The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 CESAR FLORES, No. 2:20-cv-01973-CKD P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 CORCARN, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and seeking relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
18 1983. This proceeding was referred to this court by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
19 636(b)(1).
20 Plaintiff requests leave to proceed in forma pauperis. As plaintiff has submitted a
21 declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a), his request will be granted.
22 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C. §§
23 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct the appropriate agency to collect the
24 initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and forward it to the Clerk of the Court.
25 Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments of twenty percent of the preceding
26 month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account. These payments will be forwarded by
27 the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time the amount in plaintiff’s account
28 exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2).
1 I. Screening Requirement
2 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
3 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The
4 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally
5 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek
6 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1),(2).
7 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
8 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
9 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an
10 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
11 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
12 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th
13 Cir. 1989); Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227.
14 In order to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than
15 “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause
16 of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-557 (2007). In other words,
17 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
18 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, a claim
19 upon which the court can grant relief has facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A
20 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
21 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
22 at 678. When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted,
23 the court must accept the allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007), and
24 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416
25 U.S. 232, 236 (1974).
26 II. Allegations in the Complaint
27 Before the court could screen plaintiff’s complaint filed on September 25, 2020, plaintiff
28 filed a first amended complaint. See ECF No. 10. Because an amended complaint supersedes the
1 original pleading, the court will proceed to screen the first amended complaint. See Loux v.
2 Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967).
3 At all times relevant to the allegations in the first amended complaint, plaintiff was an
4 inmate at Deuel Vocational Institution (“DVI”). On an unspecified date, plaintiff was housed on
5 the third tier even though he required a cane. Plaintiff alleges that “[c]ustody staff…
6 discriminated [against] his medical needs to be housed on the lower tier and acted with
7 professional and gross negligence….” ECF No. 10 at 4. He further asserts that he was injured
8 based on his housing assignment because he ran into another inmate who was running up to the
9 third tier. ECF No. 10 at 4. Plaintiff fell backwards from this impact. Id. By way of relief,
10 plaintiff seeks monetary compensation. ECF No. 10 at 6.
11 III. Legal Standards
12 A. Linkage Requirement
13 The civil rights statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
14 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
15 Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362
16 (1976). The Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects' another to the deprivation of a
17 constitutional right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates
18 in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that
19 causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th
20 Cir. 1978) (citation omitted). In order to state a claim for relief under section 1983, plaintiff must
21 link each named defendant with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of
22 plaintiff's federal rights.
23 B. Supervisory Liability
24 Government officials may not be held liable for the unconstitutional conduct of their
25 subordinates under a theory of respondeat superior. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 (2009)
26 (“In a § 1983 suit ... the term “supervisory liability” is a misnomer. Absent vicarious liability,
27 each Government official, his or her title notwithstanding is only liable for his or her own
28 misconduct.”). When the named defendant holds a supervisory position, the causal link between
1 the defendant and the claimed constitutional violation must be specifically alleged; that is, a
2 plaintiff must allege some facts indicating that the defendant either personally participated in or
3 directed the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights or knew of the violations and failed to act
4 to prevent them. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d
5 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978).
6 C. Deliberate Indifference to a Serious Medical Need
7 Denial or delay of medical care for a prisoner’s serious medical needs may constitute a
8 violation of the prisoner’s Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S.
9 97, 104-05 (1976). An individual is liable for such a violation only when the individual is
10 deliberately indifferent to a prisoner’s serious medical needs. Id.; see Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d
11 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006); Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 744 (9th Cir. 2002); Lopez v.
12 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1131-32 (9th Cir. 2000).
13 In the Ninth Circuit, the test for deliberate indifference consists of two parts. Jett, 439
14 F.3d at 1096, citing McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050 (9th Cir. 1991), overruled on other
15 grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc). First, the
16 plaintiff must show a “serious medical need” by demonstrating that “failure to treat a prisoner’s
17 condition could result in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of
18 pain.’” Id., citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104. “Examples of serious medical needs include ‘[t]he
19 existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or patient would find important and worthy of
20 comment or treatment; the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an
21 individual’s daily activities; or the existence of chronic and substantial pain.’” Lopez, 203 F. 3d
22 at 1131-1132, citing McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059-60.
23 Second, the plaintiff must show the defendant’s response to the need was deliberately
24 indifferent. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. This second prong is satisfied by showing (a) a purposeful act
25 or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need and (b) harm caused by the
26 indifference. Id. Under this standard, the prison official must not only “be aware of facts from
27 which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,” but that person
28 “must also draw the inference.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994). This “subjective
1 approach” focuses only “on what a defendant’s mental attitude actually was.” Id. at 839. A
2 showing of merely negligent medical care is not enough to establish a constitutional violation.
3 Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1130 (9th Cir. 1998), citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105-106. A
4 difference of opinion about the proper course of treatment is not deliberate indifference, nor does
5 a dispute between a prisoner and prison officials over the necessity for or extent of medical
6 treatment amount to a constitutional violation. See, e.g., Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1058
7 (9th Cir. 2004); Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1989). Furthermore, mere delay of
8 medical treatment, “without more, is insufficient to state a claim of deliberate medical
9 indifference.” Shapley v. Nev. Bd. of State Prison Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 1985).
10 Where a prisoner alleges that delay of medical treatment evinces deliberate indifference, the
11 prisoner must show that the delay caused “significant harm and that Defendants should have
12 known this to be the case.” Hallett, 296 F.3d at 745-46; see McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060.
13 D. Americans with Disabilities Act
14 Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) “prohibit[s] discrimination on the
15 basis of disability.” Lovell v. Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039, 1052 (9th Cir. 2002). Title II of the
16 ADA applies to inmates within state prisons. Pennsylvania Dept. of Corrections v. Yeskey, 524
17 U.S. 206, 208 (1998). “To establish a violation of Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must show that
18 (1) [he] is a qualified individual with a disability; (2) [he] was excluded from participation in or
19 otherwise discriminated against with regard to a public entity’s services, programs, or activities;
20 and (3) such exclusion or discrimination was by reason of [his] disability.” Lovell, 303 F.3d at
21 1052. “To recover monetary damages under Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must prove
22 intentional discrimination on the part of the defendant,” and the standard for intentional
23 discrimination is deliberate indifference. Duvall v. County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1138 (9th
24 Cir. 2001).
25 IV. Analysis
26 The court has reviewed plaintiff’s first amended complaint and finds that it fails to state a
27 claim upon which relief can be granted under federal law. Although plaintiff names three
28 defendants, he does not connect these individuals to any of the alleged constitutional violations in
1 the amended complaint. Absent this linkage, plaintiff has failed to state a claim for relief under
2 section 1983. See Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). Therefore, plaintiff’s
3 complaint must be dismissed. The court will, however, grant leave to file a second amended
4 complaint.
5 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, plaintiff must demonstrate how the conditions
6 complained of have resulted in a deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Ellis v.
7 Cassidy, 625 F.2d 227 (9th Cir. 1980). Also, in his amended complaint, plaintiff must allege in
8 specific terms how each named defendant is involved. There can be no liability under 42 U.S.C.
9 § 1983 unless there is some affirmative link or connection between a defendant’s actions and the
10 claimed deprivation. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). Furthermore, vague and conclusory
11 allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient. Ivey v. Board of
12 Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
13 Finally, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to
14 make plaintiff’s amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended
15 complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This is because, as a
16 general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375
17 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967). Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no
18 longer serves any function in the case. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original
19 complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged.
20 V. Plain Language Summary for Pro Se Party
21 The following information is meant to explain this order in plain English and is not
22 intended as legal advice.
23 The court has reviewed the allegations in your first amended complaint and determined
24 that they do not state any claim against the defendants. Your first amended complaint is being
25 dismissed, but you are being given the chance to fix the problems identified in this screening
26 order.
27 Although you are not required to do so, you may file a second amended complaint within
28 30 days from the date of this order. If you choose to file a second amended complaint, pay
1 | particular attention to the legal standards identified in this order which may apply to your claims.
2 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
3 1. Plaintiff's motions for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF Nos. 2, 11) are
4 | granted.
5 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. All fees
6 | shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the Director of the California
7 | Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently herewith.
8 3. Plaintiffs first amended complaint is dismissed with leave to amend granted.
9 4. Plaintiff may file a second amended complaint within thirty days from the date of
10 | service of this order. Any second amended complaint must comply with the requirements of the
11 Civil Rights Act, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and the Local Rules of Practice. It should
12 | include the docket number assigned to this case and must be labeled “Second Amended
13 | Complaint.”
14 5. Should plaintiff choose not to file a second amended complaint, the undersigned will
15 || recommend that this action be dismissed.
16 | Dated: March 12, 2021 eo dp. A Gx
7 CAROLYN K.DELANEY
18 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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