acknowledging that a claim may be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction if it is “so insubstantial, 16 implausible, . . . or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy within 17 the jurisdiction of the District Court”
How later courts described this case
- acknowledging that a claim may be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction if it is “so insubstantial, 16 implausible, . . . or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy within 17 the jurisdiction of the District Court”
- dismissal 19 of a pro se complaint without leave to amend for failure to state a claim is proper only where it is 20 obvious that an opportunity to amend would be futile
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 DEEJANEA EDWARDS, ) Case No.: 1:21-cv-01726-AWI-JLT
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12 Plaintiff, ) ORDER DISMISSING THE COMPLAINT WITH
) LEAVE TO AMEND
13 v. )
) [THIRTY-DAY DEADLINE]
14 DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES, et
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al.,
15 Defendants. )
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16 )
17 DeeJanea Edwards seeks to proceed pro se and in forma pauperis1 in this action against the
18 Department of Human Services, Child Protective Services and numerous other individuals. (See Doc.
19 1.) Because Plaintiff does not present any federal claims in this action, the complaint is DISMISSED
20 with leave to amend.
21 I. Screening Requirement
22 When an individual seeks to proceed in forma pauperis, the Court is required to review the
23 complaint and shall dismiss a complaint, or portion of the complaint, if it is “frivolous, malicious, or
24 fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; or . . . seeks monetary relief from a defendant
25 who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
26 A plaintiff’s claim is frivolous “when the facts alleged rise to the level of the irrational or the
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28 1 The Court is deferring ruling on Plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis until Plaintiff provides sufficient facts
1 wholly incredible, whether or not there are judicially noticeable facts available to contradict them.”
2 Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 32-33 (1992). In other words, a complaint is frivolous where the
3 litigant sets “not only the inarguable legal conclusion, but also the fanciful factual allegation.” Neitzke
4 v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989).
5 II. Pleading Standards
6 General rules for pleading complaints are governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. A
7 pleading must include a statement affirming the court’s jurisdiction, “a short and plain statement of the
8 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief; and . . . a demand for the relief sought, which may
9 include relief in the alternative or different types of relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).
10 A complaint must give fair notice and state the elements of the plaintiff’s claim in a plain and
11 succinct manner. Jones v. Cmty. Redevelopment Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984). The
12 purpose of the complaint is to inform the defendant of the grounds upon which the complaint stands.
13 Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). The Supreme Court noted,
14 Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, but it demands more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation. A pleading that offers
15 labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will
not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders naked assertions devoid of further
16 factual enhancement.
17 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Vague
18 and conclusory allegations do not support a cause of action. Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266,
19 268 (9th Cir. 1982). The Court clarified further,
20 [A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim
to relief that is plausible on its face.” [Citation]. A claim has facial plausibility when the
21 plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. [Citation]. The plausibility standard is
22 not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that
a defendant has acted unlawfully. [Citation]. Where a complaint pleads facts that are
23 “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability, it “stops short of the line between
possibility and plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’
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25 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (citations omitted). When factual allegations are well-pled, a court should
26 assume their truth and determine whether the facts would make the plaintiff entitled to relief; legal
27 conclusions are not entitled to the same assumption of truth. Id. The Court may grant leave to amend a
28 complaint to the extent deficiencies of the complaint can be cured by an amendment. Lopez v. Smith,
1 203 F.3d 1122, 1127-28 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
2 III. Jurisdiction
3 The district court is a court of limited jurisdiction, and is empowered only to hear disputes
4 “authorized by Constitution and statute.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375,
5 377 (1994); Exxon Mobil Corp v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 552 (2005). The federal courts
6 are “presumed to lack jurisdiction in a particular case, unless the contrary affirmatively appears.” A-Z
7 Int’l. v. Phillips, 323 F.3d 1141, 1145 (9th Cir. 2003).
8 A federal court “ha[s] an independent obligation to address sua sponte whether [it] has subject-
9 matter jurisdiction.” Dittman v. California, 191 F.3d 1020, 1025 (9th Cir. 1999). It is the obligation of
10 the district court “to be alert to jurisdictional requirements.” Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Global Group,
11 L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 593 (2004). Without jurisdiction, the district court cannot decide the merits of a
12 case or order any relief. Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Cal. State Bd. of Equalization, 858 F.2d
13 1376, 1380 (9th Cir. 1988). The burden of establishing jurisdiction rests upon plaintiff as the party
14 asserting jurisdiction. Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377; see also Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 543
15 (1974) (acknowledging that a claim may be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction if it is “so insubstantial,
16 implausible, . . . or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy within
17 the jurisdiction of the District Court”).
18 IV. Factual Allegations
19 Plaintiff’s allegations center around her child being taken by Child Protective Services and the
20 pain that this has caused her. (See Doc. 1 at 8-11.) On October 28, 2019, Plaintiff was to pick her child
21 up2, and when she was making calls to do so, she was getting no answer. (Doc. 1 at 8.) Plaintiff then
22 describes an interaction with a police officer; she gave the officer information about her child, but
23 Plaintiff alleges that the officer was not taking her seriously and was not concerned about her. (Id.)
24 Plaintiff describes another interaction where she ran out of her house to get her daughter, but the
25 police officer restrained her. (Doc. 1 at 8.) Plaintiff asserts that the officer called Child Protective
26 Services, and the worker did not want to come into the house to see her daughter’s living situation and
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1 that her daughter “had all the necessary things.” (Id. at 9.) Plaintiff alleges that the police officer
2 inquired if her daughter had a rash and then took her daughter and gave her to the Child Protective
3 Services worker. (Id.)
4 Subsequently, Plaintiff alleges that Rebekah Scroggins3 arrived at her house, and Plaintiff
5 explained to Ms. Scroggins that this was all a misunderstanding. (Doc. 1 at 9.) Plaintiff alleges that
6 during that conversation, Ms. Scroggins said that she was going to talk to her supervisor, and Plaintiff
7 could go pick her daughter up. (Id.) Plaintiff also alleges that Ms. Scroggins asked to come into
8 Plaintiff’s house and checked the running water in the sink and then asked Plaintiff if she had any
9 mental health issues. (Id.) Plaintiff responded that she did as a child, well before her daughter was born.
10 (Id.) According to Plaintiff, Ms. Scroggins instructed Plaintiff to pick her daughter up the next day and
11 also informed her about a scheduled court date. (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that her court date was repeatedly
12 rescheduled, and she does not have legal representation. (Id. at 10.)
13 Plaintiff alleges that Child Protective Services would ignore her phone calls and messages, and
14 she was not notified when the social worker assigned to her case was changed from Ruben Cabera to
15 Blanca Aleveda. (Doc. 1 at 10.) Plaintiff alleges that she contacted Ms. Aleveda for two months before
16 she got to speak with her. (Id.) According to Plaintiff, Ms. Aleveda informed Plaintiff that, after
17 Plaintiff told her that she does not live in California, Ms. Aleveda recommended for parental rights to
18 be terminated and that Plaintiff’s child be adopted. (Id.)
19 Plaintiff alleges that she was labeled as a neglectful parent due to her having depression issues
20 in the past as a child. (Doc. 1 at 6.) Plaintiff asserts that she is not a neglectful parent, and she is
21 responsible for her child’s future. (Id. at 10.) Plaintiff alleges that Ms. Scroggins has lied to the court,
22 and Ms. Scroggins and Ms. Aleveda have caused nothing but stress and pain in her life. (Id. at 11.)
23 Plaintiff asserts that this incident has caused “so much traumatizing emotional distress.” (Id. at 9.)
24 Plaintiff alleges that her child is traumatized by the social worker’s acts and will need counseling. (Id.
25 at 6-7.) Plaintiff alleges that her and her child’s rights were violated in this process. (Id. at 11.)
26 ///
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1 V. Discussion and Analysis
2 A. Federal Court Jurisdiction
3 Though Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that her daughter was taken into custody by Child
4 Protective Services, Plaintiff’s complaint fails to identify any federal Constitutional right or federal
5 law under which Plaintiff is seeking relief. (See Doc. 1.) Instead, Plaintiff identifies various
6 California Penal Code sections including the Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act, Cal. Pen. Code,
7 § 11164 et seq., Cal Pen Code § 118.1, Cal. Pen. Code §§ 1523-1542. (Doc. 1 at 5.) To the extent that
8 Plaintiff is seeking to address purported violations of civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, such claims
9 must be premised on a violation of the Constitution or other federal rights. Nurre v. Whitehead, 580
10 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir.2009). A properly pled complaint must provide, in part, a “short and plain
11 statement” of Plaintiff’s claims showing entitlement to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); see also Paulsen
12 v. CNF, Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir .2009).
13 Due to Plaintiff’s unclear factual pleadings and failure to identify any specific federal right or
14 law that was violated, it is “very difficult to discern what precise claims plaintiff actually wishes to
15 raise, and which factual allegations support those claims.” Futrell v. Sacramento Cty. Dep’t of Health
16 & Hum. Servs., No. 2:10-CV-2424 JAM KJN, 2011 WL 666503, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2011)
17 (dismissing a case with leave to amend allegedly arising from the taking of minor children by Child
18 Protective Services). To remedy these problems, Plaintiff needs to “clearly identify the claims that she
19 wishes to pursue and provide succinct and coherent factual allegations supporting each claim.” Id.
20 B. Rooker-Feldman Doctrine
21 Under the Rooker-Feldman abstention doctrine, federal courts lack jurisdiction to hear matters
22 already decided in state court. See Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); District of
23 Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983). The doctrine applies in cases “brought
24 by state court losers complaining of injuries caused by state court judgments rendered before the
25 district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those
26 judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp., 544 U.S. 280 (2005).
27 Given plaintiff’s allegations regarding court proceedings related to the custody of her child, it
28 is possible this action is barred under the Rooker-Feldman abstention doctrine. Plaintiff will be
1 provided an opportunity to further amend the complaint to set forth specific facts related to the state
2 court child custody action, in particular whether that action has been concluded and, if so, to what
3 result. Plaintiff should also include any facts related to efforts she made in the context of the state
4 court proceedings to raise the issues she raises in this action concerning alleged misconduct of state
5 officials in removing her child.
6 C. Claims against the Department of Human Services and Child Protective Services
7 “[A] local government may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its
8 employees or agents.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
9 Instead, a governmental entity may be held liable under § 1983 only where a policy, practice, or
10 custom of the entity can be shown to be a moving force behind a violation of constitutional rights. Id.
11 (“Instead, it is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or
12 by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the
13 government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.”).
14 To state a claim for governmental entity liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege facts
15 demonstrating “(1) that [the plaintiff] possessed a constitutional right of which he was deprived; (2)
16 that the municipality had a policy; (3) that this policy amounts to deliberate indifference to the
17 plaintiff’s constitutional right; and (4) that the policy is the moving force behind the constitutional
18 violation.” Plumeau v. Sch. Dist. No. 40 Cnty. of Yamhill, 130 F.3d 432, 438 (9th Cir. 1997) (internal
19 quotation marks and citation omitted; alterations in original).
20 Though Plaintiff names the Department of Human Services and Child Protective Services as
21 defendants, she has not alleged that any official policy or custom caused her injury. If Plaintiff chooses
22 to file an amended complaint and is claiming that the violation of her constitutional rights is the result
23 of an official policy, she must include facts in her amended complaint showing that she was deprived
24 of a constitutional right; that the governmental entity has a policy; that this policy is deliberately
25 indifferent to Plaintiff’s constitutional rights; and that the policy is the reason or “moving force”
26 behind the violation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Plaintiff should describe the policy and identify
27 which defendants were responsible for implementing the policy.
28 ///
1 D. State Law Claims
2 Plaintiff attempts to raise claims pursuant to the Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act, Cal.
3 Pen. Code, § 11164 et seq., Cal Pen Code § 118.1, Cal. Pen. Code §§ 1523-1542. (Doc. 1 at 5.)
4 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), in any civil action in which the district court has original jurisdiction,
5 the district court “shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to
6 claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or
7 controversy under Article III,” except as provided in subsections (b) and (c). The Supreme Court has
8 cautioned that “if the federal claims are dismissed before trial, . . . the state claims should be dismissed
9 as well.” United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966). Although the Court
10 may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims, Plaintiff must first have a cognizable
11 claim for relief under federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367. In the absence of any cognizable federal
12 claims, the Court declines to address any purported state law claims.
13 VI. Conclusion and Order
14 Because it is possible that the deficiencies identified in this order may be cured by amending
15 the complaint, Plaintiff is entitled to leave to amend prior to dismissal of the entire action. See Lopez
16 v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). The Court will provide Plaintiff with
17 one opportunity to file an amended complaint that sets forth facts sufficient to support her claims. See
18 Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448-49 (9th Cir. 1987); see also Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1128 (dismissal
19 of a pro se complaint without leave to amend for failure to state a claim is proper only where it is
20 obvious that an opportunity to amend would be futile). The amended complaint must reference the
21 docket number assigned to this case and must be labeled “First Amended Complaint.”
22 If Plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, Plaintiff must demonstrate how the conditions
23 complained of have resulted in a deprivation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Ellis v. Cassidy,
24 625 F.2d 227 (9th Cir. 1980). The complaint must allege in specific terms how each named defendant
25 is involved and must set forth some affirmative link or connection between each defendants’ actions
26 and the claimed deprivation. See May v. Enomoto, 633 F.2d 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980); Johnson v.
27 Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
28 Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. Forsyth v.
1 Humana, Inc., 114 F.3d 1467, 1474 (9th Cir. 1997); King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 567 (9th Cir. 1987).
2 In addition, the amended complaint must be “complete in itself without reference to the prior or
3 superseded pleading.” Local Rule 220. Once Plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original
4 pleading no longer serves any function in the case. Finally, Plaintiff is warned that “[a]ll causes of
5 action alleged in an original complaint which are not alleged in an amended complaint are waived.”
6 King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 567 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing London v. Coopers & Lybrand, 644 F.2d
7 811, 814 (9th Cir. 1981)). Based upon the foregoing, the Court ORDERS:
8 1. Plaintiff’s Complaint is DISMISSED with leave to amend; and
9 2. Within thirty days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff SHALL file a First
10 Amended Complaint or a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action.
11 If Plaintiff fails to comply with this order to file a First Amended Complaint, the action
12 may be dismissed for failure to prosecute and failure to obey the Court’s order.
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14 IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 Dated: December 14, 2021 _ /s/ Jennifer L. Thurston
16 CHIEF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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