a complaint violates Rule 8 if a 7 defendant would have difficulty understanding and responding to the complaint
How later courts described this case
- a complaint violates Rule 8 if a 7 defendant would have difficulty understanding and responding to the complaint
- treating suits against federal agencies and officials in their official capacity the same 22 as suits against the United States
- “It is 6 axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of 7 consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 NYASIA PEREIRA, No. 2:22–cv–0073–KJM–KJN PS
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, (ECF No. 5)
15 Defendant.
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17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding without counsel in this action, again requests leave to proceed
18 in forma pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 5.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement
19 of an action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees).
20 The court found plaintiff’s original complaint unsuitable for service, explained the defects in that
21 complaint, and granted leave for plaintiff to amend. (ECF No. 3.) The court also denied without
22 prejudice plaintiff’s prior request to proceed IFP due to failure to complete the necessary portions
23 of the form affidavit. (Id.)
24 Plaintiff renews her IFP application and files an amended complaint which is now before
25 the court for re-screening under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). (ECF Nos. 4, 5.) Because plaintiff’s
26 affidavit makes the required financial showing, plaintiff’s IFP request is granted. However,
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1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to
28 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72.
1 because the amended complaint does not cure the previously identified defects, it is still not
2 suitable for service; and the court grants plaintiff one more opportunity to amend.
3 Legal Standards
4 Under the IFP statute, the court must screen the complaint and dismiss any claims that are
5 “frivolous or malicious,” fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seek monetary
6 relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Further, the federal court has an
7 independent duty to ensure it has subject matter jurisdiction in the case. See United Investors
8 Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004).
9 Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a pleading be “(1) a short
10 and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction . . . ; (2) a short and plain statement
11 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief; and (3) a demand for the relief sought,
12 which may include relief in the alternative or different types of relief.” Each allegation must be
13 simple, concise, and direct. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1).
14 A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient
15 facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir.
16 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “naked
17 assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
18 action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). In other words,
19 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
20 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, relief
21 cannot be granted for a claim that lacks facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim
22 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
23 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
24 at 678.
25 When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted,
26 the court must accept the well-pled factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94
27 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan v.
28 Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986). The court is not, however, required to accept as true
1 “conclusory [factual] allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint,”
2 or “legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Paulsen v.
3 CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009).
4 In addition, the court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject
5 matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). A federal district court generally has jurisdiction
6 over a civil action when (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the
7 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of
8 citizenship between the parties and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C.
9 §§ 1331, 1332(a).
10 Pleadings by self-represented litigants are liberally construed. See Haines v. Kerner, 404
11 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972); Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988).
12 Unless it is clear that no amendment can cure the defects of a complaint, a self-represented
13 plaintiff proceeding IFP is ordinarily entitled to notice and an opportunity to amend before
14 dismissal. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other
15 grounds by statute as stated in Lopez, 203 F.3d 1122; Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1230
16 (9th Cir. 1984). Nevertheless, leave to amend need not be granted when further amendment
17 would be futile. See Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996).
18 Analysis
19 Despite this court’s detailed explanation of the need for plaintiff to correct two major
20 problems with the original complaint (ECF No. 3 at 4-6), the amended complaint looks almost
21 identical to the original. The amended complaint still (1) contains far too little information to
22 state a claim for relief, and (2) attempts to sue an immune defendant. The court reiterates its prior
23 analysis and provides plaintiff this final opportunity to address both problems if she wishes to
24 proceed with this case.
25 1. Insufficient Statement of the Claim
26 As before, the biggest problem is that the amended complaint does not give any
27 description at all of the events giving rise to this suit. Rule 8 requires a “short and plain
28 statement” of (1) the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction and (2) the claim showing that plaintiff is
1 entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)
2 (purpose of these pleading requirements is to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim
3 is and the grounds upon which it rests” (cleaned up)).
4 Plaintiff’s amended form complaint contains only slightly more information than the
5 original complaint. Instead of referencing only the Fourteenth Amendment, plaintiff now
6 references both the Fourth and the Fourteenth Amendments as the basis for this court’s
7 jurisdiction. (ECF No. 4 at 4.) The amended complaint now includes text in the section for
8 Statement of Claim, but the text does not describe what happened to plaintiff to give rise to this
9 lawsuit. Plaintiff states she is “sent by God to get vaccine mandate removed[.] This mandate
10 violates 14th Amendment in violating bodily integrity. Also complaint against violation of
11 internet data privacy.” (Id. at 5.) As her request for relief, plaintiff repeats these generalities:
12 “Violation of 14th Amendment forcing me to get vaccine. Invading privacy on websites.” (Id.
13 at 6.) The amended complaint does not include any other information.
14 Although the amended complaint now reveals the general subjects that plaintiff wishes to
15 challenge through this suit, it still does not describe what actually happened to plaintiff to violate
16 her constitutional rights, nor does it state what relief plaintiff would like to obtain through this
17 suit. For instance, plaintiff does not describe what “vaccine mandate” she is referring to, who
18 issued such mandate, or when and where it was applied to her so as to cause her harm. This basic
19 information is required to satisfy Rule 8, and to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim under
20 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Any second amended complaint must specify what happened to plaintiff,
21 when it happened, who was involved, how plaintiff was harmed, and what damages or other relief
22 plaintiff is seeking through this suit. Plaintiff is welcome to use additional pages to explain these
23 details, beyond the space provided in the complaint form; however, the statement of the claim
24 should be kept relatively “short.”
25 2. Sovereign Immunity
26 The other continuing problem with the complaint is that plaintiff is seeking to sue an
27 immune defendant: the United States. The original complaint named the “United States Federal
28 Government” as the defendant. (ECF No. 1 at 1, 2.) The amended complaint now lists the
1 “United States of America” as the sole defendant. (ECF No. 4 at 1, 2, 4.) Although plaintiff uses
2 slightly different words, she is still attempting to sue the United States for supposed constitutional
3 violations—which, as explained in the previous order, is not allowed.
4 To reiterate, claims against the United States and its agencies are generally barred by the
5 doctrine of sovereign immunity. See United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983) (“It is
6 axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of
7 consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction.”). In order to assert a claim against the United States,
8 the claimant “has the burden of ‘demonstrating an unequivocal waiver of immunity.’” United
9 States v. Park Place Assocs., Ltd., 563 F.3d 907, 924 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Cunningham v.
10 United States, 786 F.2d 1445, 1446 (9th Cir. 1986)).
11 Although it is unknown what precise claim plaintiff is asserting, or what relief she seeks,
12 plaintiff clearly invokes the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution as the
13 basis for this suit. However, “the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity in actions
14 seeking damages for constitutional violations.” Thomas–Lazear v. F.B.I., 851 F.2d 1202, 1207
15 (9th Cir. 1988). The same is true for actions seeking an injunction to restrain the United States or
16 its agencies. See Midwest Growers Co-op. Corp. v. Kirkemo, 533 F.2d 455, 465 (9th Cir. 1976)
17 (“It is well established that suits to enjoin the United States or its agencies, like damage suits,
18 cannot be maintained unless the Government first consents.”). Thus, plaintiff cannot bring a
19 Fourth or Fourteenth Amendment claim against the United States, or against a federal agency or
20 federal officials in their official capacity. See Sierra Club v. Whitman, 268 F.3d 898, 901 (9th
21 Cir. 2001) (treating suits against federal agencies and officials in their official capacity the same
22 as suits against the United States).
23 Still, plaintiff could conceivably proceed with what is known as a “Bivens” claim seeking
24 damages against an individual officer or employee of the federal government, in their individual
25 capacity, for deprivation of constitutional rights. See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of
26 Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971); F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 484-86 (1994)
27 (holding that Bivens action lies against federal agents, but not federal agencies).
28 ///
1 Plaintiff will therefore be granted one more opportunity to amend the complaint to assert a
2 cause of action against a federal agent or other individual government employee—as opposed to
3 the United States itself. Again, plaintiff is reminded that any amended complaint must assert with
4 some degree of specificity what overt acts that individual government agent or employee engaged
5 in, and how they harmed plaintiff. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen.
6 Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1058 (9th Cir. 2011) (a complaint violates Rule 8 if a
7 defendant would have difficulty understanding and responding to the complaint); Jones v.
8 Community Redev. Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984). In addition, plaintiff must
9 identify what specific Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment right(s) of hers were allegedly violated.
10 Leave to Amend
11 In light of plaintiff’s self-represented status, and because it is at least conceivable that
12 plaintiff could allege facts to invoke this court’s jurisdiction and potentially state a claim, the
13 court grants plaintiff a final opportunity to further amend the complaint. See Lopez, 203 F.3d
14 at 1130 (“leave to amend should be granted if it appears at all possible that the plaintiff can
15 correct the defect”) (cleaned up).
16 Plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior complaint or other filing in order
17 to make the second amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended
18 complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. As a general rule, an
19 amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, and once the second amended complaint is
20 filed, the prior complaints no longer serve any function in the case.
21 Finally, nothing in this order requires plaintiff to file a second amended complaint. If
22 plaintiff determines that she is unable to amend the complaint in compliance with the court’s
23 order, she may alternatively file a notice of voluntary dismissal of her claims without prejudice
24 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i).
25 ///
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1 ORDER
2 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
3 1. Plaintiff's application to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 5) is GRANTED;
4 1. Within 30 days of this order, plaintiff shall file either:
5 a. A second amended complaint addressing the defects identified in this order; or
6 b. A notice of voluntary dismissal of the action; and
7 2. Ifplaintiff determines that she is unable to amend the complaint in compliance with this
8 order, she may alternatively file a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action; and
9 3. Failure to timely comply with this order will result in a recommendation that the action be
10 dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b).
11 || Dated: April 12, 2022
Aectl Aharon
13 KENDALL J. NE
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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