“We are specifically directed to construe pro se pleadings liberally. This duty 19 applies equally to pro se motions and with special force to filings from pro se inmates.” (internal 20 quotation marks and citations omitted)
How later courts described this case
- “We are specifically directed to construe pro se pleadings liberally. This duty 19 applies equally to pro se motions and with special force to filings from pro se inmates.” (internal 20 quotation marks and citations omitted)
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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8 SERGIO TORRES, No. 1:20-cv-01001-JLT-CDB (HC)
9 Petitioner, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO
DISMISS FIRST AMENDED PETITION
10 v. FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
11 ACTING WARDEN, (ECF Nos. 31, 34)
12 Respondent.
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14 Petitioner Sergio Torres is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a petition for writ of
15 habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. As the first amended petition was filed outside 28
16 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)’s one-year limitation period, the undersigned recommends dismissing the
17 first amended petition.
18 I.
19 BACKGROUND
20 On June 25, 2020, Petitioner filed a federal petition for writ of habeas corpus in the
21 United States District Court for the Central District of California. (ECF No. 1.) On July 21, 2020,
22 the petition was transferred to the Eastern District. (ECF No. 5.) On August 4, 2020, the Court
23 conducted a preliminary review of the petition, found that it failed to present any cognizable
24 grounds for relief, and dismissed the petition with leave to file an amended petition. On August
25 24, 2020, Petitioner filed what appeared to be an opposition to a motion to dismiss, which the
26 Court disregarded. (ECF Nos. 8, 12.) On October 26, 2020, the Court dismissed this action for
27 failure to comply with court orders and failure to prosecute in light of Petitioner’s alleged failure
to file a first amended petition. (ECF Nos. 14, 16.)
1 On February 1, 2022, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted a certificate of
2 appealability as to “whether the district court properly dismissed appellant’s habeas proceedings
3 for failure to prosecute after concluding appellant had not filed an amended 28 U.S.C. § 2254
4 petition, in light of appellant’s submission to the district court on August 24, 2020 that included,
5 at pages 26–31, a copy of the requested amended § 2254 petition.” (ECF No. 26 at 1.)1 On March
6 17, 2022, the Ninth Circuit vacated the judgment and remanded for further proceedings. (ECF
7 No. 27.)
8 On July 7, 2022, this Court directed the Clerk of Court to file Petitioner’s August 24,
9 2020 submission as the first amended petition (“FAP”) and conducted a preliminary review of
10 the FAP. (ECF No. 32.) Based on what the Court was able to comprehend, it appeared that the
11 FAP challenged the sentencing enhancements imposed by the Merced County Superior Court for
12 Petitioner’s 1998 escaping from court without force conviction on the grounds of double
13 jeopardy, prosecutorial error, and ineffective assistance of counsel. (ECF No. 31 at 26, 29–30.)
14 Accordingly, the Court ordered Petitioner to show cause why the FAP should not be dismissed as
15 untimely. (ECF No. 32.) On August 12, 2022, Petitioner submitted a document entitled “First
16 Amended Petition,” (ECF No. 34), which the Court construes as a response to the Court’s order
17 to show cause and a supplement to the FAP. See United States v. Qazi, 975 F.3d 989, 992–93
18 (9th Cir. 2020) (“We are specifically directed to construe pro se pleadings liberally. This duty
19 applies equally to pro se motions and with special force to filings from pro se inmates.” (internal
20 quotation marks and citations omitted)); Allen v. Calderon, 408 F.3d 1150, 1153 (9th Cir. 2005)
21 (“[T]he district court must construe pro se habeas filings liberally.”).
22 II.
23 DISCUSSION
24 Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases requires preliminary review of a
25 habeas petition and allows a district court to dismiss a petition before the respondent is ordered
26 to file a response, if it “plainly appears from the petition and any attached exhibits that the
27 petitioner is not entitled to relief in the district court.”
1 A. Statute of Limitations
2 On April 24, 1996, Congress enacted the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
3 of 1996 (“AEDPA”). AEDPA imposes various requirements on all petitions for writ of habeas
4 corpus filed after the date of its enactment. Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320 (1997); Jeffries v.
5 Wood, 114 F.3d 1484, 1499 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc). The FAP here was filed after the
6 enactment of AEDPA and is therefore governed by its provisions. AEDPA imposes a one-year
7 period of limitation on petitioners seeking to file a federal petition for writ of habeas corpus. 28
8 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).
9 Section 2244(d) provides:
10 (1) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a
writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the
11 judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall run from the
latest of –
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(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the
13 conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for
seeking such review;
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(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application
15 created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws
of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented
16 from filing by such State action;
17 (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was
initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been
18 newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
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(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or
20 claims presented could have been discovered through the
exercise of due diligence.
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22 1. Commencement of Limitation Period
23 In most cases, the limitation period begins running on the date that the petitioner’s direct
24 review became final. Petitioner appears to contend that he is entitled to a later commencement of
25 the limitation period due to various court decisions that were issued after his conviction became
26 final. Specifically, Petitioner has cited in his FAP and his recently-filed “First Amended
27 Petition” to Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270 (2007), Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.
1 (2020). (ECF No. 31 at 7, 9, 15; ECF No. 34 at 1, 4.)
2 A modification or clarification of state law does not constitute an “impediment” under 28
3 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(B) or a “factual predicate” under § 2244(d)(1)(D) that would warrant a later
4 commencement of the limitation period. Shannon v. Newland, 410 F.3d 1083, 1087–89 (9th Cir.
5 2005). In Shannon, the Ninth Circuit found that the “text of § 2244(d)(1)(B) cannot bear [the]
6 construction” that “[w]henever a state court clarified its own substantive or procedural law, any
7 prisoner convicted under the understanding of the state’s legal standard or procedure previously
8 prevailing in state courts—no matter how long ago he was convicted—would be free to file a
9 federal habeas petition.” Id. at 1088. Shannon also noted that “[i]f a change in (or clarification
10 of) state law, by a state court, in a case in which [a petitioner] was not a party, could qualify as a
11 ‘factual predicate,’ then the term ‘factual’ would be meaningless” and “would create a large
12 loophole in AEDPA’s scheme to promote finality.” Id. at 1088, 1089. Thus, the California
13 Supreme Court’s In re Gadlin decision does not warrant a later commencement of the limitation
14 period pursuant to § 2244(d)(1)(B) or § 2244(d)(1)(D).
15 Section 2244(d)(1)(C) provides that the one-year limitation period begins to run from the
16 date on which a “newly recognized” constitutional right, made retroactively applicable to cases
17 on collateral review, was initially recognized by the Supreme Court. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(C).
18 Petitioner has cited to Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270 (2007), Blakely v. Washington,
19 542 U.S. 296 (2004), and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), to support his claims.
20 However, Cunningham does not warrant a later commencement of the limitation period because
21 “Cunningham . . . did not announce a new rule of constitutional law.” Butler v. Curry, 528 F.3d
22 624, 639 (9th Cir. 2008). Blakely also does not warrant a later commencement because the “rule
23 in Blakely v. Washington . . . does not apply retroactively to a conviction that was final before
24 that decision was announced.” Schardt v. Payne, 414 F.3d 1025, 1038 (9th Cir. 2005). Apprendi
25 similarly does not warrant a later commencement because “Apprendi does not apply
26 retroactively to cases on initial collateral review.” United States v. Sanchez-Cervantes, 282 F.3d
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1 664, 671 (9th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, the Court finds that § 2244(d)(1)(C) is inapplicable.2
2 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that § 2244(d)(1)(A) is applicable in the instant
3 case, and the limitation period began running on the date that Petitioner’s direct review became
4 final. It is unclear when direct review became final. The FAP states that the date of judgment of
5 conviction was April 10, 1998.3
6 2. Statutory and Equitable Tolling
7 The “time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other
8 collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted
9 toward” the one-year limitation period. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Here, Petitioner states that he
10 filed a state habeas petition in the Merced County Superior Court, which was denied on June 29,
11 2020. (ECF No. 31 at 27–28.) However, § 2244(d) “does not permit the reinitiation of the
12 limitations period that has ended before the state petition was filed.” Ferguson v. Palmateer, 321
13 F.3d 820, 823 (9th Cir. 2003). Although it is unclear when direct review became final, as the
14 state habeas petition was denied twenty-two years after Petitioner’s conviction, the Court
15 presumes that the limitation period ended before the state habeas petition was filed. Accordingly,
16 Petitioner is not entitled to statutory tolling.
17 The limitation period also is subject to equitable tolling if the petitioner demonstrates
18 “‘(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary
19 circumstance stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.” Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631,
20 649 (2010) (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005)). Petitioner bears the burden
21 of alleging facts that would give rise to tolling. Holland, 560 U.S. at 649; Pace, 544 U.S. at 418.
22 Although given the opportunity, Petitioner did not provide the Court with information regarding
23 any extraordinary circumstance that prevented Petitioner from filing the petition earlier.
24 Accordingly, as Petitioner has not demonstrated that statutory or equitable tolling is warranted,
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2 Moreover, even if § 2244(d)(1)(C) applies, the FAP would nevertheless be untimely because Petitioner did not file
26 his federal habeas corpus petition, or any state post-conviction or collateral challenge, within one year of the dates
that Cunningham, Blakely, and Apprendi were decided.
3 The FAP also states that Petitioner sought review of the judgment in the court of appeal and lists the dates of the
27 results as July 20, 2020, and April 1, 1996. (ECF No. 31 at 27.) However, as the dates of these results either pre-date
the judgment or occurred twenty-two years after the judgment, the Court presumes that they do not refer to any
1 the FAP is untimely and should be dismissed.
2 B. Supplement to the FAP
3 In Petitioner’s August 12, 2022 submission, which the Court has construed as a
4 supplement to the FAP, Petitioner cites to In re Gadlin, 10 Cal. 5th 915 (2020). (ECF No. 34 at
5 1.) Gadlin concerned California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”)
6 regulations that “excluded from nonviolent offender parole consideration any inmate who is
7 convicted of a sexual offense that currently requires or will require registration as a sex offender
8 under the Sex Offender Registration Act.” 10 Cal. 5th at 919 (internal quotation mark and
9 citation omitted). As these regulations “treat[ed] all individuals with convictions for registerable
10 sex offenses as categorically ineligible for parole, even when the Department’s own regulations
11 classify those inmates as having been convicted of a nonviolent felony,” the California Supreme
12 Court found the regulations to be “inconsistent with the [state] Constitution as amended by
13 Proposition 57.” Id. at 943. Gadlin held that “nonviolent offender parole eligibility must be based
14 on an inmate’s current conviction” and that “an inmate may not be excluded from nonviolent
15 offender parole consideration based on a current conviction for a registerable felony offense that
16 the Department’s regulations have defined as nonviolent.” Id.
17 To the extent that Petitioner contends that he is entitled to federal habeas relief based on
18 Gadlin, the Court finds that such a claim is noncognizable. By statute, federal courts “shall
19 entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to
20 the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the
21 Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). A claim falls within
22 the “core of habeas corpus” when a prisoner challenges “the fact or duration of his confinement”
23 and “seeks either immediate release from that confinement or the shortening of its duration.”
24 Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 489 (1973). The Ninth Circuit has adopted the rule that a
25 “state prisoner’s claim [that] does not lie at ‘the core of habeas corpus’ . . . must be brought, ‘if at
26 all,’ under § 1983.” Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 934 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (quoting
27 Preiser, 411 U.S. at 487; Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 535 n.13 (2011)). Therefore, if
1 from confinement, [Petitioner]’s claim does not fall within ‘the core of habeas corpus,’ and he
2 must instead bring his claim under § 1983.” Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935 (quoting Skinner, 562 U.S.
3 at 535 n.13).
4 Gadlin concerned CDCR regulations that were a “precondition to parole consideration.”
5 10 Cal. 5th at 943 (emphasis added). The California Supreme Court cautioned that its decision in
6 Gadlin “does not require the release on parole of any inmate.” Id. at 920. Rather, the “evaluation
7 of an inmate’s suitability for parole and the processes involved in conducting that evaluation
8 remain squarely within the purview of the Department and the Board of Parole Hearings.” Id.
9 Therefore, any relief Petitioner may be entitled to based on Gadlin would not necessarily lead to
10 his immediate or earlier release from confinement. Assuming that Gadlin renders Petitioner
11 eligible for a parole suitability hearing, it would not necessarily lead to a grant of parole because
12 under California law, the parole board must consider all relevant reliable information in
13 determining suitability for parole and has the authority to deny parole on the basis of any
14 grounds presently available to it. See Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935. As success on Petitioner’s claims
15 based on Gadlin would not necessarily lead to his immediate or earlier release from confinement,
16 these claims do not fall within “the core of habeas corpus,” and thus, are not cognizable in
17 federal habeas corpus. See Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935.
18 “If the complaint is amenable to conversion on its face, meaning that it names the correct
19 defendants and seeks the correct relief, the court may recharacterize the petition so long as it
20 warns the pro se litigant of the consequences of the conversion and provides an opportunity for
21 the litigant to withdraw or amend his or her complaint.” Nettles, 830 F.3d at 936 (quoting Glaus
22 v. Anderson, 408 F.3d 382, 388 (7th Cir. 2005)). The Court notes that habeas corpus and
23 prisoner civil rights actions differ in a variety of respects, such as the proper defendants, filing
24 fees, exhaustion requirements, and restrictions on future filings (e.g., the Prison Litigation
25 Reform Act’s three-strikes rule). Nettles, 830 F.3d at 936 (citing Robinson v. Sherrod, 631 F.3d
26 839, 841 (7th Cir. 2011); Glaus, 408 F.3d at 388).
27 Due to these differences and the disadvantages that recharacterization may have on
1 | supplement to the FAP as a civil rights complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Court notes that
2 | the filing fee for § 1983 civil rights cases is $350, and Petitioner is required to pay the full
3 | amount by way of deductions from income to Petitioner’s trust account, even if granted in forma
4 | pauperis status. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). Additionally, it is unclear whether Petitioner has
5 | exhausted his Gadlin claim. This conclusion, however, does not preclude Petitioner from
6 | pursuing his claims in a properly filed civil action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
7 Il.
8 RECOMMENDATION & ORDER
9 Accordingly, the undersigned HEREBY RECOMMENDS that the FAP (ECF No. 31)
10 | and supplement to the FAP (ECF No. 34) be DISMISSED as untimely and for failure to state a
11 | cognizable federal habeas claim.
12 This Findings and Recommendation is submitted to the assigned United States District
13 | Court Judge, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the Local
14 | Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. Within
15 | THIRTY (30) days after service of the Findings and Recommendation, Petitioner may file
16 | written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be
17 | captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” The assigned
18 | United States District Court Judge will then review the Magistrate Judge’s ruling pursuant to 28
19 | U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified
20 | time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d
21 | 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).
22
73 IT IS SO ORDERED.
24| Dated: _October 12, 2022 _
05 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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