James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 1 of 7

Present: The Honorable DOLLY M. GEE, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

KANE TIEN NOT REPORTED

Deputy Clerk Court Reporter

Attorneys Present for Plaintiff(s) Attorneys Present for Defendant(s)

None Present None Present

Proceedings: IN CHAMBERS—ORDER RE PLAINTIFF JAMES COLMENARES’

MOTION TO REMAND [13]

I.

INTRODUCTION

On June 21, 2021, Plaintiff James Colmenares filed a Complaint in the Los Angeles

County Superior Court against Defendant PaeDae, Inc. On June 25, 2021, Defendant removed

the action to this Court, asserting diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. section 1332. Notice of

Removal (“NOR”) [Doc. # 1.] Defendant asserted that the parties are diverse because Plaintiff is

a citizen of New York and Defendant is a citizen of Delaware, where it is incorporated, and

Ohio, where it has its principal place of business. NOR ¶ 4.

On July 20, 2021, Plaintiff filed a motion to remand (“MTR”), arguing that the parties are

not diverse because Defendant’s principal place of business is actually in Los Angeles, not Ohio.

[Doc. # 13.] Plaintiff based his motion in part on a “Statement of Information” that Defendant

filed with the California Secretary of State, dated March 31, 2020, in which it indicated its

principal office as being in Los Angeles, and its principal officers being located in that office.

See MTR at 23; Kent Decl., Ex. 2 [Doc. # 13 at 74].1 Plaintiff also pointed out that Defendant

had asserted its principal place of business as being in Los Angeles in a November 8, 2019 filing

in an underlying arbitration between the parties. See MTR at 23-24; First Kent Decl., Ex. 6

[Doc. # 13 at 85]. Plaintiff further argued based on his own personal knowledge from having

worked for Defendant from January 4, 2016 to January 31, 2019 that Defendant’s principal place

of business is in Los Angeles. See First Colmenares Decl. ¶ 4 [Doc. # 13 at 38].

Defendant filed an Opposition on July 30, 2021, in which it conceded that its principal

place of business was in Los Angeles as recently as August 2020, but that around that time it

began transitioning its executive functions to its Granville, Ohio office. [Doc. # 19 at 5.] It

1 All page references herein are to the page numbers inserted by the CM/ECF system.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 2 of 7

supported this contention with descriptions of various officers’ executive functions and their

locations. See generally id. Plaintiff then filed a Reply, in which he called into question the

factual characterizations of many of Defendant’s purported officers and their locations. [Doc. #

23.]

Due to these factual disputes, on August 13, 2021, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to

conduct jurisdictional discovery into the location of Defendant’s principal place of business and

continued the hearing on the MTR from August 20, 2021 to October 22, 2021. [Doc. # 29.] On

October 8, following the close of jurisdictional discovery, Plaintiff filed a supplemental brief in

support of his MTR. [Doc. # 31 (“Supp. Br.”).] Defendant filed a supplemental opposition on

October 15. [Doc. # 32 (“Supp. Opp.”).]

The MTR is now before the Court. For the reasons stated below, the MTR is DENIED.

II.

LEGAL STANDARD

To establish diversity jurisdiction, there must be “complete diversity between the

parties—each defendant must be a citizen of a different state from each plaintiff.” Diaz v.

Davis (In re Digimarc Corp. Derivative Litig.), 549 F.3d 1223, 1234 (9th Cir. 2008)

(citing Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267, 267 (1806)). “The burden of establishing

federal subject matter jurisdiction falls on the party invoking removal.” Marin Gen. Hosp. v.

Modesto & Empire Traction Co., 581 F.3d 941, 944 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Toumajian v. Frailey,

135 F.3d 648, 652 (9th Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, “[f]ederal jurisdiction must be rejected if there

is any doubt as to the right of removal in the first instance.” Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564,

566 (9th Cir. 1992).

For diversity purposes, a corporation is deemed to be a citizen of both the state in which

it has been incorporated and the state where it has its principal place of business. Breitman v.

May Co. California, 37 F.3d 562, 564 (9th Cir. 1994) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)). A

corporation’s principal place of business is its “nerve center” wherein its “officers direct, control,

and coordinate the corporation’s activities.” See Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 92-93

(2010). Diversity is determined by the citizenship of the parties at the time the complaint was

filed. Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Glob. Grp., L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 570-71 (2004).

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 3 of 7

III.

DISCUSSION

The parties’ briefs raise a number of different issues. The Court discusses some of the

main ones herein.

A. Documentation of Defendant’s Address

Plaintiff makes much ado about documents from 2020 and prior in which Defendant

represented its Los Angeles office as its primary address, and the lack of documentation

evidencing a move to Granville, Ohio. The most prominent example is Defendant’s Secretary of

State filings—as of the date of Plaintiff’s Supplemental Brief, Defendant’s filings with the

California Secretary of State still reflected a Los Angeles address for its principal office, and

Defendant had not filed any documents with the Ohio Secretary of State. See Second Kent

Decl., Ex. 7 [Doc. # 31-7 at 5-6] (discovery responses indicating that no Secretary of State filings

exist with either California or Ohio that relate to Defendant having its principal place of business

in Ohio). On October 11 and 12, 2021, just days before filing its Supplemental Opposition,

Defendant finally filed updated documents reflecting its principal office located in Granville,

Ohio. Second Petersen Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 30-31 [Doc. # 32-4].2

The timing of Defendant’s updated filings is clearly self-serving. Yet, the fact that

Defendant failed to update these records earlier is not dispositive, or indeed even all that

probative. That is because the nerve center test is an objective inquiry, centering on the

corporation’s “place of actual direction, control, and coordination,” not on where the corporation

might represent its principal office to be in public statements. Hertz, 559 U.S. at 97 (“[W]e

reject suggestions such as . . . that the mere filing of a form . . . listing a corporation's ‘principal

executive offices’ would, without more, be sufficient proof to establish a corporation’s ‘nerve

center.’ Such possibilities would readily permit jurisdictional manipulation, thereby subverting a

major reason for the insertion of the ‘principal place of business’ language in the diversity

statute.”) (citations omitted); see also L'Garde, Inc. v. Raytheon Space & Airborne Sys., 805 F.

Supp. 2d 932, 940 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (“California district courts have found that reliance on a

single piece of evidence, such as a Secretary of State printout, is insufficient for a party to prove

the location of its headquarters under the nerve center test.”).

For the same reason, the lack of any internal documentation of a planned relocation of

Defendant’s principal place of business is not dispositive. “Principal place of business” is a legal

2 Similarly, on October 15—the same day Defendant filed its Supplemental Opposition—Defendant filed

its 2020 tax returns, which refer to its address as in Granville, Ohio. Second Emrich Decl., Ex. 5-23 [Doc. # 32-2].

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 4 of 7

construct, not a corporate formality. It can shift without any kind of official action or proactive

decision, so long as the “place of actual direction, control, and coordination” changes. That

place is where “officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation’s activities.” Hertz, 559

at 92-93. It is the officers’ conduct, not their representations or subjective intentions, that

determines where the nerve center is.3

B. Defendant’s Principal Officers

That leads to the most important issue, which is who Defendant’s principal officers are

and where they work. In its original Opposition, Defendant maintained that it had nine high-

ranking officers, three of whom live in Ohio and work out of the Granville office. First Petersen

Decl. ¶ 8 [Doc. # 19-8]; see also Second Petersen Decl. ¶ 3. By contrast, only two officers work

in California, and only one in the Los Angeles office. Id.4 In his Reply, Plaintiff called into

question many of Defendant’s characterizations of these officers and where they work. He

argued that one Ohio-based employee named by Defendant should not be considered a high-

ranking officer, the Florida-based chairman of the company actually spends a substantial portion

of his time in California, and two other California-based employees not named by Defendant

should be considered high-ranking officers. Reply at 17-22. Plaintiff’s assertions were thinly

supported and largely based on conjecture, but because Plaintiff did have some personal

knowledge of the inner workings of the company (albeit from before the relevant time period)

and because doubts as to removability should be construed against the removing party, the Court

allowed Plaintiff to conduct jurisdictional discovery to marshal more evidence to support his

contentions. Despite that opportunity, Plaintiff has failed to provide any additional evidence to

support his theories.

First, Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s Granville, Ohio-based controller, Angela

Birkemeier, is not a high-level officer. He bases that opinion solely on his experience at the

company, from 2016 until early 2019, when Birkemeier was not actually the controller. Plaintiff

avers that the controller “is a middle level accounting employee reporting to the Chief Financial

Officer for back-office finance administration, not strategic finance.” Third Colmenares Decl. ¶

7 [Doc. # 31-1]. In contrast, Defendant’s CFO, Robert Adams, attests that while Birkemeier

does report to him, she also reports directly to the chairman and the CEO and that he considers

her to be a peer among the senior leadership. Second Adams Decl. ¶ 5 [Doc. # 32-1].

3 That said, it is worth noting that as of January 23, 2021, Defendant’s website still listed its “Office

Address” as its Granville, Ohio address. Organ Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 1 [Doc. # 28-1]; Second Emrich Decl. ¶ 3.

4 Two others work from home in Minnesota, and the other two work in New York and Florida,

respectively. Second Petersen Decl. ¶ 3.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 5 of 7

Birkemeier attends and presents at board meetings, participates in leadership calls, is consulted

on decisions that have a fiscal impact on the company, retains and oversees outside tax and audit

firms, manages the company’s cash flow, leads the finance and accounting teams, and has check

writing authority. Id. at ¶¶ 6-8, 11-12. In April 2011, the company hired an Assistant Controller

(in Ohio) beneath Birkemeier to take over some of her day-to-day responsibilities and allow

Birkemeier to focus on more strategic functions—which could explain the discrepancy between

Plaintiff’s view of the controller position and Defendant’s. Id. at ¶ 9. Plaintiff has no evidence

to rebut this testimony about Birkemeier’s high-ranking status, even after jurisdictional

discovery. Compare Second Colmenares Decl. ¶ 6 [Doc. # 23-2] with Third Colmenares Decl. ¶

7 (repeating same blanket assertion that the controller is “a middle level accounting executive . . .

for back-office administration” both before and after discovery).

Second, Plaintiff maintains that Defendant’s Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”), Vigen

Amirkhanyan, and Head of Corporate Development, Aarin Yu—both based in California—

should be considered high-ranking officers. He insists that “given the critical role of

technology” for the company, the CTO must be considered a high-level executive position.

Third Colmenares Decl. ¶ 9. He also contends that Yu should be considered high-level based on

the duties described in his LinkedIn profile and the fact that he is listed among four members of

Defendant’s “Leadership Team” on its website. Id. at ¶ 10. Again, the evidence (or lack thereof)

in support of these positions does not change from before to after jurisdictional discovery.

Compare Second Colmenares Decl. ¶¶ 25-27 with Third Colmenares Decl. ¶¶ 9-10. By contrast,

Yu himself attests that his role is limited to evaluating potential acquisition targets for the

company and that he does not have decision-making authority in this regard, is not authorized to

negotiate on behalf of or bind the company in contracts, and had only one direct report in June

2021 (and zero at the time of his declaration). Yu Decl. ¶¶ 3-6 [Doc. # 32-6]. As for

Amirkhanyan, Defendant offers testimony stating that he is CTO only of a specific product line,

not of the whole company, and that he reports to the President of the Location Platform (who in

turn reports to the CEO) and is not involved in high-level strategic or executive decisions.

Second Petersen Decl. ¶¶ 4-5. As of September 1, 2021, his title was no longer CTO, but rather

SVP of Engineering. Id. at ¶ 6.

Third, in his Reply, Plaintiff acknowledged that the company’s chairman, Robert Emrich,

had moved from California to Florida in June 2019, but pointed out that Emrich’s LinkedIn

profile stated his location as the Los Angeles area and that his personal assistant still works in

Los Angeles, and speculated that a substantial portion of his work schedule still takes place in

Los Angeles. Second Colmenares Decl. ¶¶ 15-16, 18. Emrich has directly refuted all of those

contentions, stating that the assistant Plaintiff identified no longer works for him and that his

current assistant works with him in Florida, he does not maintain an office in Los Angeles, and

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 6 of 7

he spent only seven work days in California in the first half of 2021, compared to five in Ohio

and the remainder in Florida. Second Emrich Decl. ¶¶ 24-26 [Doc. # 32-2].

Finally, Plaintiff does not controvert the primary facts that Defendant relies on for its

assertion that its principal place of business moved to Granville, Ohio in 2020: two key

executives were newly hired in or relocated to Ohio around that time. Raphael Nicolosi, who

lives and works in Granville, was hired as President of Media in August 2020. Nicolosi Decl. ¶¶

2-3 [Doc. # 19-6]. In that position, over 80% of the company’s employees report directly to

Nicolosi, who also serves on the board of directors. Id. at ¶¶ 4-5. In November 2020, Matthew

Russo, the company’s Chief Operations Officer and Chief Marketing Officer, moved to Ohio and

has worked from the Granville office since then. Russo Decl. ¶¶ 2, 4, 7 [Doc. # 19-9]. Both

Nicolosi and Russo have authority with respect to budgeting, check writing, hiring and firing,

and signing contracts. See Second Emrich Decl, Ex. 24. Meanwhile, only one high-level officer

worked in Los Angeles in June 2021—the Chief Product Officer, Marcos Escalante. Second

Petersen Decl. ¶ 3. Another officer—the General Counsel, Keith Petersen—lives in California,

where he works from home in San Diego.5 Id.

To be sure, this is not an easy case. Defendant’s highest-ranking officers—its chairman,

CEO, and CFO—all work in neither Ohio nor California. Id. Only three of nine officers work in

Granville, Ohio; the majority work elsewhere. Id. The Supreme Court recognized that there

would be “hard cases” such as this one, where “in this era of telecommuting, some corporations

may divide their command and coordinating functions among officers who work at several

different locations, perhaps communicating over the Internet.” Hertz, 559 U.S. at 95-96. This

difficulty is surely even more compounded in the post-COVID-19 era, when substantially more

employees telecommute. Still, every corporation has a principal place of business, and has only

one of them. See id. at 93. Defendant’s Granville, Ohio office is home to a plurality of its

officers with strategic, decision-making, and financial authority, and is the only single place

home to more than one of them. A substantial majority of the company’s employees report to

the officers in Granville. Therefore, to the extent that Defendant had any single “place of actual

direction, control, and coordination” in June 2021, it must be the Granville, Ohio office—and not

Los Angeles, California. Accordingly, Defendant is a citizen of Ohio and not California, and the

parties are diverse.

5 A “nerve center” is a single place within a state, not the state itself. Hertz, 559 U.S. at 93.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

CIVIL MINUTES—GENERAL

Case No. CV 21-5221-DMG (KSx) Date October 22, 2021

Title James Colmenares v. Paedae, Inc., et al. Page 7 of 7

IV.

CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, Plaintiff’s MTR is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.