on Rule 12(b)(6) motion, court is “not required 12 to accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in the 13 complaint.”
How later courts described this case
- on Rule 12(b)(6) motion, court is “not required 12 to accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in the 13 complaint.”
- “The California prison system’s requirements ‘define the boundaries of proper 3 exhaustion’ ” (quoting Jones, 549 U.S. at 218)
- “§ 1997e(a)’s exhaustion requirement applies to all prisoners 14 seeking redress for prison circumstances or occurrences”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 CARLTON DWAYNE FIELDS, No. 2:21-cv-00548-KJM-EFB P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14 SECRETARY OF CDCR, et al.,
15 Defendants.
16
17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed this civil rights action pursuant to 42
18 U.S.C. § 1983. This action proceeds on plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) alleging
19 that officials at High Desert State Prison (“HDSP”) violated his Eighth Amendment rights with
20 respect to the Covid-19 virus. ECF No. 14; see ECF No. 15 (screening order finding SAC to state
21 potentially viable claims against the Secretary of the California Department of Corrections and
22 Rehabilitation (“CDCR”), the Warden of HDSP, and the Chief Medical Officer (“CMO”) at
23 HDSP).
24 Before the Court is defendants’ motion to dismiss the SAC under Rule 12(b)(6) and (b)(1)
25 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to exhaust administrative remedies and,
26 alternatively, for failure to state a claim; defendants also assert immunity defenses. ECF No. 25,
27 (“MTD”). Plaintiff has filed an opposition, and defendants have filed a reply. ECF Nos. 28 &
28 29. For the reasons discussed below, the defendants’ motion to dismiss must be granted.
1 I. Rule 12(b)(6) Standard
2 To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint
3 must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible
4 on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). In considering a motion to dismiss,
5 the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v.
6 Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most
7 favorable to the party opposing the motion, and resolve all doubts in the pleader’s favor. Jenkins
8 v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421, reh’g denied, 396 U.S. 869 (1969).
9 The court may consider facts established by exhibits attached to the complaint. Durning
10 v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 1267 (9th Cir. 1987); see also Steckman v. Hart Brewing
11 Co., Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1295-96 (9th Cir. 1998) (on Rule 12(b)(6) motion, court is “not required
12 to accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in the
13 complaint.”) The court may also consider facts which may be judicially noticed, Mullis v. United
14 States Bankruptcy Ct., 828 F.2d 1385, 1388 (9th Cir. 1987); and matters of public record,
15 including pleadings, orders, and other papers filed with the court, Mack v. South Bay Beer
16 II. The SAC
17 Plaintiff alleges that he “contracted Covid-19 as a result of [defendants’] refusal . . . to
18 take reasonable measures to abate it. The defendants . . . violated the plaintiff’s Eighth
19 Amendment right by subjecting him to . . . conditions that posed an unreasonable risk of harm
20 and . . . deliberate indifference to protect him from that harm.” SAC at 6.1
21 As to Defendant Secretary of CDCR, plaintiff alleges, he
22 was responsible for the for the transfer of the inmates who were
infected with Covid-19 at San Quentin to High Desert State
23 Prison[,] where plaintiff was housed. He was notified by [the]
inmate appeals process that plaintiff was at risk of severe
24 complications of Covid-19 due to High Blood Pressure, and that the
plaintiff requested immediate isolation and release. Despite his
25 knowledge of the transferring inmates being infected, and the
plaintiff’s plea for protection, he ordered the transfer of the
26
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27
28 1 Cited page numbers refer to the numbers assigned by the ECF docketing system.
1 [infected San Quentin] inmates to High Desert without properly
testing them. Due to his actions[,] the plaintiff contracted Covid-19
2 as a result.
3 SAC at 7.
4 Plaintiff alleges that defendant HDSP Warden was also responsible for the transfer of
5 infected inmates to HDSP. SAC at 7.
6 He was also notified by [the] inmate appeals process that the
plaintiff was at risk of severe complications [from] Covid-19 due to
7 Hypertension and that plaintiff was requesting single cell status and
release to protect him. Despite [this], [plaintiff] remained housed
8 with cellies who contracted Covid-19 and, as a result, plaintiff
contracted Covid-19 due to the failure of the Warden to release
9 [him] or at minimum place [him] in a single cell due to his need for
social distancing and his high-risk medical status.
10
11 SAC at 7-8.
12 As to the third defendant, the HDSP CMO, plaintiff alleges that he “is responsible for
13 [e]nsuring that those inmates who are at high risk from . . . Covid-19 be considered for single
14 cells status along with the warden.” SAC at 8. As with the other two defendants, plaintiff alleges
15 that the CMO was notified of his “high risk for complications” through the inmate appeals
16 process. Id.
17 His failure to properly test [and] isolate the incoming prisoners
from San Quentin and isolate [plaintiff] amounted to deliberate
18 indifference. His inaction directly caused the plaintiff to contract
Covid-19. Although [defendants] randomly tested inmates, inmates
19 were and are allowed to refuse testing[,] making the testing policies
inadequate. This led to plaintiff’s infection of Covid-19.
20
21 Id.
22 Plaintiff alleges that on or about January 5, 2021, the Covid-19 virus “entered the
23 population.” SAC at 14. According to attached medical records, plaintiff tested positive for
24 Covid-19 on January 5, 2021. Id. at 17. He claims that defendants’ actions amounted to
25 deliberate indifference under the Eight Amendment. Id. He seeks damages and an injunction
26 granting him single-cell status. Id. at 5.
27 /////
28 /////
1 III. Motion to Dismiss
2 A. Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies
3 Defendants assert that plaintiff’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies as to his
4 claims is clear from the face of the complaint. MTD at 10-15. In opposition, plaintiff asserts that
5 copies of health care grievances attached to the SAC show he did exhaust administrative remedies
6 “and no remedy was granted.” ECF No. 28 (“Opp.”) at 4.
7 1. Requirement to Exhaust CDCR Remedies
8 Because plaintiff is a prisoner suing over the conditions of his confinement, his claims are
9 subject to the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Under the PLRA,
10 “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or
11 any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until
12 such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Porter v.
13 Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 520 (2002) (“§ 1997e(a)’s exhaustion requirement applies to all prisoners
14 seeking redress for prison circumstances or occurrences”). “[T]hat language is ‘mandatory’: An
15 inmate ‘shall’ bring ‘no action’ (or said more conversationally, may not bring any action) absent
16 exhaustion of available administrative remedies.” Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 638 (2016)
17 (quoting Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 85 (2006)).
18 Failure to exhaust is “an affirmative defense the defendant must plead and prove.” Jones
19 v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 204, 216 (2007). “[T]he defendant’s burden is to prove that there was an
20 available administrative remedy, and that the prisoner did not exhaust that available remedy.”
21 Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1172 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). In the Ninth Circuit, a defendant
22 may raise the issue of administrative exhaustion in either (1) a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule
23 12(b)(6), in the rare event the failure to exhaust is clear on the face of the complaint, or (2) a
24 motion for summary judgment. Id. at 1169.
25 For exhaustion to be “proper,” a prisoner must comply with the prison’s procedural rules,
26 including deadlines, as a precondition to bringing suit in federal court. Woodford, 548 U.S. at 90
27 (“Proper exhaustion demands compliance with an agency’s deadlines and other critical procedural
28 rules.”). “[I]t is the prison’s requirements, and not the PLRA, that define the boundaries of
1 proper exhaustion.” Jones, 549 U.S. at 218; see also Marella v. Terhune, 568 F.3d 1024, 1027
2 (9th Cir. 2009) (“The California prison system’s requirements ‘define the boundaries of proper
3 exhaustion’ ” (quoting Jones, 549 U.S. at 218)).
4 As of June 1, 2020, a prisoner is required to follow the procedures set forth in California
5 Code of Regulations, title 15, sections 3480-3487. 2 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, §§ 3480-3487 (eff.
6 June 1, 2020). Inmates may submit a written grievance containing one or more claims, subject to
7 the requirements in section Cal. Code Regs., tit. 15, section 3482, to dispute a policy, decision,
8 action, condition, or omission by CDCR or CDCR staff that causes some measurable harm to the
9 inmate’s “health, safety, or welfare.” Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, §§ 3481(a), 3482, 3482(a)(1) and
10 (b), 3482(a)(2) and (c), 3485(a)-(b). The grievance process now has two levels of review. Id.
11 The new process requires the inmate to submit a grievance in writing to the Institutional Office of
12 Grievances (OOG) at the prison, reentry facility, or fire camp were they are housed within 30-
13 days. Id. The inmate shall submit the grievance on a form 602-1, if available, or by other means
14 provided by the institution. Id. If the inmate wishes to appeal the Institutional OOG decision,
15 they may do so in writing to the Office of Appeals (OOA) within 30-days. Id.
16 The inmate must describe all information known and available regarding the claim,
17 including key dates and times, names and titles of all involved staff (or descriptions of those staff
18 members), and names and titles of all witnesses to the best of the claimant’s knowledge. Cal.
19 Code Regs. tit. 15, §§ 3482(c)(2), 3482(c)(4), 3482(d)(3), 3485(d)(2), 3486(m), 3487, 3487(a).
20 Inmates must also include any and all supporting documents available. Id. Claims may be
21 rejected for any of the reasons provided in Cal. Code Regs., tit. 15, § 3487, including failure to
22 submit the claim within the applicable time frames, concerns an anticipated decision, duplicative,
23 claim concerns harm to someone other than the claimant, and the claim concerns the regulatory
24 framework of the grievance or appeal process itself. Id. Completion of the review process by the
25 Office of Appeals constitutes exhaustion of all administrative remedies available to a claimant.
26 /////
27
2 Plaintiff’s inmate grievance No. HDSP-HC2000-0502 was submitted on July 11, 2020.
28 SAC at 32.
1 Id. A claim is not exhausted if it was disallowed pursuant to subsections 3482(d)(3) or
2 3485(d)(3) or rejected pursuant to subsection 3487(a). Id.
3 2. Plaintiff’s Grievances
4 On July 11, 2020, plaintiff submitted grievance No. HDSP-HC2000-0502, which states:
5 “I am high risk medical due to hypertension and am at greater risk of contracting and adversely
6 suffering from the coronavirus. I’m seeking early release to protect myself.” SAC at 32.
7 This grievance was processed, and prison officials responded in writing. On October 28,
8 2020, the Headquarters’ Level Response identified the issue as “COVID-19 (Expedited Release)”
9 and noted that the grievance concerned “[e]arly release due to high medical risk of COVID-19.”
10 SAC at 29. The reviewer stated in part:
11 [CDCR] developed a COVID-19 Risk Score based upon the
likelihood of a person developing serious Covid-19 related illness. .
12 . . [Inmates] with a COVID-19 Risk Score of 4 or higher will
undergo additional custodial screening to determine which
13 individuals will qualify for expedited release. Because older people
are more likely to have COVID-19 complications, inmates ages 65
14 or older automatically have a COVID-19 risk score of 4. . . . Your
current risk score is 1. . . . If you are determined to be eligible for
15 release, you will be notified.
16 SAC at 30.3
17 Plaintiff’s grievance does not identify any of the named defendants, nor explain their
18 involvement in any alleged injury to plaintiff. It makes no mention of the transfer of allegedly
19 infected inmates from San Quentin to HDSP, nor of prison officials’ failure to adequately test
20 incoming inmates, which form the gravamen of the instant complaint. While the SAC asserts
21 plaintiff was harmed by contracting COVID-19 due to officials’ claimed indifference, the
22 grievance was submitted six months before plaintiff tested positive and does not identify any
23 injury to plaintiff as of the date of its filing. Rather, in this grievance, plaintiff seeks early release
24 due to his allegedly heightened risk of COVID-related complications (though the administrative
25 response contradicts this claim, noting that, in July 2020, plaintiff was assessed as being at low
26
27 3 A later medical record, dated January 6, 2021, states in part: “[Plaintiff] has a Covid
weighed risk score of 2 based on what is described as ischemic heart disease and hypertension
28 although records do not support this[.]” SAC at 27.
1 risk for COVID-related complications). Under CDCR regulations, this grievance cannot be said
2 to exhaust administrative remedies for the claims asserted in the SAC.
3 Plaintiff has attached a copy of a second grievance to the SAC, though it does not appear
4 to have been processed. Dated November 26, 2020, this grievance states:
5 Petitioner currently housed in [cell number] was just notified that
his prior cellie . . . tested positive for COVID-19.. Petitioner is
6 constantly forced to be housed with individuals that are now proven
to be carriers of the disease. Petitioner is 42 years old and has
7 hypertension making him more likely to suffer or die from COVID-
19. Also, the medical staff treat infected patients and then make
8 contact with the petitioner.
9 SAC at 34-35.
10 Assuming arguendo that this grievance was submitted and reviewed, it does not identify
11 any of the named defendants in this action, nor explain their involvement in plaintiff’s alleged
12 injury—or, more precisely, his risk of injury—as of the grievance date. It does not mention the
13 transfer of allegedly infected inmates from San Quentin, which forms the basis of the current
14 action. Rather, the grievance complains that unnamed, COVID-exposed medical staff are putting
15 plaintiff at risk of contracting the virus. Under CDCR regulations, this grievance is also
16 insufficient to exhaust administrative remedies as to claims in the SAC.
17 B. Failure To State a Claim
18 Defendants argue that the SAC fails to allege a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim against
19 any defendant. In opposition, plaintiff essentially reasserts his claims in the SAC.
20 1. Deliberate Indifference Standard
21 To prevail on a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) the violation of a
22 federal constitutional or statutory right; and (2) that the violation was committed by a person
23 acting under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Jones v. Williams,
24 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). An individual defendant is not liable on a civil rights claim
25 unless the facts establish the defendant’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation or
26 a causal connection between the defendant's wrongful conduct and the alleged constitutional
27 deprivation. See Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d
28 740, 743-44 (9th Cir. 1978).
1 Generally, deliberate indifference to a serious medical need presents a cognizable claim
2 for a violation of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
3 Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). According to Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 947
4 (1994), “deliberate indifference” to a serious medical need exists “if [the prison official] knows
5 that [the] inmate [ ] face[s] a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to
6 take reasonable measures to abate it.” Id. The deliberate indifference standard “is less stringent
7 in cases involving a prisoner's medical needs than in other cases involving harm to incarcerated
8 individuals because ‘the State's responsibility to provide inmates with medical care does not
9 conflict with competing administrative concerns.” McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1060 (9th
10 Cir. 1992) (quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992)), overruled on other grounds by
11 WMX Technologies, Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997).
12 Specifically, a determination of “deliberate indifference” involves two elements: (1) the
13 seriousness of the prisoner’s medical needs; and (2) the nature of the defendant’s responses to
14 those needs. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059.
15 First, a serious medical need exits if the failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could result
16 in further significant injury or the “unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Id. (citing Estelle,
17 429 U.S. at 104). Examples of instances where a prisoner has a “serious” need for medical
18 attention include the existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or patient would find
19 important and worthy of comment or treatment; the presence of a medical condition that
20 significantly affects an individual’s daily activities; or the existence of chronic and substantial
21 pain. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059-60 (citing Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1337-41 (9th
22 Cir. 1990).
23 Second, the nature of a defendant’s response must be such that the defendant purposefully
24 ignores or fails to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need in order for “deliberate
25 indifference” to be established. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060. Deliberate indifference may occur
26 when prison officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or may be
27 shown by the way in which prison physicians provide medical care.” Hutchinson v. United
28 States, 838 F.2d 390, 392 (9th Cir. 1988). In order for deliberate indifference to be established,
1 there must first be a purposeful act or failure to act on the part of the defendant and resulting
2 harm. See McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060. “A defendant must purposefully ignore or fail to
3 respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need in order for deliberate indifference to be
4 established.” Id. Second, there must be resulting harm from the defendant’s activities. Id. The
5 needless suffering of pain may be sufficient to demonstrate further harm. Clement v. Gomez, 298
6 F.3d 898, 904 (9th Cir. 2002).
7 2. The SAC
8 Plaintiff alleges in the SAC that he was “at risk of severe complications [from] Covid-19
9 due to high blood pressure,” and that this allegedly heightened risk entitled him to single-cell
10 status or early release from prison. SAC at 7. Plaintiff’s claim that he was at especially high risk
11 of harm from the Covid-19 virus is contradicted by documents attached to complaint, which
12 indicate that plaintiff’s assessed Covid-19 risk score was low, making him ineligible for
13 heightened Covid-related precautions (in contrast to elderly prisoners or those with serious
14 illnesses). Id. at 30. Although plaintiff understandably feared contracting Covid-19, he has not
15 alleged a serious medical condition (other than ordinary susceptibility to infection by a highly
16 contagious virus) under the two-pronged test for medical indifference.
17 Because plaintiff’s allegations concern housing and custody decisions, the court also
18 reviews his allegations under the general Eighth Amendment standard applicable to non-medical
19 claims. A prison official violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual
20 punishment “only when two requirements”—one objective, one subjective—“are met.” Farmer,
21 511 U.S. at 834. Under the objective prong, the inmate must show he is incarcerated under
22 conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm. Id. at 833, 837. “[T]here is no question that
23 an inmate can face a substantial risk of serious harm in prison from COVID-19 if a prison does
24 not take adequate measures to counter the spread of the virus. Courts have long recognized that
25 conditions posing an elevated chance of exposure to an infectious disease can pose a substantial
26 risk of serious harm.” Chunn v. Edge, 465 F. Supp. 3d 168, 200 (E.D.N.Y 2020).
27 Here, plaintiff has not alleged that he was housed with any of the transferred San Quentin
28 inmates who allegedly were infected with Covid-19. It is not clear what contact, if any, he had
1 with them. Plaintiff does allege that, for some unspecified period, he “remained housed with
2 cellies who contracted Covid-19, as a result the plaintiff contracted Covid-19[.]” SAC at 7.
3 While this allegation lacks precision, construing it in plaintiff’s favor it is sufficient to plead an
4 objective risk of substantial harm.
5 However, turning to prong two, deliberate indifference, plaintiff has not causally linked
6 the named defendants to his alleged harm: contracting Covid-19 in or around January 2021. See
7 Johnson v. Allison, No. 2:21-cv-0828 KJN P, 2022 WL 1444409, *8 (E.D. Cal. May 6, 2022)
8 (plaintiff “fails to set forth facts demonstrating that he became infected with COVID-19 as a
9 result of [his] housing rather than as a result of being previously exposed to COVID-19” and thus
10 fails to plead a cognizable civil rights claim).
11 Nor do plaintiff’s allegations, if taken as true, show that HDSP’s Covid-19 protocols
12 amounted to deliberate indifference. The SAC and attached documents indicate that these
13 protocols included frequent assessments of each inmate’s risk of serious Covid-related
14 complications and the random testing of inmates transferred from San Quentin. SAC at 8. In
15 response to plaintiff’s grievance, a non-defendant prison official noted that any inmate that
16 showed symptoms of Covid-19 would be tested for the virus. Id. at 30. Plaintiff’s wish for more
17 rigorous protocols, and/or his preference to be single-celled or released from prison due to the
18 pandemic, are insufficient to plead deliberate indifference under the Eighth Amendment. See
19 Chunn, 465 F. Supp. 3d at 204 (petitioners could not meet objective prong of deliberate
20 indifference standard in light of prison’s extensive countermeasures, which showed officials were
21 “taking the threat of COVID-19 seriously . . . rather than consciously turning a blind eye to any
22 known danger”); Grinis v. Spaulding, 459 F. Supp. 3d 289, 292 (D. Mass. 2020) (“These
23 affirmative steps may or may not be the best possible response to the threat of COVID-19 within
24 the institution, but they undermine an argument that the respondents have been actionably
25 deliberately indifferent to the health risks of inmates.”).
26 /////
27 /////
28 /////
] In sum, plaintiff has failed to plead a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim against any
2 || defendant. The undersigned will recommend that defendants’ motion to dismiss the SAC be
3 | granted.4
4 | IV. Recommendation
5 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendants’ motion to dismiss
6 || (ECF No. 25) be granted and the Clerk of the Court be directed to close this case.
7 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
8 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days
9 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
10 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned
11 || “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Failure to file objections
12 || within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v.
13 || Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
14 | Dated: June 15, 2022.
15 Eg Vente, 4 ub LM AL
16 EDMUND F. BRENNAN
4 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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Q_—_ x Soda
“Tn light of the foregoing the court does not reach defendants’ qualified immunity
28 argument.
11