“A [state’s] 7 ability to protect its citizens from violence and other breaches of the peace through 8 enforcement of criminal laws is the centermost pillar of sovereignty.”
How later courts described this case
- “A [state’s] 7 ability to protect its citizens from violence and other breaches of the peace through 8 enforcement of criminal laws is the centermost pillar of sovereignty.”
- “We may take judicial notice of undisputed matters of 27 public record, including documents on file in federal or state courts.”
- “[T]he rule of 19 this circuit is that abstention principles generally require a federal district court to abstain 20 from exercising jurisdiction over a habeas petition in which the petitioner raises a claim 21 under the Speedy Trial Clause . . . .”
- “The rationale of Younger 3 applies throughout appellate proceedings, requiring that state appellate review of a state 4 court judgment be exhausted before federal court intervention is permitted.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 TODD VINCENT DAVIE, aka DAVIS, Case No. CV 20-6580 SB (PVC)
12 Petitioner,
ORDER DENYING PETITION AND
13 v. DISMISSING ACTION WITHOUT
PREJUDICE
14 SHERIFF ALEX VILLANUEVA,
15 Respondent.
16
17 On June 15, 2020, Todd Vincent Davie, then a pretrial detainee, filed a pro se
18 habeas petition alleging violations of his speedy trial rights, excessive bail, and other
19 claims. (“Petition,” Dkt. No. 1 at 8). The Court denies the Petition and dismisses this
20 action without prejudice pursuant to the abstention doctrine announced in Younger v.
21 Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 45-46 (1971), or, in the alternative, because it is completely
22 unexhausted.
23
24 I.
25 PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
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27 Petitioner purported to file this action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. However, it
28 effectively arose under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 because Petitioner was a pretrial detainee and
1 not in custody pursuant to a state court conviction at the time he filed his federal Petition.
2 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) (the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
3 (“AEDPA”) applies to habeas petitions filed by persons “in custody pursuant to the
4 judgment of a State court”); see also Dominguez v. Kernan, 906 F.3d 1127, 1136 (9th Cir.
5 2018) (pretrial detainees “may avail themselves of habeas relief under § 2241(a) and
6 (c)(3) without regard to the additional requirements imposed on petitions under § 2254”).
7
8 On August 20, 2020, the Court issued an Order to Show Cause Why the Magistrate
9 Judge Should Not Recommend that This Action Be Dismissed Pursuant to the Younger
10 Abstention Doctrine, Or, in the Alternative, Because Petitioner’s Claims are Unexhausted.
11 (“OSC,” Dkt. No. 4). Petitioner did not respond to the OSC. On September 28, 2020, the
12 Court issued a Report and Recommendation recommending that the Petition be denied
13 and this action dismissed without prejudice on the grounds articulated in the OSC.
14 (“R&R,” Dkt. No. 7).
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16 Petitioner filed objections to the R&R on November 5, 2020. (“Obj.,” Dkt. No. 9
17 at 1). While the objections were largely non-responsive, they disclosed that Petitioner had
18 been convicted by a Los Angeles County Superior Court jury on October 9, 2020. (Id. at
19 1). The docket in Petitioner’s state court criminal matter further reflects that Petitioner
20 filed a notice of appeal on November 3, 2020.1 Because Petitioner is now in custody
21 pursuant to a state court conviction, the Court construes the Petition as arising under 28
22 U.S.C. § 2254. See Dominguez, 906 F.3d at 1135 (§ 2254 is the exclusive vehicle for a
23 habeas petition brought by a state prisoner in custody pursuant to a state court judgment);
24 Stanley v. Baca, 137 F. Supp. 3d 1192, 1200 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (“[A] pretrial detainee’s
25
1 The Court takes judicial notice of the state court docket in People v. Davie, Los Angeles
26 County Superior Court Case No. XCNBA480713-01. See Harris v. Cnty. of Orange, 682
F.3d 1126, 1132 (9th Cir. 2012) (“We may take judicial notice of undisputed matters of
27 public record, including documents on file in federal or state courts.”) (internal citation
omitted); see also Porter v. Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 955 n.1 (9th Cir. 2010) (taking judicial
28 notice of court dockets, including those available on the Internet, from petitioner’s state
1 change in status to convicted state prisoner during the pendency of his Section 2241 case
2 will require that his habeas petition be considered under Section 2254 rather than Section
3 2241.”). Because Petitioner’s conviction mooted the § 2241 analysis in the Report and
4 Recommendation, the Court vacated the Report and Recommendation. (Dkt. No. 10).
5
6 II.
7 PETITIONER’S CLAIMS
8
9 The Petition raises five grounds for federal habeas relief: (1) the criminal charges
10 against Petitioner should be dismissed because Petitioner’s right to a speedy trial has been
11 violated; (2) the state’s denial of Petitioner’s speedy trial rights is arbitrary and capricious;
12 (3) the incompetency finding was not based on convincing evidence and Petitioner’s
13 seven Marsden motions were improperly denied;2 (4) state regulations negligently fail to
14 protect Petitioner because he prepares “the foods” in close contact and is “susceptible of
15 contracting the flu & [corona]virus”; and (5) Petitioner’s bail is excessive. (Petition at 5-
16 6).
17
18 III.
19 DISCUSSION
20
21 A. The Younger Abstention Doctrine Applies Here
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23 As a general proposition, federal courts must abstain from enjoining a state
24 prosecution except in exceptional circumstances where the danger of irreparable harm is
25 both great and immediate. Younger, 401 U.S. at 45-46; Sprint Commc’n., Inc. v. Jacobs,
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27 2 In California, a criminal defendant’s motion to have his counsel relieved and substitute
counsel appointed “in shorthand is called a Marsden motion,” pursuant to People v.
28 Marsden, 2 Cal. 3d 118 (1970). Schell v. Witek, 2018 F.3d 1017, 1021 (9th Cir. 2000).
1 571 U.S. 69, 72 (2013). This concept is referred to as the doctrine of abstention or the
2 Younger doctrine. Although “application of Younger does not lead to the determination
3 that the federal courts have no basis for jurisdiction in the first instance” while state
4 proceedings are pending, “federal courts have bound themselves pursuant to principles of
5 comity to voluntarily decline to exercise jurisdiction that they have and would otherwise
6 exercise.” Canatella v. State of California, 404 F.3d 1106, 1116 (9th Cir. 2005)
7 (emphasis in original; internal citation omitted).
8
9 Younger abstention in favor of a state proceeding is appropriate if three criteria are
10 met: (1) the state proceedings are ongoing; (2) the proceedings implicate important state
11 interests; and (3) the state proceedings provide an adequate opportunity to litigate the
12 plaintiff’s federal constitutional claims. See Middlesex County Ethics Comm. v. Garden
13 State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432 (1982); Kenneally v. Lungren, 967 F.2d 329, 331-32
14 (9th Cir. 1992). However, federal courts will not abstain if the movant can establish that
15 the state proceedings are being undertaken in bad faith or for purposes of harassment, or
16 that some other “extraordinary circumstances” exist, such as where proceedings are being
17 conducted pursuant to a “flagrantly” unconstitutional statute. Younger, 401 U.S. at 49,
18 53-54. When a federal court determines that the Younger doctrine applies, it must dismiss
19 the pending action without prejudice. See Beltran v. California, 871 F.2d 777, 782 (9th
20 Cir. 1988) (“Where Younger abstention is appropriate, a district court cannot refuse to
21 abstain, retain jurisdiction over the action, and render a decision on the merits after the
22 state proceedings have ended. To the contrary, Younger abstention requires dismissal of
23 the federal action.”) (emphasis omitted).
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25 It is undisputed that Petitioner’s state court criminal proceedings are still underway.
26 Although Petitioner has been convicted, his appeal is pending. Therefore, the state court
27 criminal action is “ongoing” for purposes of the Younger abstention doctrine. See Roberts
28 v. Dicarlo, 296 F. Supp. 2d 1182, 1185 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (state prisoner’s “direct appeal in
1 California state court is [an] ‘ongoing’ [proceeding]” under Younger); Espinoza v.
2 Montgomery, 107 F. Supp. 3d 1038, 1042 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (“The rationale of Younger
3 applies throughout appellate proceedings, requiring that state appellate review of a state
4 court judgment be exhausted before federal court intervention is permitted.”). It is further
5 beyond serious debate that state criminal proceedings involve important state interests.
6 See, e.g., People of State of Cal. v. Mesa, 813 F.2d 960, 966 (9th Cir. 1987) (“A [state’s]
7 ability to protect its citizens from violence and other breaches of the peace through
8 enforcement of criminal laws is the centermost pillar of sovereignty.”).
9
10 It is also clear that Petitioner will be able to litigate his federal constitutional claims
11 in his appeal before the California Court of Appeal. “The ‘adequate opportunity’ prong of
12 Younger . . . requires only the absence of ‘procedural bars’ to raising a federal claim in the
13 state proceedings.” Commc’ns Telesystems Int’l v. Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 196 F.3d
14 1011, 1020 (9th Cir. 1999). Petitioner faces no such procedural bars.
15
16 In the absence of any such procedural bars, federal courts routinely abstain under
17 Younger in actions claiming violations of the Speedy Trial Clause, as alleged in Grounds
18 One and Two here. See Brown v. Ahern, 676 F.3d 899, 903 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[T]he rule of
19 this circuit is that abstention principles generally require a federal district court to abstain
20 from exercising jurisdiction over a habeas petition in which the petitioner raises a claim
21 under the Speedy Trial Clause . . . .”). Similarly, courts in this Circuit regularly find that
22 excessive bail claims, as alleged in Ground Five, are subject to Younger abstention. See,
23 e.g., Robinson v. Sniff, 2009 WL 1037716, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2009) (dismissing
24 habeas petition raising an excessive bail claim upon finding that “all the prerequisites to
25 the application of abstention under Younger have been met”); Lazarus v. Baca, 2010 WL
26 1006572, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2010) (dismissing excessive bail claim on habeas
27 review under Younger), aff’d, 389 F. App’x 700, 701 (9th Cir. 2010).3 Petitioner will also
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1 be able to challenge in the California courts of appeal his incompetency finding and the
2 denial of his Marsden motions, as alleged in Ground Three. See Spengler v. Villanueva,
3 2019 WL 8112681, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2019) (dismissing petition raising Marsden
4 claim pursuant to Younger).
5
6 Petitioner does not adequately develop his “failure to protect claim” in Ground
7 Four and it is unclear what specific relief he is seeking. However, to the extent that he is
8 seeking release on zero or reduced bail due to health concerns arising from the
9 coronavirus pandemic, this claim overlaps with his excessive bail claim. Furthermore,
10 state courts can and do offer an adequate forum to litigate such claims. See, e.g., In re
11 Kalvin Ung, 2020 WL 4582595, at *3-*5 (Cal. Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2020) (unpublished)
12 (granting in part pretrial detainee’s habeas petition seeking release on bail and ordering
13 trial court to hold a hearing to “consider entering a new and different order setting bail
14 consistent with the [county’s] June 23, 2020 amended bail order,” which was adopted to
15 address inmate overcrowding during the COVID-19 pandemic).
16
17 Because the three prongs of the Younger analysis are satisfied here, the only
18 remaining consideration is whether any “extraordinary circumstances” warrant an
19 exception to abstention. Petitioner had the opportunity to identify any such circumstances
20 in a response to the OSC or in his objections to the Report and Recommendation. He did
21 not do so, and the Court’s review of the record does not disclose any such grounds.
22 Accordingly, the Court denies the Petition and dismisses this action without prejudice
23 pursuant to the Younger abstention doctrine.
24
25 where the defendant challenges the lack of bail proceedings, as opposed to the excessive
amount of the bail imposed. See Arevalo v. Hennessy, 882 F.3d 763 (9th Cir. 2018).
26 Because Petitioner has had a bail hearing, Arevalo is not controlling. See LASD Inmate
Locator, https://app5.lasd.org/iic/ajis_search.cfm (reflecting that bail for Todd Vincent
27 Davis, LASD Booking No. 5729474, was set at $100,000). The Court takes judicial
notice of the information contained on the LASD’s website. See Shaw v. Hahn, 56 F.3d
28 1128, 1129 n.1 (9th Cir. 1995) (a court may take judicial notice of matters of public
1 B. In the Alternative, the Petition Must Be Dismissed Because Petitioner
2 Admits It Is Unexhausted
3
4 However, even if dismissal of some or even all of Petitioner’s claims were not
5 warranted under Younger, the claims would still be subject to dismissal on the alternate
6 ground that they are unexhausted. The Petition affirmatively discloses that none of its
7 grounds for habeas relief has been presented to the California Supreme Court. (Petition at
8 5-7).
9
10 A state prisoner must exhaust his state court remedies before a federal court may
11 consider granting habeas corpus relief. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A); O’Sullivan v.
12 Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 (1999). To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, a habeas
13 petitioner must “fairly present” his federal claims in the state courts to give the state the
14 opportunity to pass upon and correct alleged violations of the prisoner’s federal rights.
15 Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365 (1995) (per curiam); see also O’Sullivan, 526 U.S. at
16 845 (habeas petitioner must give the state courts “one full opportunity” to decide a federal
17 claim by carrying out “one complete round” of the state’s appellate process). The
18 petitioner must present his claims, including their federal basis, to the highest state court
19 with jurisdiction to consider them or demonstrate that no state remedy remains available.
20 See Peterson v. Lampert, 319 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
21
22 Here, the Petition reveals on its face that it is completely unexhausted, which
23 Petitioner has never contested. Nor has Petitioner attempted to explain why exhaustion
24 should be excused. A district court may, in its discretion, stay a completely unexhausted
25 habeas petition pursuant to Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005). See Mena v. Long, 813
26 F.3d 907, 912 (2016). Under Rhines, a stay may issue when: (1) the petitioner
27 demonstrates good cause for having failed to first exhaust the claims in state court; (2) the
28 claim or claims at issue are not plainly meritless; and (3) petitioner has not been dilatory
1 || in pursuing the litigation. Rhines, 544 U.S. at 277-78.
2
3 Petitioner has not requested a stay. However, even if he had, the Court would
4 || exercise its discretion to deny the request. Even if Younger abstention did not apply,
5 || Petitioner has offered no reason for his failure to first exhaust his claims in state court, and
6 || the Petition itself does not disclose any reason why the exhaustion requirement should be
7 || excused. Accordingly, the Petition is dismissed in the alternative because it is completely
8 || unexhausted and Petitioner has not shown good cause for a Rhines stay.
9
10 IV.
11 ORDER
12
13 IT IS ORDERED that the Petition is denied. Judgment shall be entered dismissing
14 || this action without prejudice pursuant to the Younger abstention doctrine or, in the
15 || alternative, because it is unexhausted.
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17 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk serve copies of this Order and the
18 || Judgment herein on Petitioner at his address of record.
19
20 LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
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22 Pop
3 DATED: November 28, 2020
24 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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