noll v.
4 Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other grounds by statute as stated in
5 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir.2000)) (en banc).
6 II. THE COMPLAINT
7 Plaintiff sues the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) and
8 multiple correctional officers employed by CDCR. ECF No. 1 at 1-4. Plaintiff states his lawsuit
9 is brought for constitutional violations pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, stating that “Each defendant
10 participated in the deprivation of my rights while assigned as, Peace Officers.” Id. at 5. Plaintiff
11 lists the alleged violations suffered as “8th Amendment ‘cruel and unusual punishment,’ 1st
12 Amendment ‘Denial of Veterans Affairs Mail,’ [and] 14th Amendment ‘due process.’” Id. at 3.
13 In his statement of facts, plaintiff alleges that on May 4, 2019, officers Lambert and
14 Howard abandoned their post and allowed drunk inmates to assault “several inmates.” Id. He
15 alleges that on May 22, 2019, officers Howard, Becerra, and Maldanodo “denied the right to
16 correspond legally with Warden Eldridge.” Id. He alleges that on June 24, 2019, Sargent Gomez
17 ordered multiple officers to use physical force on plaintiff while sitting in a medical chair with his
18 hands behind his back. Id. Finally, he alleges that on July 12, 2019, Lt. Munoz covered up
19 misconduct with a false narrative and refused to view unit cameras. Id. Plaintiff alleges he has
20 “proof from Veterans Affairs on a disc that they sent me showing that 3 letters were defaced and
21 rejected” though it is unclear what allegation this proffered evidence supports. Id. Plaintiff
22 alleges the violations have caused monetary damages, and that he has suffered financial hardships
23 now that he is on parole. Id. at 6. He seeks six million dollars in damages “due to the fact that so
24 many staff intentionally deprived me of my due process rights with the VA.” Id.
25 III. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
26 Plaintiff’s complaint cannot be served at this time because it does not comply with Federal
27 Rule of Civil Procedure 8 and because it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
28 ////
1 A. Failure to Comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8
2 The complaint does not contain a “short and plain” statement setting forth the basis for
3 plaintiff’s entitlement to relief, or the relief that is sought, even though those things are required
4 by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1)-(3). The exact nature of what happened to plaintiff is unclear from the
5 complaint, which contains apparently disconnected events and circumstances that are not clearly
6 connected to any violations of law or the alleged damages. For example, plaintiff says he
7 suffered financial damages, but it is not clear where those damages come from or how they are
8 related to any of the apparently disconnected incidents listed in his complaint. The court cannot
9 tell from examining the complaint what legal wrong was done to plaintiff, by whom and when, or
10 how any alleged harm is connected to the relief plaintiff seeks.
11 B. Failure to State A Claim Upon Which Relief Can be Granted
12 Additionally, the complaint does not state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
13 Section 1983 “provides a cause of action for the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or
14 immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States.” Wilder v. Virginia Hosp.
15 Ass’n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Section 1983 is not itself a source
16 of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights conferred
17 elsewhere. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). To state a claim under Section
18 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or
19 laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a
20 person acting under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Ketchum
21 v. Alameda County, 811 F.2d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 1987).
22 As discussed above, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim
23 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual
24 allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
25 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Bell Atl.
26 Corp., 550 U.S. at 555 (2007)). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as
27 true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. Facial plausibility demands more
28 ////
1 than the mere possibility that a defendant committed misconduct and, while factual allegations
2 are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id. at 677-78.
3 1. Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishment
4 Plaintiff alleges he was subjected to cruel and und unusual punishment in violation of the
5 Eighth Amendment. ECF No. 1 at 3. “The Eighth Amendment proscribes the infliction of cruel
6 and unusual punishment on prisoners. To establish a viable claim of cruel and unusual
7 punishment and recover damages, a plaintiff must show: “(1) that the specific prison official, in
8 acting or failing to act, was deliberately indifferent to the mandates of the [E]ighth
9 [A]mendment[,] and (2) that this indifference was the actual and proximate cause of the
10 deprivation of the inmates’ [E]ighth [A]mendment right to be free from cruel and unusual
11 punishment.” Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 634 (9th Cir. 1988) (brackets added) (citation
12 omitted); see also Somers v. Thurman, 109 F.3d 614, 622 (9th Cir. 1997). Whether a particular
13 event or condition in fact constitutes ‘cruel and unusual punishment’ is gauged against “‘the
14 evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.’” Schwenk v.
15 Hartford, 204 F.3d 1187, 1196 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 8
16 (1992) ).
17 “To be cruel and unusual punishment, conduct that does not purport to be punishment at
18 all must involve more than ordinary lack of due care for the prisoner’s interests or safety.”
19 Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986). “It is obduracy and wantonness, not inadvertence
20 or error in good faith, that characterize the conduct prohibited by the Cruel and Unusual
21 Punishments Clause, whether that conduct occurs in connection with establishing conditions of
22 confinement, supplying medical needs, or restoring official control over a tumultuous cellblock.”
23 Whitley, 475 U.S. at 319. “After incarceration, only the unnecessary and wanton infliction of
24 pain ... constitutes cruel and unusual punishment forbidden by the Eighth Amendment.” Whitley,
25 475 U.S. at 319 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Ingraham v.
26 Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 670 (1977)).
27 Plaintiff’s complaint as drafted is devoid of any facts that could constitute an incidence of
28 cruel and unusual punishment. Plaintiff alleges that Sargent Gomez ordered multiple officers to
1 use physical force on him while he sat in a medical chair with his hands behind his back. ECF
2 No. 1 at 3. This allegation does not establish the kind of “wantonness” required to state an Eighth
3 Amendment claim. Plaintiff’s threadbare recitation of facts—which does not specify the orders
4 given, the type of force used, or the surrounding circumstances—fails to state a claim for
5 violation of his Eight Amendment rights.
6 2. First Amendment Denial of Mail
7 Plaintiff’s complaint lists “1st Amendment ‘Denial of Veterans Affairs Mail’” as a cause
8 of action. ECF No. 1 at 3. A prisoner has a First Amendment right to send and receive mail.
9 Witherow v. Paff, 52 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir. 1995), referencing Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S.
10 401, 407 (1989). However, this right is subject to limitations; a prison may adopt regulations
11 which impinge on an inmate’s constitutional rights if those regulations are “reasonably related to
12 legitimate penological interests.” Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987). “[S]ecurity, order,
13 and rehabilitation” are legitimate penological interests. Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 413
14 (1974). “When a prison regulation affects outgoing mail as opposed to incoming mail, there must
15 be a ‘closer fit between the regulation and the purpose it serves.’” Witherow, 52 F.3d at 265,
16 quoting Abbott, 490 U.S. at 412. Here, plaintiff’s allegations are too unclear to support a First
17 Amendment claim. The only fact listed in the complaint that appears to relate to this cause of
18 action is that plaintiff received a disc from Veterans Affairs showing that “3 letters were defaced
19 and rejected.” Id. at 5. It is unclear from the complaint whether plaintiff is referring to letters
20 that he attempted to send or letters that he was supposed to receive, or who allegedly defaced and
21 rejected the letters. Plaintiff’s threadbare allegations do not support a First Amendment claim.
22 3. Fourteenth Amendment Due Process
23 Plaintiff summarily alleges a Fourteenth Amendment due process violation. ECF No. 1 at
24 3. Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the state cannot “deprive any
25 person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. A
26 due process claim requires a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest. Ingraham v.
27 Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 672 (1977). “Constitutionally protected liberty interests can arise under
28 either state law or the Due Process Clause.” Duffy v. Riveland, 98 F.3d 447, 456-57 (9th Cir.
1 1996) (citing Hernandez v. Johnston, 833 F.2d 1316, 1318 (9th Cir. 1987). State prisoners have a
2 protected liberty interest in their personal property, subject to due process protections. Hansen v.
3 May, 502 F.2d 728, 730 (9th Cir. 1974). Here, however, it is unclear what incident plaintiff
4 alleges constitutes a violation of his due process rights. Plaintiff’s threadbare complaint does not
5 provide enough facts to allege a claim for a Fourteenth Amendment due process violation.
6 Rather than recommending dismissal of the action, the undersigned will provide plaintiff
7 an opportunity to amend his complaint to provide facts sufficient to state a cognizable cause of
8 action.
9 IV. AMENDING THE COMPLAINT
10 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, the amended complaint must contain a short
11 and plain statement of plaintiff’s claims, including facts supporting each individual claim for
12 relief. The allegations of the complaint must be set forth in sequentially numbered paragraphs,
13 with each paragraph number being one greater than the one before, each paragraph having its own
14 number, and no paragraph number being repeated anywhere in the complaint. Each paragraph
15 should be limited “to a single set of circumstances” where possible. Rule 10(b). As noted above,
16 forms are available to help plaintiffs organize their complaint in the proper way. They are
17 available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200), Sacramento, CA 95814, or
18 online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms.
19 Plaintiff must avoid excessive repetition of the same allegations. Plaintiff must avoid
20 narrative and storytelling. That is, the complaint should not include every detail of what
21 happened, nor recount the details of conversations (unless necessary to establish the claim), nor
22 give a running account of plaintiff’s hopes and thoughts. Rather, the amended complaint should
23 contain only those facts needed to show how each defendant legally wronged the plaintiff.
24 The amended complaint must not force the court and the defendants to guess at what is
25 being alleged against whom. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 1996)
26 (affirming dismissal of a complaint where the district court was “literally guessing as to what
27 facts support the legal claims being asserted against certain defendants”). The amended
28 complaint must not require the court to spend its time “preparing the ‘short and plain statement’
1 which Rule 8 obligated plaintiffs to submit.” Id. at 1180. The amended complaint must not
2 require the court and defendants to prepare lengthy outlines “to determine who is being sued for
3 what.” Id. at 1179.
4 Also, the amended complaint must not refer to a prior pleading to make plaintiff’s
5 amended complaint complete. An amended complaint must be complete without reference to any
6 prior pleading. Local Rule 220. This is because, as a general rule, an amended complaint
7 supersedes the original complaint. See Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. Linkline Communications, Inc.,
8 555 U.S. 438, 456 n.4 (2009) (“[n]ormally, an amended complaint supersedes the original
9 complaint”) (citing 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1476, pp. 556-57
10 (2d ed. 1990)). Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original complaint, each claim and
11 the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged.
12 V. PRO SE PLAINTIFF’S SUMMARY
13 It is not clear that this case can proceed. The court cannot tell from your complaint what
14 legal harm was done to you. Because the complaint as written does not clearly tell the court what
15 was done to you, by whom and when, the court cannot tell if you are able to make any legal
16 claims. Because of this, your complaint will not be served on defendants. Your lawsuit cannot
17 proceed unless you fix the problems with your complaint.
18 You are being given 30 days to submit an amended complaint that provides a proper basis
19 for federal jurisdiction. If you submit an amended complaint, it needs to explain in simple terms
20 what laws or legal rights of yours were violated, by whom and how, and how those violations
21 impacted each plaintiff. Without this information, the court cannot tell what legal claims you are
22 trying to bring against the defendants. If you do not submit an amended complaint by the
23 deadline, the undersigned will recommend that the case be dismissed.
24 VI. CONCLUSION
25 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
26 1. Plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED;
27 2. Plaintiff shall have 30 days from the date of this order to file an amended complaint that
28 provides sufficient facts to state legal claims, as discussed above. If plaintiff fails to
] timely comply with this order, the undersigned may recommend that this action be
2 dismissed.
3 || DATED: January 9, 2023 ~
4 Mten—lhinee
ALLISON CLAIRE
5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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