distinguishing “good cause” 17 showing for sealing documents produced in discovery from “compelling reasons” 18 standard when merits-related documents are part of court record
How later courts described this case
- distinguishing “good cause” 17 showing for sealing documents produced in discovery from “compelling reasons” 18 standard when merits-related documents are part of court record
- even stipulated protective orders 13 require good cause showing
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1 IRWIN M. ZALKIN, ESQ. (#89957)
DEVIN M. STOREY, ESQ. (#234271)
2 ALEXANDER S. ZALKIN, ESQ. (#280813)
RYAN M. COHEN, ESQ. (#261313)
3 The Zalkin Law Firm, P.C.
10590 West Ocean Air Drive, Ste. 125
4 San Diego, CA 92130
Tel: 858-259-3011
5 Fax: 858-259-3015
Email: irwin@zalkin.com
6 dms@zalkin.com
alex@zalkin.com
7 ryan@zalkin.com
8 AMY POYER, ESQ. (#277315)
California Women’s Law Center
9 360 N. Pacific Coast Hwy, Ste. 2070
El Segundo, CA 90245
10 Tel: 323-951-1041
Email: amy.poyer@cwlc.org
11
Attorneys for Plaintiff
12
(SEE ADDITIONAL PARTIES ON NEXT PAGE)
13
14
15 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
16 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
17
COURTNEY WHITTIER, an Case No. 2:20-cv-09539 DSF
18 individual,
(RAOx)
19
Plaintiff,
20 STIPULATED PROTECTIVE
v. ORDER1
21
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
22 CALIFORNIA,
23
Defendant.
24
25
26
27
1 ADDITIONAL PARTIES
2 CAMERON W. FOX (SB# 218116)
cameronfox@paulhastings.com
3 JESSICA E. MENDELSON (SB# 280388)
jessicamendelson@paulhastings.com
4 EMILY K. BORMAN (SB# 303180)
emilyborman@paulhastings.com
5 PAUL HASTINGS LLP
515 South Flower Street
6 Twenty-Fifth Floor
Los Angeles, California 90071-2228
7 Telephone: 1(213) 683-6000
Facsimile: 1(213) 627-0705
8
Attorneys for Defendant
9
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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1 1. A. PURPOSES AND LIMITATIONS
2 Discovery in this action is likely to involve production of confidential,
3 proprietary or private information for which special protection from public
4 disclosure and from use for any purpose other than prosecuting this litigation may
5 be warranted. Accordingly, the parties hereby stipulate to and petition the Court to
6 enter the following Stipulated Protective Order. The parties acknowledge that this
7 Order does not confer blanket protections on all disclosures or responses to
8 discovery and that the protection it affords from public disclosure and use extends
9 only to the limited information or items that are entitled to confidential treatment
10 under the applicable legal principles.
11 B. GOOD CAUSE STATEMENT
12 This action is likely to involve personal information of a sexual nature for
13 which special protection from public disclosure and from use for any purpose other
14 than prosecution of this action is warranted. Such confidential information may
15 consist of, among other things, mental health information, confidential investigatory
16 materials, sexual history of individuals, and information otherwise generally
17 unavailable to the public, or which may be privileged or otherwise protected from
18 disclosure under state or federal statutes, court rules, case decisions, or common
19 law. Accordingly, to expedite the flow of information, to facilitate the prompt
20 resolution of disputes over confidentiality of discovery materials, to adequately
21 protect information the parties are entitled to keep confidential, to ensure that the
22 parties are permitted reasonable necessary uses of such material in preparation for
23 and in the conduct of trial, to address their handling at the end of the litigation, and
24 serve the ends of justice, a protective order for such information is justified in this
25 matter. It is the intent of the parties that information will not be designated as
26 confidential for tactical reasons and that nothing be so designated without a good
27 faith belief that it has been maintained in a confidential, non-public manner, and
1 C. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PROCEDURE FOR FILING UNDER SEAL
2 The parties further acknowledge, as set forth in Section 12.3, below, that this
3 Stipulated Protective Order does not entitle them to file confidential information
4 under seal; Local Civil Rule 79-5 sets forth the procedures that must be followed
5 and the standards that will be applied when a party seeks permission from the court
6 to file material under seal.
7 There is a strong presumption that the public has a right of access to judicial
8 proceedings and records in civil cases. In connection with non-dispositive motions,
9 good cause must be shown to support a filing under seal. See Kamakana v. City and
10 County of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2006); Phillips v. Gen. Motors
11 Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210-11 (9th Cir. 2002); Makar-Welbon v. Sony Electrics,
12 Inc., 187 F.R.D. 576, 577 (E.D. Wis. 1999) (even stipulated protective orders
13 require good cause showing), and a specific showing of good cause or compelling
14 reasons with proper evidentiary support and legal justification, must be made with
15 respect to Protected Material that a party seeks to file under seal. The parties’ mere
16 designation of Disclosure or Discovery Material as CONFIDENTIAL does not—
17 without the submission of competent evidence by declaration, establishing that the
18 material sought to be filed under seal qualifies as confidential, privileged, or
19 otherwise protectable—constitute good cause.
20 Further, if a party requests sealing related to a dispositive motion or trial, then
21 compelling reasons, not only good cause, for the sealing must be shown, and the
22 relief sought shall be narrowly tailored to serve the specific interest to be protected.
23 See Pintos v. Pacific Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 677-79 (9th Cir. 2010). For
24 each item or type of information, document, or thing sought to be filed or introduced
25 under seal in connection with a dispositive motion or trial, the party seeking
26 protection must articulate compelling reasons, supported by specific facts and legal
27 justification, for the requested sealing order. Again, competent evidence supporting
1 Any document that is not confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable in
2 its entirety will not be filed under seal if the confidential portions can be redacted.
3 If documents can be redacted, then a redacted version for public viewing, omitting
4 only the confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable portions of the document
5 shall be filed. Any application that seeks to file documents under seal in their
6 entirety should include an explanation of why redaction is not feasible.
7
8 2. DEFINITIONS
9 2.1 Action: Whittier v. The University of Southern California, Case No.
10 2:20-cv-09539 filed in the United States District Court, Central District of
11 California.
12 2.2 Challenging Party: a Party or Non-Party that challenges the
13 designation of information or items under this Order.
14 2.3 “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: information (regardless of
15 how it is generated, stored or maintained) or tangible things that qualify for
16 protection under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), and as specified above in
17 the Good Cause Statement.
18 2.4 Counsel: Outside Counsel of Record and House Counsel (as well as
19 their support staff).
20 2.5 Designating Party: a Party or Non-Party that designates information or
21 items that it produces in disclosures or in responses to discovery as
22 “CONFIDENTIAL.”
23 2.6 Disclosure or Discovery Material: all items or information, regardless
24 of the medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or maintained (including,
25 among other things, testimony, transcripts, and tangible things) that are produced or
26 generated in disclosures or responses to discovery in this matter.
27 2.7 Expert: a person with specialized knowledge or experience in a matter
1 an expert witness or as a consultant in this Action.
2 2.8 House Counsel: attorneys who are employees of a party to this Action.
3 House Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of Record or any other outside
4 counsel.
5 2.9 Non-Party: any natural person, partnership, corporation, association or
6 other legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
7 2.10 Outside Counsel of Record: attorneys who are not employees of a
8 party to this Action but are retained to represent or advise a party to this Action and
9 have appeared in this Action on behalf of that party or are affiliated with a law firm
10 that has appeared on behalf of that party, and includes support staff.
11 2.11 Party: any party to this Action, including all of its officers, directors,
12 employees, consultants, retained experts, and Outside Counsel of Record (and their
13 support staffs).
14 2.12 Producing Party: a Party or Non-Party that produces Disclosure or
15 Discovery Material in this Action.
16 2.13 Professional Vendors: persons or entities that provide litigation
17 support services (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating, preparing exhibits or
18 demonstrations, and organizing, storing, or retrieving data in any form or medium)
19 and their employees and subcontractors.
20 2.14 Protected Material: any Disclosure or Discovery Material that is
21 designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
22 2.15 Receiving Party: a Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery
23 Material from a Producing Party.
24
25
26
27
1 3. SCOPE
2 The protections conferred by this Stipulation and Order cover not only
3 Protected Material (as defined above), but also (1) any information copied or
4 extracted from Protected Material; (2) all copies, excerpts, summaries, or
5 compilations of Protected Material; and (3) any testimony, conversations, or
6 presentations by Parties or their Counsel that might reveal Protected Material.
7 Any use of Protected Material at trial shall be governed by the orders of the
8 trial judge. This Order does not govern the use of Protected Material at trial.
9
10 4. DURATION
11 Once a case proceeds to trial, information that was designated as
12 CONFIDENTIAL or maintained pursuant to this protective order used or introduced
13 as an exhibit at trial becomes public and will be presumptively available to all
14 members of the public, including the press, unless compelling reasons supported by
15 specific factual findings to proceed otherwise are made to the trial judge in advance
16 of the trial. See Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1180-81 (distinguishing “good cause”
17 showing for sealing documents produced in discovery from “compelling reasons”
18 standard when merits-related documents are part of court record). Accordingly, the
19 terms of this protective order do not extend beyond the commencement of the trial.
20
21 5. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
22 5.1 Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for Protection.
23 Each Party or Non-Party that designates information or items for protection under
24 this Order must take care to limit any such designation to specific material that
25 qualifies under the appropriate standards. The Designating Party must designate for
26 protection only those parts of material, documents, items or oral or written
27 communications that qualify so that other portions of the material, documents, items
1 within the ambit of this Order.
2 Mass, indiscriminate or routinized designations are prohibited. Designations
3 that are shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been made for an improper
4 purpose (e.g., to unnecessarily encumber the case development process or to impose
5 unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may expose the Designating
6 Party to sanctions.
7 If it comes to a Designating Party’s attention that information or items that it
8 designated for protection do not qualify for protection, that Designating Party must
9 promptly notify all other Parties that it is withdrawing the inapplicable designation.
10 5.2 Manner and Timing of Designations. Except as otherwise provided in
11 this Order (see, e.g., second paragraph of section 5.2(a) below), or as otherwise
12 stipulated or ordered, Disclosure or Discovery Material that qualifies for protection
13 under this Order must be clearly so designated before the material is disclosed or
14 produced.
15 Designation in conformity with this Order requires:
16 (a) for information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic
17 documents, but excluding transcripts of depositions or other pretrial or trial
18 proceedings), that the Producing Party affix at a minimum, the legend
19 “CONFIDENTIAL” (hereinafter “CONFIDENTIAL legend”), to each page that
20 contains protected material. If only a portion of the material on a page qualifies for
21 protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the protected portion(s)
22 (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
23 A Party or Non-Party that makes original documents available for inspection
24 need not designate them for protection until after the inspecting Party has indicated
25 which documents it would like copied and produced. During the inspection and
26 before the designation, all of the material made available for inspection shall be
27 deemed “CONFIDENTIAL.” After the inspecting Party has identified the
1 documents, or portions thereof, qualify for protection under this Order. Then,
2 before producing the specified documents, the Producing Party must affix the
3 “CONFIDENTIAL legend” to each page that contains Protected Material. If only a
4 portion of the material on a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also
5 must clearly identify the protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings
6 in the margins).
7 (b) for testimony given in depositions that the Designating Party identifies
8 the Disclosure or Discovery Material on the record, before the close of the
9 deposition all protected testimony.
10 (c) for information produced in some form other than documentary and
11 for any other tangible items, that the Producing Party affix in a prominent place on
12 the exterior of the container or containers in which the information is stored the
13 legend “CONFIDENTIAL.” If only a portion or portions of the information
14 warrants protection, the Producing Party, to the extent practicable, shall identify the
15 protected portion(s).
16 5.3 Inadvertent Failures to Designate. If timely corrected, an inadvertent
17 failure to designate qualified information or items does not, standing alone, waive
18 the Designating Party’s right to secure protection under this Order for such material.
19 Upon timely correction of a designation, the Receiving Party must make reasonable
20 efforts to assure that the material is treated in accordance with the provisions of this
21 Order.
22
23 6. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
24 6.1 Timing of Challenges. Any Party or Non-Party may challenge a
25 designation of confidentiality at any time that is consistent with the Court’s
26 Scheduling Order.
27 6.2 Meet and Confer. The Challenging Party shall initiate the dispute
1 6.3 The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding shall be on
2 the Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those made for an improper
3 purpose (e.g., to harass or impose unnecessary expenses and burdens on other
4 parties) may expose the Challenging Party to sanctions. Unless the Designating
5 Party has waived or withdrawn the confidentiality designation, all parties shall
6 continue to afford the material in question the level of protection to which it is
7 entitled under the Producing Party’s designation until the Court rules on the
8 challenge.
9
10 7. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
11 7.1 Basic Principles. A Receiving Party may use Protected Material that is
12 disclosed or produced by another Party or by a Non-Party in connection with this
13 Action only for prosecuting, defending or attempting to settle this Action. Such
14 Protected Material may be disclosed only to the categories of persons and under the
15 conditions described in this Order. When the Action has been terminated, a
16 Receiving Party must comply with the provisions of section 13 below (FINAL
17 DISPOSITION).
18 Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a Receiving Party at a
19 location and in a secure manner that ensures that access is limited to the persons
20 authorized under this Order.
21 7.2 Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items. Unless
22 otherwise ordered by the court or permitted in writing by the Designating Party, a
23 Receiving Party may disclose any information or item designated
24 “CONFIDENTIAL” only to:
25 (a) the Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record in this Action, as
26 well as employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom it is reasonably
27 necessary to disclose the information for this Action;
1 the Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action;
2 (c) Experts (as defined in this Order) of the Receiving Party to whom
3 disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed the
4 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
5 (d) the court and its personnel;
6 (e) court reporters and their staff;
7 (f) professional jury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and Professional
8 Vendors to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have
9 signed the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
10 (g) the author or recipient of a document containing the information or a
11 custodian or other person who otherwise possessed or knew the information;
12 (h) during their depositions, witnesses, and attorneys for witnesses, in the
13 Action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary provided: (1) the deposing party
14 requests that the witness sign the form attached as Exhibit A hereto; and (2) they
15 will not be permitted to keep any confidential information unless they sign the
16 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A), unless otherwise
17 agreed by the Designating Party or ordered by the court. Pages of transcribed
18 deposition testimony or exhibits to depositions that reveal Protected Material may
19 be separately bound by the court reporter and may not be disclosed to anyone except
20 as permitted under this Stipulated Protective Order; and
21 (i) any mediator or settlement officer, and their supporting personnel,
22 mutually agreed upon by any of the parties engaged in settlement discussions.
23
24 8. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED PRODUCED
25 IN OTHER LITIGATION
26 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in other litigation
27 that compels disclosure of any information or items designated in this Action as
1 (a) promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such notification
2 shall include a copy of the subpoena or court order;
3 (b) promptly notify in writing the party who caused the subpoena or order
4 to issue in the other litigation that some or all of the material covered by the
5 subpoena or order is subject to this Protective Order. Such notification shall include
6 a copy of this Stipulated Protective Order; and
7 (c) cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to be
8 pursued by the Designating Party whose Protected Material may be affected.
9 If the Designating Party timely seeks a protective order, the Party served with
10 the subpoena or court order shall not produce any information designated in this
11 action as “CONFIDENTIAL” before a determination by the court from which the
12 subpoena or order issued, unless the Party has obtained the Designating Party’s
13 permission. The Designating Party shall bear the burden and expense of seeking
14 protection in that court of its confidential material and nothing in these provisions
15 should be construed as authorizing or encouraging a Receiving Party in this Action
16 to disobey a lawful directive from another court.
17
18 9. A NON-PARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO BE
19 PRODUCED IN THIS LITIGATION
20 (a) The terms of this Order are applicable to information produced by a
21 Non-Party in this Action and designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information
22 produced by Non-Parties in connection with this litigation is protected by the
23 remedies and relief provided by this Order. Nothing in these provisions should be
24 construed as prohibiting a Non-Party from seeking additional protections.
25 (b) In the event that a Party is required, by a valid discovery request, to
26 produce a Non-Party’s confidential information in its possession, and the Party is
27 subject to an agreement with the Non-Party not to produce the Non-Party’s
1 (1) promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the Non-Party
2 that some or all of the information requested is subject to a confidentiality
3 agreement with a Non-Party;
4 (2) promptly provide the Non-Party with a copy of the Stipulated
5 Protective Order in this Action, the relevant discovery request(s), and a reasonably
6 specific description of the information requested; and
7 (3) make the information requested available for inspection by the
8 Non-Party, if requested.
9 (c) If the Non-Party fails to seek a protective order from this court within
10 14 days of receiving the notice and accompanying information, the Receiving Party
11 may produce the Non-Party’s confidential information responsive to the discovery
12 request. If the Non-Party timely seeks a protective order, the Receiving Party shall
13 not produce any information in its possession or control that is subject to the
14 confidentiality agreement with the Non-Party before a determination by the court.
15 Absent a court order to the contrary, the Non-Party shall bear the burden and
16 expense of seeking protection in this court of its Protected Material.
17
18 10. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
19 If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it has disclosed
20 Protected Material to any person or in any circumstance not authorized under this
21 Stipulated Protective Order, the Receiving Party must immediately (a) notify in
22 writing the Designating Party of the unauthorized disclosures, (b) use its best efforts
23 to retrieve all unauthorized copies of the Protected Material, (c) inform the person or
24 persons to whom unauthorized disclosures were made of all the terms of this Order,
25 and (d) request such person or persons to execute the “Acknowledgment and
26 Agreement to Be Bound” that is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
27
1 11. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR OTHERWISE
2 PROTECTED MATERIAL
3 When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that certain
4 inadvertently produced material is subject to a claim of privilege or other protection,
5 the obligations of the Receiving Parties are those set forth in Federal Rule of Civil
6 Procedure 26(b)(5)(B). This provision is not intended to modify whatever
7 procedure may be established in an e-discovery order that provides for production
8 without prior privilege review. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 502(d) and
9 (e), insofar as the parties reach an agreement on the effect of disclosure of a
10 communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work
11 product protection, the parties may incorporate their agreement in the stipulated
12 protective order submitted to the court.
13
14 12. MISCELLANEOUS
15 12.1 Right to Further Relief. Nothing in this Order abridges the right of any
16 person to seek its modification by the Court in the future.
17 12.2 Right to Assert Other Objections. By stipulating to the entry of this
18 Protective Order, no Party waives any right it otherwise would have to object to
19 disclosing or producing any information or item on any ground not addressed in this
20 Stipulated Protective Order. Similarly, no Party waives any right to object on any
21 ground to use in evidence of any of the material covered by this Protective Order.
22 12.3 Filing Protected Material. A Party that seeks to file under seal any
23 Protected Material must comply with Local Civil Rule 79-5. Protected Material
24 may only be filed under seal pursuant to a court order authorizing the sealing of the
25 specific Protected Material at issue. If a Party’s request to file Protected Material
26 under seal is denied by the court, then the Receiving Party may file the information
27 in the public record unless otherwise instructed by the court.
1 13. FINAL DISPOSITION
2 After the final disposition of this Action, as defined in paragraph 4, within 60
3 days of a written request by the Designating Party, each Receiving Party must return
4 all Protected Material to the Producing Party or destroy such material. As used in
5 this subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all copies, abstracts, compilations,
6 summaries, and any other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected
7 Material. Whether the Protected Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving
8 Party must submit a written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the same
9 person or entity, to the Designating Party) by the 60 day deadline that (1) identifies
10 (by category, where appropriate) all the Protected Material that was returned or
11 destroyed and (2) affirms that the Receiving Party has not retained any copies,
12 abstracts, compilations, summaries or any other format reproducing or capturing any
13 of the Protected Material. Notwithstanding this provision, Counsel are entitled to
14 retain an archival copy of all pleadings, motion papers, trial, deposition, and hearing
15 transcripts, legal memoranda, correspondence, deposition and trial exhibits, expert
16 reports, attorney work product, and consultant and expert work product, even if such
17 materials contain Protected Material. Any such archival copies that contain or
18 constitute Protected Material remain subject to this Protective Order as set forth in
19 Section 4 (DURATION).
20
21 //
22 //
23 //
24 //
25 //
26 //
27 //
|| 14. VIOLATION
2 || Any violation of this Order may be punished by appropriate measures including,
3 || without limitation, contempt proceedings and/or monetary sanctions.
4
6 || SO STIPULATED, THROUGH COUNSEL OF RECORD.
7
g || DATED 3/26/21
9
10 || _/s/Alexander S. Zalkin
Attorneys for Plaintiff
11
12
13 |} DATED:_ March 9, 2021
Com Mtfoy
Len
15 jf
Attorneys for Defendant
16
17
1g || FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN, IT IS SO ORDERED.
19
29 || DATED: March 29, 2021
1] Rapeten □□ QC
22 |) —————
HON. ROZELLA A. OLIVER
23 || United States Magistrate Judge
24
25
26
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1 EXHIBIT A
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND
3
4 I, _____________________________ [print or type full name], of
5 _________________ [print or type full address], declare under penalty of perjury
6 that I have read in its entirety and understand the Stipulated Protective Order that
7 was issued by the United States District Court for the Central District of California
8 on [date] in the case of ___________ [insert formal name of the case and the
9 number and initials assigned to it by the court]. I agree to comply with and to be
10 bound by all the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order and I understand and
11 acknowledge that failure to so comply could expose me to sanctions and punishment
12 in the nature of contempt. I solemnly promise that I will not disclose in any manner
13 any information or item that is subject to this Stipulated Protective Order to any
14 person or entity except in strict compliance with the provisions of this Order.
15 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the
16 Central District of California for enforcing the terms of this Stipulated Protective
17 Order, even if such enforcement proceedings occur after termination of this action.
18 I hereby appoint __________________________ [print or type full name] of
19 _______________________________________ [print or type full address and
20 telephone number] as my California agent for service of process in connection with
21 this action or any proceedings related to enforcement of this Stipulated Protective
22 Order.
23 Date: ______________________________________
24 City and State where sworn and signed: _________________________________
25
26 Printed name: _______________________________
27