deprivation of job and educational opportunities did not amount to an Eighth 24 Amendment violation
How later courts described this case
- deprivation of job and educational opportunities did not amount to an Eighth 24 Amendment violation
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 HENDRIX M. MONTECASTRO, No. 1:19-cv-01065-NONE-BAM (PC)
12 Plaintiff,
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION
13 v. RECOMMENDING DISMISSAL OF ACTION
FOR FAILURE TO STATE A COGNIZABLE
14 NEWSOME, et al., CLAIM FOR RELIEF
15 Defendants. (ECF No. 1)
16 FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE
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19 Plaintiff Hendrix M. Montecastro (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in
20 forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
21 I. Procedural Background
22 This action was originally filed jointly by Plaintiff and Paul Adams, another state prisoner.
23 (Doc. 1, p. 2.) The action purported to allege class action claims for a class of inmates,
24 represented by Plaintiff and Paul Adams. On August 14, 2019, the assigned magistrate judge
25 determined that this action should be severed, and that each plaintiff should proceed separately on
26 his own claim. (Doc. 4.) Plaintiff filed objections on August 28, 2019, a motion for
27 reconsideration as to the case’s class action status on September 27, 2019, and further objections
28 to the order to sever the action on September 30, 2019. (Doc. 7, 10, 11.)
1 A petition for writ of mandamus was denied by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on
2 November 21, 2019. (Doc. 13.) Plaintiff then filed a motion demanding a ruling on his pending
3 objections to the magistrate judge’s orders on February 21, 2020. (Doc. 15.) A second petition
4 for writ of mandamus was denied by the Ninth Circuit on June 25, 2020. (Doc. 17.)
5 Plaintiff objected to the magistrate judge’s severance of the case into two separate actions
6 and argued that this action should be certified as a class action, with him acting as class counsel.
7 On March 22, 2021, the district judge assigned to this case ruled that the two plaintiffs were
8 properly severed into separate cases and that this case may not proceed as a class action, as
9 Plaintiff, a layperson, cannot represent the interests of a class. (Doc. 18.) Plaintiff’s complaint,
10 filed on August 2, 2019, is now before the Court for screening. (Doc. 1.)
11 II. Screening Requirement and Standard
12 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
13 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C.
14 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous
15 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary
16 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b).
17 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
18 pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not
19 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
20 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell
21 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as
22 true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
23 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
24 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires
25 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable
26 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret
27 Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully
28 is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility
1 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969.
2 III. Plaintiff’s Allegations
3 Plaintiff is currently housed at California Correctional Institution, in Tehachapi,
4 California, where the allegations in the complaint took place. Plaintiff names the following
5 defendants: (1) Galvin Newsome,1 Governor of California, (2) Ralph M. Diaz, Secretary of
6 California Department of Corrections (“CDCR”), and (3) Does 1-10. Defendants are sued in their
7 official capacities.
Plaintiff alleges an Eighth Amendment violation for deliberate indifference to serious
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basic human need or the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities. Plaintiff alleges
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Defendants refuse to establish reasonable compensation for prison labor, and that paying
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prisoners only $0.08 up to $0.37 per hour is deliberate indifference and denies basic human
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needs. Plaintiff alleges that he is being denied rehabilitation to be able to function in society and
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to be able to do so mentally and emotionally. Not paying Plaintiff basic minimum wage is cruel
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and unusual punishment. Since CDCR elects to pay inmates wages and establish work positions,
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such low wage amounts are unreasonable and violation of the Eighth Amendment. These wages
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put Plaintiff lower than the lowest class of society. Plaintiff alleges he has been denied the right
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to function in the mainstream of society and deprived of rehabilitation. Plaintiff contends that he
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has a statutory right to work benefits which include reasonable pay. Plaintiff suffers denial of
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basic human needs and minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities because rehabilitation
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consists of being able to function in mainstream society, which cannot be achieved if Plaintiff is
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homeless upon release (all housing programs are so overly crowded). Plaintiff has been denied,
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through the deliberate indifference of Defendants, the ability to earn and save money for his
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release from prison, which would include paying restitution and he cannot get financially secure.
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On June 15, 2019, Plaintiff sent an 11-page letter to both Defendants stating his position,
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which Defendants ignored.
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In claims 1 and 3, Plaintiff alleges violation of the Eighth Amendment, deliberate
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indifference, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §794, for not providing basic necessities
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28 1 The court has listed the name as it is spelled in the complaint.
1 or minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities. In claim 2, Plaintiff alleges intentional
2 infliction of emotional injury in violation of the constitution for not being paid minimum wage.
3 Plaintiff also alleges violation under various California laws, such as California Proposition 57;
4 California Constitution; and California Title 15, Art. 3 §3041.2 (pay rates).
5 As remedies, Plaintiff seeks declaratory judgment that his rights have been violated, seeks
6 injunctive relief granting minimum wage which is $12.00 per hour, and other relief as the Court
7 deems proper.
8 IV. Discussion
9 Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a cognizable claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
10 A. Fourteenth Amendment and Eighth Amendment
11 Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim under either the Fourteenth Amendment or
12 Eighth Amendment. For the reasons explained below there is no constitutional right to a prison
13 job, or its benefits, including pay.
“[T]he Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment 'does not create a property or
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liberty interest in prison employment[.]’” Walker v. Gomez, 370 F.3d 969, 973 (9th Cir. 2004)
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(quoting Ingram v. Papalia, 804 F.2d 595, 596 (10th Cir.1986) (per curiam); and citing Baumann
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v. Ariz. Dep't of Corr., 754 F.2d 841, 846 (9th Cir.1985)); see also Rainer v. Chapman, 513
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Fed.Appx. 674, 675 (9th Cir. 2013) (holding that the district court properly dismissed the
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California prisoner-plaintiff's “due process claims based on his removal from his work
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assignment and transfer from the facility where his job was located because these allegations did
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not give rise to a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest”); Barno v. Ryan, 399
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Fed.Appx. 272, 273 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that possible loss of a state prison job due to a
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California state prisoner's classification as a sex offender did not violate the prisoner's Fourteenth
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Amendment or Eighth Amendment rights); Gray v. Hernandez, 651 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 1177 (S.D.
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Cal. 2009) (stating that “[w]hile state statutes and prison regulations may grant prisoners liberty
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interests sufficient to invoke due process protections, the instances in which due process can be
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invoked are significantly limited,” and holding that a California state prisoner had not shown “a
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right to prison employment” protected under the Due Process Clause); Hunter v. Heath, 95 F.
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1 Supp. 2d 1140, 1147 (D. Or. 2000) (“It is uniformly well established throughout the federal
2 circuit courts that a prisoner's expectation of keeping a specific prison job, or any job, does not
3 implicate a property or liberty interest under the Fourteenth Amendment.”), rev'd on other
4 grounds, 26 Fed.Appx. 764, 755 (9th Cir. 2002).
5 Under the Eighth Amendment, “[p]rison officials have a duty to ensure that prisoners are
6 provided adequate shelter, food, clothing, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety.” Johnson
7 v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2000). Conditions of confinement may, however, be harsh
8 and restrictive. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981). To challenge the conditions
9 of confinement under the Eighth Amendment, a plaintiff must meet both an objective and
10 subjective test. Id. The objective prong requires a showing that the deprivation was sufficiently
11 serious to form the basis for an Eighth Amendment violation. Id. As to the subjective prong of the
12 Eighth Amendment analysis, prisoners must establish prison officials’ “deliberate indifference” to
13 the unconstitutional conditions of confinement to establish an Eighth Amendment violation.
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994).
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15 A prison job, however, is not a basic human need and the loss thereof does not give rise to
16 an Eighth Amendment violation. See Barno v. Ryan, 399 F. App'x 272, 273 (9th Cir. 2010)
17 (unpublished opinion) (potential loss of prison job caused by erroneous sex offender classification
18 does not give rise to Eighth Amendment claim); Cox v. Pacholke, No. C12-5421 BHS/KLS, 2012
19 WL 5877513, at *4, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165914, at *9-10 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 9, 2012) (finding
20 that “[t]here is no constitutional right to receive and retain a particular prison job assignment” so
21 termination from employment does not violate the Eighth Amendment); Pack v. Lizarraga, 2020
22 WL 1304478, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2020) (the loss of plaintiff's prison job does not violate
23 any federal constitutional right).
24 If an inmate has no constitutionally protected interest in maintaining a particular job
25 assignment, then, a fortiori, he has no constitutionally protected interest in any benefit that may
26 stem from maintaining a particular job assignment. Courts which have considered this issue
27 agree; there is not a constitutionally protected right in prison pay. Perry v. W. Va. Corr. Indus.,
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1 No. 5:15CV139, 2018 WL 6579169, at *5 (N.D.W. Va. Dec. 13, 2018) (denial of prison pay or
2 any benefit that stems from the prison job does not violate the constitution), aff'd sub nom., Perry
3 v. Whitehead, 771 F. App'x 241 (4th Cir. 2019); Barlow v. Lopes, No. 85-CV-0529, 1985 WL
4 8795, at *1 (D. Conn. 1985) (the constitution has withstood attacks by prisoners for low pay or no
5 pay) (citing cases); Edwards v. New York State Dep't of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision, No.
6 919CV0254MADATB, 2019 WL 1978803, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. May 3, 2019) (plaintiff's due process
7 claim arising from allegations that he is paid unfair wages is dismissed for failure to state a claim
8 upon which relief may be granted.) “Further, as the Constitution and federal law do not create a
9 property right for inmates in a job, they likewise do not create a property right to wages for work
10 performed by inmates.” Carter v. Tucker, 69 Fed.Appx. 678, 680 (6th Cir. 2003); Sigler v.
11 Lowrie, 404 F.2d 659, 661 (8th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 940, 89 S.Ct. 2010, 23 L.Ed.2d
12 456 (1969) (prisoner has no constitutional right to be paid for his prison labor and such
13 compensation is by grace of the state). No constitutional right would be violated even if Plaintiff
14 only received half of his expected pay resulting from half being deducted to pay his debt to the
15 institution. See Singleton v. Page, No. 96-2637, 1999 WL 1054594, at *1 (7th Cir. Nov. 17, 1999)
16 (finding that since there was no legal basis for the prisoner’s asserted property interest in withheld
17 state pay, his due process arguments failed); James v. Quinlan, 866 F.2d 627, 630 (3d Cir. 1989)
18 (finding that the requirement that inmates assign one-half of their savings from prior prison work
19 in order to continue in their Federal Prison Industries job assignments did not violate their due
20 process rights); Martin v. Gregory, No. 1:16-CV-P29-GNS, 2016 WL 3964462, at *4 (W.D. Ky.
21 July 20, 2016) (no right to object to fees taken from prison pay). Plaintiff has no constitutional
22 right to educational, vocational or rehabilitative programs. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337,
23 348 (1981) (deprivation of job and educational opportunities did not amount to an Eighth
24 Amendment violation).
25 Plaintiff does not complain that he is being denied basic necessities or minimal civilized
26 measure of life’s necessities while incarcerated. Rather, he complains of post-incarcerated
27 impacts from the lack of wages he receives while incarcerated. Plaintiff complains he wishes to
28 be paid minimum wage so that he may save sufficient money in anticipation of release from
1 prison, and he may support himself upon release. While a laudable goal for Plaintiff to
2 contemplate, the Constitution does not provide the protection he seeks. Neither Due Process in
3 the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Eighth Amendment protect wages for a prisoner’s prison job.
4 B. Injunctive Relief
5 Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief in this action. Federal courts are courts of limited
6 jurisdiction and in considering a request for injunctive relief, the Court is bound by the
7 requirement that as a preliminary matter, it have before it an actual case or controversy. City of
8 Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102 (1983); Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for
9 Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 471 (1982). If the Court does not have an
10 actual case or controversy before it, it has no power to hear the matter in question. Id.
11 Further, requests for prospective relief are further limited by 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A) of
12 the Prison Litigation Reform Act [“PLRA”], which requires that the Court find the “relief
13 [sought] is narrowly drawn, extends no further than necessary to correct the violation of the
14 Federal right, and is the least intrusive means necessary to correct the violation of the Federal
15 right.” In cases brought by prisoners involving conditions of confinement, any injunction “must
16 be narrowly drawn, extend no further than necessary to correct the harm the court finds requires
17 preliminary relief, and be the least intrusive means necessary to correct the harm.” 18 U.S.C. §
18 3626(a)(2). Moreover, where, as here, “a plaintiff seeks a mandatory preliminary injunction that
19 goes beyond maintaining the status quo pendente lite, ‘courts should be extremely cautious’ about
20 issuing a preliminary injunction and should not grant such relief unless the facts and law clearly
21 favor the plaintiff.” Committee of Central American Refugees v. I.N.S., 795 F.2d 1434, 1441 (9th
22 Cir. 1986), quoting Martin v. International Olympic Committee, 740 F.2d 670, 675 (9th Cir.
23 1984).
The injunctive relief Plaintiff is seeking, payment of minimum wage, goes beyond what
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would be allowed under the PLRA as it is not narrowly tailored to address the violations of the
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rights at issue in this action and is too intrusive. Further, an injunction cannot be based on
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speculative injury. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co., Inc. v. Baldridge, 844 F.2d 668, 674-75 (9th
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Cir. 1988). Therefore, the Court cannot grant broad requests for relief or requests based on the
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1 possibility of an injury.
2 C. State Law Claims
3 Plaintiff may be attempting to allege negligence.
4 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), in any civil action in which the district court has original
5 jurisdiction, the “district courts shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are
6 so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same
7 case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution,” except as provided in
8 subsections (b) and (c). The Supreme Court has stated that “if the federal claims are dismissed
9 before trial, ... the state claims should be dismissed as well.” United Mine Workers of Am. v.
10 Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966).
11 Although the Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims, Plaintiff
12 must first have a cognizable claim for relief under federal law. 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
13 Further, the Government Claims Act requires exhaustion of Plaintiff's state law tort claims
with the California Victim Compensation and Government Claims Board, and Plaintiff is required
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to specifically allege compliance in his complaint. Shirk v. Vista Unified Sch. Dist., 42 Cal. 4th
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201, 208–09 (Cal. 2007); State v. Superior Court of Kings Cty. (Bodde), 32 Cal. 4th 1234, 1239
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(Cal. 2004); Mabe v. San Bernardino Cty. Dep't of Pub. Soc. Servs., 237 F.3d 1101, 1111 (9th
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Cir. 2001); Mangold v. California Pub. Utils. Comm'n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1477 (9th Cir. 1995);
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Karim– Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep't, 839 F.2d 621, 627 (9th Cir. 1988). Plaintiff has not
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alleged he has complied with the Government Claims Act for his state law claim.
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D. Further Leave to Amend Futile
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Leave to amend should be granted if it appears possible that the defects in the complaint
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could be corrected, especially if a plaintiff is pro se. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th
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Cir. 2000) (en banc); Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995) (“A pro se litigant
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must be given leave to amend his or her complaint, and some notice of its deficiencies, unless it is
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absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by amendment.” (citing
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Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987)). However, if, after careful consideration, it
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is clear that a complaint cannot be cured by amendment, the court may dismiss without leave to
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1 amend. Cato, 70 F.3d at 1005-06. The undersigned finds that, as set forth above, Plaintiff's
2 allegations fail to state a federal claim for relief and amendment would be futile. Accordingly,
3 Plaintiff's complaint should be dismissed without leave to amend.
4 V. Conclusion and Recommendation
5 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED as follows:
6 1. The federal claims in this action be dismissed, with prejudice, based on Plaintiff’s
7 failure to state a cognizable claim upon which relief may be granted; and
8 2. The Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s purported state
9 law claims.
10 This Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District Judge
11 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14)
12 days after being served with this Findings and Recommendation, Plaintiff may file written
13 objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge's
Findings and Recommendation.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the
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specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834,
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838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).
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IT IS SO ORDERED.
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19 Dated: March 25, 2021 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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