The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 THERESA BROOKE, Case No. 1:20-cv-01106-NONE-EPG
11 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS,
RECOMMENDING THAT DEFENDANTS’
12 v. MOTION TO DISMISS AND REQUEST FOR
JUDICIAL NOTICE BE DENIED
13 HATMAKER LAW CORPORATION et
al, (ECF No. 9)
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Defendants. OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN 14
15 DAYS
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On December 23, 2020, Defendants Anand Hospitality LLA, Hatmaker Law Corporation,
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and Javantilal M. Patel (“Defendants”), filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff Theresa Brooke’s
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(“Plaintiff”) complaint. (ECF No. 12). On October 20, 2021, this motion was referred to the
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undersigned for findings and recommendations. (ECF No. 15). For the reasons given below, the
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Court will recommend that Defendants’ motion to dismiss be denied.
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I. BACKGROUND
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a. Plaintiff’s Complaint
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Plaintiff filed her complaint on August 10, 2020. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff claims that she is
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a serial “tester” of the Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”). She has filed approximately
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1,000 ADA lawsuits against hotels across the western United States. Plaintiff has been insulted
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and threatened for her litigation positions. Although many ADA defendants have attempted to
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have Plaintiff declared a vexatious litigation, these attempts have been unsuccessful. Plaintiff
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1 states that she “is bringing this lawsuit as a stand against the lawyers and ADA defendants who
2 are empowered to threaten and intimidate Plaintiff. She is fed up.” (ECF No. 1, at p. 4).
3 Previously, Plaintiff filed an ADA lawsuit against Defendants in Brooke v. Jav. Patel,
4 E.D. Cal. Case no. 1:20-cv-00101-NONE-SKO (the “Underlying Litigation”). Plaintiff alleges
5 that Defendant Hatmaker Law Group threatened Plaintiff’s counsel with a State Bar complaint on
6 three different occasions during a settlement discussion. Defendant Hatmaker Law Group also
7 threatened a counterclaim without any basis, also during the course and scope of a settlement
8 discussion of the Underlying Litigation. Defendant Hatmaker Law Group has also taken
9 unfounded legal positions in the Underlying Litigation. All of Defendants’ motions have been
10 denied, and all of Plaintiff’s motions have been granted in the Underlying Litigation.
11 On or around July 30, 2020, Plaintiff, through her agent, sent Defendant Hatmaker Law
12 Group a settlement offer. During the settlement discussion via e-mail, Defendant Hatmaker Law
13 Group, through one of its principals, Rachelle Golden, threatened Plaintiff through her agent.
14 First, Ms. Golden threatened to file a cross claim, which Plaintiff contends was actually a
15 counterclaim. Ms. Golden refused to provide the basis for this potential claim, and Plaintiff
16 contends there is no such legal basis. During the course of the same settlement discussion, Ms.
17 Golden threatened Plaintiff’s agent on three occasions with a State Bar complaint because
18 Plaintiff’s agent was allegedly “insulting my intelligence.”
19 It is a violation of Rule 3.10 of the California Rules of Professional Responsibility to
20 make a threat of bringing disciplinary charges in order to gain an advantage during an ongoing
21 claim.
22 During the same settlement discussions, Ms. Golden referenced an actual State Bar
23 complaint against Plaintiff’s counsel brought by someone unknown to Ms. Golden. Plaintiff
24 alleges that such a complaint is not in the public record.
25 Plaintiff has suffered extreme emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and other symptoms
26 as a result of Ms. Golden’s threats.
27 Plaintiff brings one cause of action for a violation of Title III of the ADA. It relies on 28
28 C.F.R. 36.206(b), which states “No private or public entity shall coerce, intimidate, threaten, or
1 interfere with any individual in the exercise or enjoyment of, or on account of his or her having
2 exercised or enjoyed, or on account of his or her having aided or encouraged any other individual
3 in the exercise or enjoyment of, any right granted or protected by the Act or this part.”
4 b. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
5 Defendants filed their motion to dismiss on December 23, 2020. (EC No. 9). Defendants
6 argue that the communications that serve as the basis for Plaintiff’s complaint are privileged
7 communications under the Noerr-Pennington Doctrine because they were made in the context of
8 settlement communications.1
9 Defendants also filed a request for judicial notice totaling 87 pages, requesting without
10 argument that the Court judicially notice four documents related to the Underlying Litigation.
11 Defendants also filed a declaration of Rachelle Taylor Golden in support of Defendants’ motion
12 to dismiss, totaling 49 pages.
13 Plaintiff filed her opposition on January 1, 2021. (ECF No. 11). Plaintiff argues that the
14 Noerr-Pennington Doctrine does not apply because Defendants are not petitioners of government
15 branches. Plaintiff claims that the doctrine only applies to a portion of antitrust litigation.
16 Plaintiff asks for Rule 11 sanctions against Defendants for filing the motion.
17 Defendants filed a reply in support of their motion to dismiss on January 15, 2021. (ECF
18 No. 12). Defendants further explained why the Noerr-Pennington doctrine should apply to this
19 case.
20 On October 20, 2021, the District Judge referred this motion to the undersigned for the
21 preparation of findings and recommendations. (ECF No. 15).
22 II. APPLICABLE LAW
23 The Ninth Circuit has explained the Noerr-Pennington doctrine as follows:
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The Noerr–Pennington doctrine derives from the First Amendment's guarantee of
25 “the right of the people ... to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
U.S. Const. amend. I. Under the Noerr–Pennington doctrine, those who petition
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27 1 Defendants’ motion also includes a lengthy chronology of events related to the communications
at issue in the complaint, and dispute Plaintiff’s allegations. Because that factual recitation is not
28 relevant to the legal issue in the motion to dismiss, the Court will not summarize it here.
1 any department of the government for redress are generally immune from statutory
liability for their petitioning conduct. Empress LLC v. City & County of S.F., 419
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F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir.2005) (citing Manistee Town Ctr. v. City of
Glendale, 227 F.3d 1090, 1092 (9th Cir.2000)).
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4 The Noerr–Pennington doctrine arose in the antitrust context and initially reflected
the Supreme Court's effort to reconcile the Sherman Act with the First Amendment
5 Petition Clause. In Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor
Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127, 81 S.Ct. 523, 5 L.Ed.2d 464 (1961), trucking
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companies brought suit against railroad companies alleging that efforts by the
7 railroads to influence legislation regulating trucking violated the Sherman
Act. Id. at 129, 81 S.Ct. 523. The Court held that “the Sherman Act does not
8 prohibit ... persons from associating ... in an attempt to persuade the legislature or
the executive to take particular action with respect to a law that would produce a
9 restraint or a monopoly.” Id. at 136–37, 81 S.Ct. 523. In reaching this conclusion,
the Court observed that construing the Sherman Act to reach such conduct “would
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raise important constitutional questions” respecting the right of petition, stating
11 “we cannot ... lightly impute to Congress an intent to invade ... freedoms”
protected by the Bill of Rights. Id. at 138, 81 S.Ct. 523.
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United Mine Workers v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657, 85 S.Ct. 1585, 14 L.Ed.2d 626
13 (1965), extended this antitrust immunity to those engaging in lobbying activities
directed toward executive branch officials, regardless of any anticompetitive intent
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or purpose. Subsequently, in California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking
15 Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508, 92 S.Ct. 609, 30 L.Ed.2d 642 (1972), the Court,
recognizing that “the right to petition extends to all departments of the
16 government” and that “[t]he right of access to the courts is ... but one aspect of the
right of petition,” extended Noerr–Pennington immunity to the use of “the
17 channels and procedures of state and federal ... courts to advocate [groups'] causes
and points of view respecting resolution of their business and economic
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interests vis-á-vis their competitors.” Id. at 510–11, 92 S.Ct. 609 (emphasis added).
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Recognizing the constitutional foundation of the doctrine, the Supreme Court has
20 applied Noerr–Pennington principles outside the antitrust field. In Bill Johnson's
Restaurants, Inc. v. NLRB, 461 U.S. 731, 103 S.Ct. 2161, 76 L.Ed.2d 277 (1983),
21 the Supreme Court held that the Petition Clause protects access to judicial
processes in the labor relations context, and that the labor laws must be interpreted,
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where possible, to avoid burdening such access. See id. at 741–44, 103 S.Ct. 2161.
23 In Bill Johnson's, a restauranteurs filed a civil suit seeking to enjoin employees
from picketing his restaurant as part of a unionization campaign. In response, the
24 employees filed an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations
Board, alleging that the civil suit was retaliatory and violated section 8(a) of the of
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National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (4). See Bill
Johnson's, 461 U.S. at 734–35, 103 S.Ct. 2161. The Court, citing California Motor
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Transport, held that, in light of the protection afforded to the right of access to the
27 courts by the Petition Clause, a construction of the NLRA permitting the Board to
enjoin a well-founded but retaliatory lawsuit was untenable. Id. at 743, 103 S.Ct.
28 2161.
1 Sosa v. DIRECTV, Inc., 437 F.3d 923, 929–31 (9th Cir. 2006). The doctrine also applies to
2 actions incidental to “a valid effort to influence governmental action.” Id. at 934.
3 III. ANALYSIS
4 Defendants ask that this Court dismiss the lawsuit on the basis that any communications
5 made in the context of settlement are privileged and not subject to liability under the ADA due to
6 the Noerr-Pennington doctrine.
7 As an initial matter, the settlement communications do not fit within the core of Noerr-
8 Pennington. The settlement communications were not made as part of a petitioning a department
9 of the government. The claim at issue was not antitrust activity. Instead, this was a
10 communication from one party in a lawsuit to another in the context of an ADA litigation.
11 In support of its argument that the doctrine should extend to such a communication,
12 Defendants cite the Ninth Circuit case of Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Professional Real
13 Estate Investors, Inc., 944 F.2d 1525, (9th Cir. 1991), aff'd 508 U.S. 49 (1993), which affirmed a
14 trial court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing federal antitrust counterclaims based on the
15 Noerr-Pennington doctrine. Defendants rely on the following statement in that case:
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A decision to accept or reject an offer of settlement is conduct incidental to the
17 prosecution of the suit and not a separate and distinct activity which might form
the basis for antitrust liability. Consequently, PRE's ability to establish that
18 the Movie Studios' refusal to deal violated the Sherman Act depends on its success
or failure in showing that the copyright infringement action is actionable under the
19 federal antitrust laws.
20 Id. at 1528–1529. While it is true that the Court held that the settlement communications in that
21 case were subject to Noerr Pennington, the Court did not hold that all settlement communications
22 are therefore privileged under the doctrine. In the Columbia Pictures case, the claim at issue was
23 antitrust and the underlying conduct was co-plaintiff movie studios’ communications with each
24 other, including during settlement communications. The Ninth Circuit thus held, in the portion
25 cited above, that because the movie studios’ litigation conduct was subject to immunity from
26 antitrust claims under Noerr-Pennington, so too were the settlement communications incidental to
27 that lawsuit. Columbia Pictures is distinguishable because the underlying claim here is not
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1 antitrust, it is ADA, and the litigation that led to the settlement conference, also an ADA claim, is
2 not itself subject to Noerr Pennington.
3 Defendants next cite Freeman v. Lasky, Haas & Cohler, 410 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2005),
4 which upheld dismissal of an antitrust action against executives, lawyers, and law firms of state
5 real estate sale associates involved in previous antitrust litigation based on alleged discovery
6 misconduct. The Court explained:
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Because the Noerr–Pennington doctrine grows out of the Petition Clause, its reach
8 extends only so far as necessary to steer the Sherman Act clear of violating the
First Amendment. Immunity thus applies only to what may fairly be described
9 as petitions, not to litigation conduct generally. A complaint, an answer, a
counterclaim and other assorted documents and pleadings, in which plaintiffs or
10 defendants make representations and present arguments to support their request
that the court do or not do something, can be described as petitions without doing
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violence to the concept. But discovery is merely communication between parties
12 as an aid to litigation. It is not in any sense a communication to the court and is
therefore not a petition. See Theofel v. Farey–Jones, 359 F.3d 1066, 1078–79 (9th
13 Cir.2004) (noting that “[s]ubpoenaing private parties in ... private ... litigation” is
hardly petitioning). Nevertheless, “conduct incidental to” a petition is protected
14 by Noerr–Pennington if the petition itself is protected. Id. at 1078 (internal
quotation mark omitted); cf. Noerr, 365 U.S. at 143–44, 81 S.Ct. 523.
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16 Id. at 1184. Again, the issue before the Court in that case was whether discovery conduct was
17 sufficiently incidental to petitioning the government to shield the parties from antitrust liability.
18 The court did not hold that settlement communications are privileged from all lawsuits generally.
19 Defendants do not cite any case, nor does the Court know of any, that holds that any
20 communications made in the context of any settlement discussions are subject to immunity under
21 the Noerr Pennington doctrine.
22 After review of the case law and the associations doctrine, the Court finds that the Noerr
23 Pennington doctrine does not apply here. The Underlying Litigation did not involve Defendants
24 petitioning the government. Rather, Defendants were themselves defending a claim. The claim
25 at issue here is not antitrust or any cause of action akin to antitrust—it is ADA. Defendants’
26 communications as part of settlement discussion were not incidental to them petitioning the
27 government. Plaintiff’s claims do not infringe on Defendants’ First Amendment “right of the
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1 people ... to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” U.S. Const. amend. I.
2 The Court thus recommends that Defendants’ motion to dismiss be denied.
3 IV. REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
4 Defendants’ opposition includes a request that the Court take judicial notice of the original
5 complaint in the Underlying Litigation, the filing confirmation of Defendants’ motion to dismiss
6 in the Underlying Litigation, Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint in the Underlying Litigation,
7 and Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint in the Underlying
8 Litigation, totaling 87 pages. (ECF No. 9-2).
9 The request for judicial notice does not contain any explanation for Defendants’ request
10 for judicial notice. To the extent Defendants referred to these documents in the background
11 discussion of the motion to dismiss and wish to attach them for the Court’s reference, the Court
12 need not take judicial notice of them. Defendants’ motion and the Court’s recommendation on
13 that motion concern the allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint and do not depend on the information
14 in the attachments. The Court thus recommends denying Defendants’ request for judicial notice.
15 V. PLAINTIFF’S REQUEST FOR SANCTIONS
16 In Plaintiff’s opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Plaintiff requests Rule 11
17 sanctions against Defendants. Plaintiff argues that the motion to dismiss is a continuation of the
18 baseless claims made in the Underlying Litigation, which are described in Plaintiff’s complaint.
19 Plaintiff argues that “Defendants’ misconduct is premised upon self-righteousness but with little
20 to no validity.” Plaintiff does not include any citations or legal support for her request for
21 sanctions. (ECF No. 11).
22 Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure state that “By presenting to the court a
23 pleading, written motion, or other paper…an attorney…certifies that to the best of the person’s
24 knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the
25 circumstances…the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are warranted by existing
26 law….” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b). The rule also provides that “A motion for sanctions must be made
27 separately from any other motion and must describe the specific conduct that allegedly violates
28 Rule 11(b).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2).
1 The Court recommends denying the request for sanctions. Plaintiff did not file a separate
2 | motion for sanctions as required under Rule 11(c)(1), or provide any legal authority for her
3 | request. Although the Court is recommending denying Defendants’ motion to dismiss,
4 | Defendants provided a legal basis for their motion.
5 VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6 Accordingly, the Court RECOMMENDS as follows:
7 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 9) be DENIED;
8 2. Defendants’ request for judicial notice (ECF No. 9-2) be DENIED; and
9 3. Plaintiff's request for Rule 11 sanctions (ECF No. 11) be DENIED.
10 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States district judge
11 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen
12 | (14) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
13 | objections with the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge's
14 | Findings and Recommendations.” Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed within
15 | fourteen (14) days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file
16 | objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v.
17 | Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394
18 | (9th Cir. 1991)).
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20 IT IS SO ORDERED.
21 Dated: _ December 6, 2021 [sl ey
0 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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