explaining that “prisoners may not 2 challenge mere conditions of confinement in habeas corpus”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that “prisoners may not 2 challenge mere conditions of confinement in habeas corpus”
- taking judicial 25 notice of opinion and briefs filed in another proceeding
- courts “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and 27 without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to 28 matters at issue” (citation omitted)
- declining to consolidate federal habeas and civil rights actions, 23 stating that “the risk of confusion of the issues inherent in consolidation of the 24 habeas and civil rights cases weighs against consolidation”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10 WESTERN DIVISION
11 KING SOL OM ON SEKHEMRE ) Case No. 2:20-cv-00542-JFW-JDE
)
12 EL NETER, )
) ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY
13 Petitioner, ) THE FIRST AMENDED PETITION
)
14 v. ) SHOULD NOT BE DISMISSED
)
15 ALEX VILLANUEVA, Sheriff, )
)
16 Respondent. )
)
)
17
18 I.
19 BACKGROUND
20 On January 17, 2020, the Court received a Petition for Writ of Habeas
21 Corpus Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, purportedly on behalf of King Sol Om On
22 Sekhemre El Neter (“Petitioner”). Dkt. 1 (“Petition” or “Pet.”). Petitioner
23 separately filed a document entitled “Additional Ground” which purports to
24 assert a fifth ground. Dkt. 3 (“Supp. Pet.”). On January 24, 2020, the Court
25 issued an Order to Show Cause (addressing only the Petitioner) and an
26 Amended Order to Show Cause (addressing both the Petitioner and the later-
27 docketed Supp. Pet.) why the Petition should not be dismissed.
28
1 Four days after the Orders to Show Cause were entered onto the docket,
2 a First Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241
3 (Dkt. 8, “FAP”) by Petitioner was entered on the docket, although it was
4 apparently received by the Clerk’s Office on January 23, 2020. The FAP is
5 slightly but substantively different from the original Petition and Pet. Supp.
6 Because of those differences, the Court interprets Petitioner’s submission of the
7 FAP as an application for leave to file an amended petition. So interpreted, the
8 Court grants the request and the FAP shall be the operative Petition.
9 On the FAP form, Petitioner did not check boxes indicating he was in
10 custody as a pretrial detainee or having been sentenced; instead, Petitioner
11 checked “other” and explained “under threat duress and coercion of an
12 involuntary commitment to a state hospital.” FAP at 1 (CM/ECF pagination
13 is used herein to page references in the Petition). He further asserts the sole
14 challenge raised by the FAP is to “the validity of lawful jurisdiction” and states
15 “I am challenging the decision of an involuntary commitment to a state
16 hospital with the intention to administer aggressive ant-psychotic medication
17 involuntarily” in underlying state case number TA14709201. Id. at 2.
18 According to other allegations in the FAP and state court records available
19 electronically,1 Petitioner is a pretrial detainee at Twin Towers Correctional
20 Facility (“Twin Towers”) on state criminal charges in Los Angeles County
21 Superior Court Case No. TA147092, with “further proceedings” having taken
22 place as recently as January 16, 2020. FAP at 1, 6; Los Angeles County
23
24 1 Courts may take judicial notice of the existence of court filings and another court’s
orders. See Holder v. Holder, 305 F.3d 854, 866 (9th Cir. 2002) (taking judicial
25
notice of opinion and briefs filed in another proceeding); United States ex rel.
26 Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir.
1992) (courts “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and
27
without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to
28 matters at issue” (citation omitted)).
1 Superior Court (“Superior Court Website”) at www.lacourt.org. The FAP
2 asserts constitutional violations arising from Petitioner’s arrest, detention, and
3 the conditions of his confinement in four grounds. FAP at 4-7.
4 A habeas petition brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 is subject to the same
5 screening requirements that apply to habeas petitions brought under 28 U.S.C.
6 § 2254. See Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District
7 Courts (“Habeas Rules”), Habeas Rule 1(b) (providing that district courts may
8 apply the Habeas Rules to habeas petitions that are not brought under 28
9 U.S.C. § 2254). Accordingly, a district court “must promptly examine” the
10 petition and, “[i]f it plainly appears from the petition . . . that the petitioner is
11 not entitled to relief,” the “judge must dismiss the petition.” Habeas Rule 4;
12 Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 656 (2005).
13 The Court has reviewed the FAP under Rule 4 of the Habeas Rules and
14 finds it is subject to dismissal for the reasons explained below.
15 II.
16 PETITIONER’S CLAIMS
17 1. Petitioner is “unlawfully restrained as a foreigner to the State of
18 California ‘Diversity of Citizenship’ (28 USCA 1332) 13th
19 Amend.” FAP at 4. In support, Petitioner alleges that the
20 “complaint” by Plaintiff against Defendant, which the Court
21 interprets to refer to the underlying state criminal action, names
22 “merely a fictitious party whom no cause of action can be validly
23 alleged”; there is no “legitimate proof” that “Petitioner is a
contractor in the State of California”; and the “state proceedings
24
are being undertaken in bad faith with intentions to harass and
25
trespass on the Petitioner[’]s estate when there is no valid
26
commitment, an invalid plea was procured by fraud after . . . [a]
27
special appearance to challenge jurisdiction. Id.
28
1 2. “Petitioner’s [First] Amendment, Right to Privacy, Freedom of
2 Choice, Free Exercise, and Faith and Healing Exemption is invaded by an
3 invalid civil commitment.” FAP at 5. In support, Petitioner alleges jurisdiction
4 is lacking for his detention as he does not have a mental health disorder and is
5 not a danger to himself of others and, as a foreign national, is entitled to “faith
6 healing exemption without interruption or the invasion of privacy rights.” Id.
7 3. Petitioner’s “unlawful detention is a result of a repetitive ‘breach of
due process’ though a defective pleading and procedural requirements.” FAP
8
at 6. In support, Petitioner alleges that after his Fifth Amendment due process
9
rights were violated by an unlawful seizure, “a continuing breach became a
10
pattern” due to coercion during the booking process and his “invalid
11
commitment” to a state hospital stemming from a void indictment procured by
12
fraud. Id. Petitioner further claims that at his arraignment, he filed a demurrer
13
while overcoming an attempt by a bailiff to swindle him, part of a court
14
conspiracy against him. Id. Petitioner further claims he entered an involuntary
15
plea to charges unsupported by a probable cause determination and was denied
16
a timely preliminary hearing. Id.
17
4. “Petitioner is falsely imprisoned as a result of a malicious arrest
18
without probable cause by deadly force (unlawful seizure 4th Am.).” FAP at 7.
19
In support, Petitioner references various “reports” regarding investigations of
20
“the malicious arrest by way of deadly force” and testimony at “the
21
preliminary hearing” regarding the use of a taser ten time upon Petitioner, five
22
times with a “dry stun.” Id.
23
5. “Petitioner was denied the right to an impartial jury, adequate or
24
self-representation, and the means to prepare and present an affirmative
25
defense (6th Amendment) Speedy Trial Act (1974). FAP at 9. In support,
26
Petitioner seeks “to have a jury present during the incompetency hearing” and
27
a “criminal suspension” of a public defender who alleged has a conflict of
28
interest. Id. Petitioner also states he has been incarcerated for 17 months, 10 of
1 which in “criminal suspension,” which constitute extraordinary circumstances
2 and have caused irreparable injury, including loss of law books, exculpatory
3 evidence and private foreign documents. Id. at 10.
4 III.
5 DISCUSSION
6 A. The Court Must Abstain from Interfering with Petitioner’s Ongoing
7 State Prosecution
8 Many of Petitioner’s claims challenge aspects of his ongoing state
9 criminal proceedings. The FAP challenges whether there was probable cause
10 for Petitioner’s arrest on the pending charges, whether excessive force was used
11 during his arrest (which would potentially implicate the charges against him
12 for assault with a deadly weapon or by means likely to produce great bodily
13 injury upon the person of a peace officer or firefighter in violation of Cal. Penal
14 Code § 245(c), see Superior Court Website), whether he received appropriate
15 due process protections in ongoing state criminal proceedings, a state court
16 mental competency determination, and an apparent determination to commit
17 Petitioner to a State hospital to administer anti-psychotic medication, although
18 Petitioner states that he still resides at Men’s Central Jail in Los Angeles. To
19 the extent Petitioner challenges ongoing state criminal proceedings, the Court
20 must abstain from hearing such challenges.
21 “Only a limited number of pre-trial challenges have been found
22 cognizable under Section 2241. Generally, pre-trial habeas challenges have
23 been allowed only when a state defendant contends he is being deprived of his
24 right to a speedy trial or the Double Jeopardy Clause will be violated if he is
25 tried.” Fritz v. Cty. of Los Angeles CA, 2012 WL 5197971, at *2 (C.D. Cal.
26 Oct. 18, 2012) (citing Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Ky., 410 U.S.
27 484, 488-93 (1973)); McNeely v. Blanas, 336 F.3d 822, 824 n.1 (9th Cir. 2003)
28 (as amended). However, as the Supreme Court has explained, “federal habeas
1 corpus does not lie, absent ‘special circumstances,’ to adjudicate the merits of
2 an affirmative defense to a state criminal charge prior to a judgment of
3 conviction by a state court.” Braden, 410 U.S. at 489.
4 Principles of comity and federalism require federal courts to abstain from
5 intervening in pending state criminal proceedings absent extraordinary
6 circumstances. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-54 (1971). Younger
7 abstention applies to both attempts to preclude and/or stay criminal
8 prosecutions and attempts to obtain more limited or piecemeal intervention in
9 state criminal actions. See, e.g., Kugler v. Helfant, 421 U.S. 117, 130 (1975)
10 (explaining that Supreme Court precedent establishes that “at least in the
11 absence of ‘extraordinary circumstances’ federal courts must refuse to
12 intervene in state criminal proceedings to suppress the use of evidence claimed
13 to have been obtained through unlawful means”); Dubinka v. Judges of the
14 Superior Court of Cal. for the Cty. of L.A., 23 F.3d 218, 223-26 (9th Cir. 1994)
15 (concluding that a request to enjoin enforcement of a criminal discovery statute
16 and to suppress evidence obtained under that statute could not be entertained).
17 Abstention principles generally require federal courts to abstain from
18 exercising jurisdiction over a habeas petition in which the petitioner raises an
19 affirmative defense to a state prosecution unless (1) the state proceedings are
20 being undertaken in bad faith or to harass, where there is no “hope of
21 obtaining a valid conviction,” or (2) “in other extraordinary circumstances
22 where irreparable injury can be shown.” Brown v. Ahern, 676 F.3d 899, 903
23 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Middlesex Cty. Ethics Comm. v.
24 Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 435-37 (1982). Irreparable injury alone,
25 however, is insufficient to warrant federal intervention unless the irreparable
26 injury is both great and immediate. See Younger, 401 U.S. at 46.
27 In this case, abstention appears appropriate because all the Younger
28 abstention requirements are met. As noted, Petitioner’s state criminal
1 proceedings are ongoing. Petitioner is in pretrial custody on the criminal
2 charges for which he is detained. Second the state’s task of enforcing its laws
3 against socially harmful conduct is “important and necessary,” Younger, 401
4 U.S. at 51-52, and as such, the state proceedings implicate important state
5 interests. Third, Petitioner has an adequate opportunity to raise his federal
6 habeas claims in his pending state proceedings. Finally, there is nothing to
7 indicate the circumstances of Petitioner’s case fall within any recognized
8 exception to the Younger doctrine.
9 To the extent Petitioner asserts his speedy trial argument creates an
10 “extraordinary circumstance,” the Ninth Circuit has explained that a claimed
11 violation of the Speedy Trial Clause in and of itself is not an independent
12 “extraordinary circumstance” necessitating pre-trial habeas consideration.
13 Brown, 676 F.3d at 901. “[A]bsent specifically defined extraordinary
14 circumstances, principles of federalism and comity prohibit a federal district
15 court from entertaining a pre-conviction habeas petition that raises a Speedy
16 Trial claim as an affirmative defense to state prosecution.” Id. at 900. In
17 Braden, the petitioner sought habeas relief, claiming a denial of his
18 constitutional right to a speedy trial and requesting an order directing the
19 respondent to afford him an immediate trial on his then three-year old
20 Kentucky indictment. 410 U.S. at 486. The Supreme Court held that the
21 petitioner was entitled to raise his speedy trial claim at that time because: (1)
22 he was in custody within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2241; (2) he exhausted all
23 available state remedies; and (3) he did not seek to litigate a defense to a
24 criminal charge, but instead, sought a prompt trial. Id. at 488-90. Under these
25 limited circumstances, no “legitimate interest of federalism” was jeopardized
26 by allowing the petitioner to seek Section 2241 relief. Id. at 492. The Supreme
27 Court emphasized, however, that nothing in its decision “would permit the
28 derailment of a pending state proceeding by an attempt to litigate
1 constitutional defenses prematurely in federal court.” Id. at 493.
2 Here, unlike the petitioner in Braden, Petitioner has not exhausted his state
3 remedies, as discussed further below, and, in challenging the constitutionality
4 of the superior court’s jurisdiction, does seek to litigate a defense to the
5 criminal charge. Thus, here, a claim of a speedy trial violation alone does not
6 appear to constitute an extraordinary circumstance.
7 Although there is no statutory exhaustion requirement for Section 2241
8 actions, federal courts have imposed a prudential exhaustion requirement. See
9 Ward v. Chavez, 678 F.3d 1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2012). “The rule of exhaustion
10 in federal habeas corpus actions is rooted in considerations of federal-state
11 comity” and is “not limited to challenges to the validity of state court
12 convictions.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 491 (1973). Here, it appears
13 Petitioner has not sought any relief in the California Court of Appeal or
14 California Supreme Court. See FAP at 3-4 (identifying only “appeals” or
15 grievances sent to the ALCU, this Court, and the State Bar of California).
16 Given Petitioner’s failure to seek any relief in the state courts, considerations of
17 comity and federalism preclude Petitioner from proceeding to federal court
18 without first exhausting his claims in state court. See Fritz, 2012 WL 5197971,
19 at *4 (“Federalism and comity concerns preclude Petitioner’s attempt to
20 proceed in federal court without first affording the state courts the opportunity
21 to consider his claims and provide any relief that is appropriate.”).
22 Thus, Younger abstention is appropriate to the extent the FAP
23 challenges an aspect of Petitioner’s underlying state criminal proceedings.
24 When Younger applies, and the petitioner seeks injunctive relief, as the FAP
25 does here by challenging “lawful jurisdiction” of the state court, the Court has
26 no discretion to grant such relief. See Colorado River Water Conservation
27 Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 816 n.22 (1976); Garrison v. California,
28 2018 WL 2106488, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 7, 2018).
1 B. Petitioner’s Civil Rights Claims Should Be Dismissed
2 The remaining claims in the FAP (and to the extent the excessive force
3 claim does not challenge Petitioner’s underlying criminal proceedings) do not
4 fall within “the core of habeas corpus,” and as such, they are properly raised, if
5 at all, in a civil rights action, not a habeas petition.
6 Federal law opens two main avenues to relief on complaints related to
7 imprisonment: a petition for habeas corpus and a civil rights complaint. See
8 Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 750 (2004) (per curiam). Challenges to the
9 validity of any confinement or to particulars affecting its duration fall within
10 the “core” of habeas corpus. Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 579 (2006);
11 Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 643 (2004). “By contrast, constitutional
12 claims that merely challenge the conditions of prisoner’s confinement, whether
13 the inmate seeks monetary or injunctive relief, fall outside of that core and may
14 be brought pursuant to § 1983 in the first instance.” Nelson, 541 U.S. at 643;
15 Hill, 547 U.S. at 579; Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 927 (9th Cir. 2016) (en
16 banc) (concluding that “a § 1983 action is the exclusive vehicle for claims
17 brought by state prisoners that are not within the core of habeas corpus”).
18 Thus, if success on a habeas petitioner’s claim would not necessarily lead to his
19 immediate or earlier release from confinement, the claim does not fall within
20 “the core of habeas corpus” and thus, must be pursued, if at all, under 42
21 U.S.C. § 1983. Nettles, 830 F.3d at 935 (citing Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S.
22 521, 535 n.13 (2011)); see also Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 859 (9th Cir.
23 2003).
24 Here, although it is not entirely clear, it appears Petitioner’s claims
25 regarding the denial of his First Amendment rights, right to privacy, freedom
26 of choice, free exercise, and “faith healing exemption” all relate to the
27 conditions of his confinement. Success on these claims would not result in an
28 immediate or speedier release from custody, despite the relief being sought in
1 the Petition. See Nettles, 830 F.3d at 933 (explaining that “prisoners may not
2 challenge mere conditions of confinement in habeas corpus”); Shook v. Apker,
3 472 F. App’x 702, 702-03 (9th Cir. 2012) (finding claims on conditions of
4 confinement were properly brought in a civil rights action despite the relief
5 sought); Stephens v. Cty. of San Bernardino, 2019 WL 1412123, at *1 (C.D.
6 Cal. Feb. 20, 2019) (concluding that conditions of confinement claims must be
7 brought in Section 1983 action regardless of the petitioner’s request for release
8 from custody), Report and Recommendation accepted by 2019 WL 1406954
9 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2019); Crane v. Beard, 2017 WL 1234096, at *4 (C.D.
10 Cal. Apr. 3, 2017) (finding that claims challenging the petitioner’s conditions
11 of confinement were not cognizable on federal habeas review). As such, these
12 claims do not fall within “the core of habeas corpus” and Petitioner must
13 instead pursue these claims, if at all, in a Section 1983 action.
14 C. Converting the FAP into a Civil Rights Complaint is Not Warranted
15 The Court recognizes that there are some circumstances in which it may
16 be appropriate for a district court to convert a non-cognizable habeas petition
17 into a civil rights complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Nettles, 830 F.3d at
18 935-36 (involving a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition). However, the Court finds that
19 this action is not amenable for such conversion for a number of reasons. First,
20 simultaneously proceeding with habeas and civil rights claims in a single
21 action likely is improper. See Malone v. Calderon, 165 F.3d 1234, 1236-37 (9th
22 Cir. 1999) (declining to consolidate federal habeas and civil rights actions,
23 stating that “the risk of confusion of the issues inherent in consolidation of the
24 habeas and civil rights cases weighs against consolidation”). Here, the civil
25 rights claims relate to conditions of, and Petitioner’s treatment in, county jail,
26 while his potential habeas claims appear to relate to his ongoing state criminal
27 proceedings. The Court determines that proceeding in a single action with both
28 sets of claims is not warranted. See McGowan v. Hendrick, 2014 WL 791802,
1 at *3 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2014) (declining to convert habeas petition into civil
2 rights action where operative pleading contained both civil rights and habeas
3 claims). Second, prisoner civil rights actions are subject to different
4 requirements (and higher filing fees) than are federal habeas proceedings. The
5 petition must be amenable to conversion “on its face,” that is, it must name the
6 correct defendants and seek the correct relief. See Nettles, 830 F.3d at 936. As
7 noted, Petitioner would not be entitled to the relief sought based on the
8 allegations regarding his conditions of confinement. See Stephens, 2019 WL
9 1412123, at *1 (explaining that an appropriate remedy on claims relating to the
10 conditions of confinement would be in the form of damages or a change in
11 conditions, not release). Further, the FAP names only the Sheriff Alex
12 Villanueva as the respondent. It is unclear whether the Sheriff would be the
13 appropriate defendant in a civil rights action based on the allegations in the
14 Petition. Third, as pled, Petitioner’s claims potentially would be subject to
15 dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, which
16 could subject him to a “strike” under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
17 IV.
18 ORDER
19 Because the Court must abstain from hearing any habeas claims
20 challenging Petitioner’s ongoing state criminal proceedings and should decline
21 to consider Petitioner’s civil rights claims in this action, it appears that the FAP
22 is subject to dismissal. It also appears, for the reasons set forth above, that
23 leave to amend is not warranted. See, e.g., Lipton v. Pathogenesis Corp., 284
24 F.3d 1027, 1039 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Because any amendment would be futile,
25 there was no need to prolong the litigation by permitting further
26 amendment.”); Chaset v. Fleer/Skybox Int’l, 300 F.3d 1083, 1087-88 (9th Cir.
27 2002) (holding that there was no need to prolong litigation by permitting
28 amendment where the “basic flaw” in the pleading could not be cured).
1 Petitioner is therefore ORDERED TO SHOW CAUSE why this action
2 ||should not be dismissed without prejudice by filing a written response by no
3 || later than thirty (30) days from the date of this Order which sets forth any valid
4 ||legal and/or factual reasons why the FAP should not be dismissed.
5 Instead of filing a written response to the matters addressed in this
6 || Order, Petitioner may voluntarily dismiss the action by filing a Notice of
7 || Dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1). The Clerk is
8 || directed to send Petitioner a Central District Request for Dismissal form.
9 The Court warns Petitioner that failure to timely file a response to
10 Order will result in a recommendation that this action be dismissed
11 || without prejudice for the reasons explained above, and for failure to
12 || prosecute and comply with Court orders. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).
Dated: January 28, 2020
15 JOHN D. EARLY
16 nited States Magistrate Judge
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
12