(PC)Watkins v. Klein

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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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10 MAURICE WATKINS, No. 2:20-cv-1360 DB P

11 Plaintiff,

12 v. ORDER

13 JEFF LYNCH, et al.,

14 Defendants.

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16 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42

17 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff alleges prison officials violated his rights in connection with an incident

18 in which plaintiff was attacked by fellow inmates. Presently before the court, is plaintiff’s motion

19 to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) and his complaint for screening (ECF No. 1). For the

20 reasons set forth below, the court will grant the motion to proceed in forma pauperis and give

21 plaintiff the option to proceed with the complaint as screened or amend the complaint.

22 IN FORMA PAUPERIS

23 Plaintiff has submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. §

24 1915(a). (ECF No. 2.) Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis will be granted.

25 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C. §§

26 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in

27 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct

28 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and

1 forward it to the Clerk of the court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments

2 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account.

3 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time

4 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. §

5 1915(b)(2).

6 SCREENING

7 I. Legal Standards

8 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a

9 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. §

10 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims

11 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be

12 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28

13 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2).

14 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.

15 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th

16 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an

17 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,

18 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully

19 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227.

20 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain

21 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the

22 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell

23 AtlanticCorp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47

24 (1957)).

25 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must

26 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain

27 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic,

28 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the

1 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S.

2 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all

3 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969).

4 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:

5 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes

to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation

6 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution .

. . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity,

7 or other proper proceeding for redress.

8 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Here, the defendants must act under color of federal law. Bivens, 403 U.S. at

9 389. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the

10 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See

11 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362

12 (1976). “A person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the

13 meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or

14 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which

15 complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).

16 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of

17 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant

18 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional

19 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979);

20 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations

21 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See

22 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).

23 II. Allegations in the Complaint

24 Plaintiff claims the events giving rise to his claim occurred while he was incarcerated at

25 California State Prison, Sacramento (“CSP-SAC”). (ECF No. 1 at 1.) Plaintiff has identified the

26 following individuals as defendants in this action: (1) Jeff Lynch, warden at CSP-SAC; (2) R.

27 Haynie, correctional lieutenant at CSP-SAC; (3) T. Klein, correctional sergeant at CSP-SAC; (4)

28 E. Enriquez, correctional officer at CSP-SAC; (5) M. Sawaya, correctional officer at CSP-SAC;

1 (6) A. Rivera, correctional officer at CSP-SAC; (7) J. Howard, correctional counselor at CSP-

2 SAC; (8) J. Lewis; (9) Beck, correctional officer at CSP-SAC; (10) Sterken, correctional officer

3 at CSP-SAC; and (11) S. Prasad, nurse at CSP-SAC. (Id. at 1-2.)

4 Plaintiff alleges that on April 18, 2019 officers Enriquez and Sawaya approached cell

5 number 107 to assess a racial threat to security. (Id. at 7.) The inmate in cell 107 was making

6 banging noises and stated, “Ima kill that nigger.” Enriquez and Sawaya turned and walked away.

7 Plaintiff and a fellow inmate were called to the office where Enriquez, Sawaya, and Rivera asked

8 them about the inmate in cell 107. Plaintiff told the officers that he had not done anything to the

9 inmate in cell 107. Sawaya then stated, “That motherfucker broke his window and whatever his

10 problem with [plaintiff], he can take that shit to the yard, and they can kill each other.”

11 Enriquez, Sawaya, and Rivera allowed the verbal threats to continue as the inmates were

12 released onto the yard. (Id.) Rivera opened cell 107 and the sole occupant ran into cell 106 and

13 attacked plaintiff while he was on top of his bunk. Plaintiff jumped off the bunk and ran away.

14 Plaintiff states defendant Howard “with malicious intent allowed 3 inmates to get up and

15 attack” plaintiff. Plaintiff distanced himself so that Howard could protect him from the four

16 inmate attackers. Defendant Klein ordered all responding officers to maintain their position and

17 watched an inmate run from outside to severely attack plaintiff. Plaintiff attempted to run down

18 the stairs as he was attacked. (Id. at 8.) He was “sprayed” in the face while he was trying to get

19 protection from officers.

20 After he was sprayed, plaintiff yelled that he is not able to see or hear. (Id.) After he was

21 restrained, plaintiff asked for medical assistance as well as his hearing aids and shoes. Plaintiff

22 had a wound on the left side of his body from a piece of glass. He asked for medical care again

23 but was threatened with a rules violation report. Plaintiff told Lewis that plaintiff had a cellphone

24 in his pocket. Lewis removed the phone and handed it to another officer.

25 Prasad told plaintiff he would be evaluated once he was taken to a holding cell, but Prasad

26 did not follow up to ensure plaintiff was evaluated. After an investigation, Sawaya brought

27 plaintiff his hearing aids. Rivera brought plaintiff a property inventory form, but plaintiff

28 declined to sign it because it was incomplete. Plaintiff told Rivera there were missing items and

1 Rivera stated “everything is packed inside the cell.” Rivera then made a notation indicating

2 plaintiff refused to sign the form.

3 Plaintiff also included allegations stating that Warden Lynch was legally responsible for

4 the operation of CSP-SAC. (Id. at 5.) He appears to allege that Lynch failed to maintain an

5 environment free of drugs, weapons, and cell phones. He also indicates that Lynch was aware of

6 a racial threat “sometime in the first quarter of 2019” and instituted a modified lockdown. (Id. at

7 6.) Plaintiff further states that Lynch failed to investigate the threat and did not authorize a

8 thorough search.

9 III. Does Plaintiff State a § 1983 Claim?

10 A. Eighth Amendment

11 The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” U.S.

12 Const. amend. VIII. The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain constitutes cruel and unusual

13 punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986);

14 Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 670 (1977); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-06 (1976).

15 Neither accident nor negligence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, as “[i]t is obduracy

16 and wantonness, not inadvertence or error in good faith, that characterize the conduct prohibited

17 by the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at 319.

18 1. Failure to Protect

19 A failure to protect claim under the Eighth Amendment requires a showing that “the

20 official [knew] of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to inmate . . . safety.” Farmer v. Brennan,

21 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994). “Whether a prison official had the requisite knowledge of a substantial

22 risk is a question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including inference from

23 circumstantial evidence, . . . and a factfinder may conclude that a prison official knew of a

24 substantial risk from the very fact that the risk was obvious.” Id. at 842 (citations omitted). The

25 duty to protect a prisoner from serious harm requires that prison officials take reasonable

26 measures to guarantee the safety and well-being of the prisoner. Id. at 832-33; Frost v. Agnos,

27 152 F.3d 1124, 1128-29 (9th Cir. 1998). Because “only the unnecessary and wanton infliction of

28 pain implicates the Eighth Amendment,” plaintiff must allege facts showing the defendant acted

1 with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 297 (1991) (internal

2 quotation marks, emphasis, and citations omitted).

3 Plaintiff has alleged officers Enriquez, Sawaya, and Rivera were aware of a threat by an

4 inmate and did not take adequate actions to prevent an attack. (ECF No. 1 at 7-9.) Such

5 allegations are sufficient to state an eighth Amendment claim against these defendants.

6 Plaintiff has also alleged defendants Howard and Klein failed to adequately protect him

7 when other inmates attacked plaintiff. (Id.) The court finds such allegations minimally sufficient

8 to state a claim for the purposes of § 1915A.

9 2. Denial of Medical Treatment

10 Where a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment claim arises in the context of medical care, the

11 prisoner must allege and prove “acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate

12 indifference to serious medical needs.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106. An Eighth Amendment medical

13 claim has two elements: “the seriousness of the prisoner’s medical need and the nature of the

14 defendant’s response to that need.” McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992),

15 overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en

16 banc).

17 A medical need is serious “if the failure to treat the prisoner’s condition could result in

18 further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” McGuckin, 974

19 F.2d at 1059 (quoting Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104). Indications of a serious medical need include

20 “the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities.” Id.

21 at 1059-60. By establishing the existence of a serious medical need, a prisoner satisfies the

22 objective requirement for proving an Eighth Amendment violation. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S.

23 825, 834 (1994).

24 If a prisoner establishes the existence of a serious medical need, he must then show that

25 prisoner officials responded to the serious medical need with deliberate indifference. See Farmer,

26 511 U.S. at 834. In general, deliberate indifference may be shown when prison officials deny,

27 delay, or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or may be shown by the way in which

28 ////

1 prison officials provide medical care. Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 393-94 (9th

2 Cir. 1988).

3 Before it can be said that a prisoner’s civil rights have been abridged with regard to

4 medical care, “the indifference to his medical needs must be substantial. Mere ‘indifference,’

5 ‘negligence,’ or ‘medical malpractice’ will not support this cause of action.” Broughton v. Cutter

6 Laboratories, 622 F.2d 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105-06); see also

7 Toguchi v. Soon Hwang Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1057 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Mere negligence in

8 diagnosing or treating a medical condition, without more, does not violate a prisoner’s Eighth

9 Amendment rights.”); McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059 (same). Deliberate indifference is “a state of

10 mind more blameworthy than negligence” and “requires ‘more than ordinary lack of due care for

11 the prisoner’s interests or safety.’” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835.

12 Finally, mere differences of opinion between a prisoner and prison medical staff or

13 between medical professionals as to the proper course of treatment for a medical condition do not

14 give rise to a § 1983 claim. See Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058; Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d

15 330,332 (9th Cir. 1996); Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1989); Franklin v. Oregon,

16 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th Cir. 1981).

17 Plaintiff claims Prasad failed to ensure that plaintiff received medical attention after he

18 was injured by the assault. The court finds such allegations minimally sufficient to state a claim

19 for the purposes of § 1915A.

20 B. Supervisory Liability

21 Under § 1983, liability may not be imposed on supervisory personnel for the actions or

22 omissions of their subordinates under the theory of respondeat superior. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

23 U.S. 662, 677 (2009); Simmons v. Navajo Cnty., Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1020-21(9th Cir. 2010);

24 Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930,

25 934 (9th Cir. 2004). “A supervisor may be liable only if (1) he or she is personally involved in the

26 constitutional deprivation, or (2) there is ‘a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor's

27 wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Crowley v. Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977 (9th

28 Cir. 2013) (citations omitted); Lemire v. California Dep't of Corr. and Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062,

1 1074-75 (9th Cir. 2013). “Under the latter theory, supervisory liability exists even without overt

2 personal participation in the offensive act if supervisory officials implemented a policy so

3 deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights and is the moving force of a

4 constitutional violation.” Crowley, 734 F.3d at 977 (citing Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646

5 (9th Cir. 1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

6 Plaintiff has named warden Lynch as a defendant in this action and alleges he violated

7 plaintiff’s rights because he is responsible for the operation of CSP-SAC. However, plaintiff has

8 not stated specific allegations showing that Lynch was personally involved in the events giving

9 rise to the incident. Plaintiff’s allegation that Lynch was aware of a threat or failed to maintain a

10 prison environment free of contraband are too vague and conclusory to show rights violation. See

11 Ivey v. Board of Regents of the Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266 (9th Cir. 1982). Accordingly,

12 plaintiff’s allegations fail to state a claim against defendant Lynch. In any amended complaint

13 plaintiff must state facts showing that Lynch was personally involved in the incident, or

14 “implemented a policy so deficient that the policy ‘itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights’

15 and is ‘the moving force of the constitutional violation.’” Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646

16 (9th Cir. 1989) (internal citations omitted); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989).

17 C. Insufficient Factual Allegations

18 The Civil Rights Act (42 U.S.C. § 1983) requires that there be an actual connection or link

19 between the actions of defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff.

20 See Monell v. Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362

21 (1976). The Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a

22 constitutional right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates

23 in another’s affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that

24 causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th

25 Cir. 1978). To state a claim for relief under § 1983, plaintiff must link each named defendant

26 with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff’s federal rights.

27 Plaintiff alleges that plaintiff told Lewis he had a cellular phone, Lewis confiscated the

28 phone, and gave it to another officer. (ECF No. 1 at 8.) Such allegations are insufficient to state

1 a § 1983 claim. Plaintiff has not identified, and the court is unaware of any federal or

2 constitutional right violated by the actions as set forth in the complaint. Franklin v. Terr, 201

3 F.3d 1098, 1100 (9th Cir. 2000) (“To state a claim under § 1983 plaintiff must allege that (1) he

4 was deprived of a right secured by the Constitution or federal law; and (2) the defendant acted

5 ‘under color of state authority’ in depriving the plaintiff of this right.”). Accordingly, plaintiff

6 has failed to state a claim against Lewis.

7 Plaintiff has failed to state factual allegations related to defendant Haynie, Beck, and

8 Sterken. In order to state a claim against any defendant plaintiff must provide facts showing how

9 that defendant’s action or inaction violated his rights. Absent such facts, the court cannot find

10 that plaintiff stated a claim against these defendants. In any amended complaint, plaintiff must

11 state facts showing how each named defendant was involved in the alleged rights violations.

12 IV. Amending the Complaint

13 As set forth above, plaintiff has stated a claim against some defendants and failed to state

14 a claim against others. Accordingly, plaintiff will be given the option to proceed with the

15 complaint as screened or to file an amended complaint. Plaintiff is advised that in an amended

16 complaint he must clearly identify each defendant and the action that defendant took that violated

17 his constitutional rights. The court is not required to review exhibits to determine what plaintiff’s

18 charging allegations are as to each named defendant. The charging allegations must be set forth

19 in the amended complaint, so defendants have fair notice of the claims plaintiff is presenting.

20 That said, plaintiff need not provide every detailed fact in support of his claims. Rather, plaintiff

21 should provide a short, plain statement of each claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).

22 Any amended complaint must show the federal court has jurisdiction, the action is brought

23 in the right place, and plaintiff is entitled to relief if plaintiff’s allegations are true. It must

24 contain a request for particular relief. Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who

25 personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right.

26 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation

27 of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act

28 he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation).

1 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed.

2 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed.

3 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or

4 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b).

5 The federal rules contemplate brevity. See Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d

6 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any

7 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”); Fed. R. Civ. P.

8 84; cf. Rule 9(b) (setting forth rare exceptions to simplified pleading). Plaintiff’s claims must be

9 set forth in short and plain terms, simply, concisely and directly. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema

10 N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system,

11 which was adopted to focus litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.

12 An amended complaint must be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading.

13 E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, all prior pleadings are superseded.

14 Any amended complaint should contain all of the allegations related to his claim in this action. If

15 plaintiff wishes to pursue his claims against the defendant, they must be set forth in the amended

16 complaint.

17 By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies he has made reasonable inquiry and

18 has evidentiary support for his allegations, and for violation of this rule the court may impose

19 sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.

20 CONCLUSIION

21 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

22 1. Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is granted.

23 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff

24 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. §

25 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the

26 Director of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently

27 herewith.

28 ////

1 3. The complaint (ECF No. 1) states potentially cognizable Eighth Amendment claims

2 | against Enriquez, Sawaya, Rivera, Klein, Howard, and Prasad as set forth in Section III above.

3 | The complaint does not state a claim against the remaining defendants. Accordingly, plaintiff

4 | will have the option of proceeding with the complaint as screened or filing an amended

5 | complaint.

6 4. Within sixty (60) days of the date of this order, plaintiff shall fill out and return the

7 || attached form indicating how he would like to proceed in this action.

8 5. Plaintiff is warned that his failure to comply with this order will result in a

9 || recommendation that this action be dismissed.

10 | Dated: January 11, 2021

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B ORAH BARNES

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10

11 MAURICE WATKINS, No. 2:20-cv-1360 DB P

12 Plaintiff,

13 v. PLAINTIFF’S NOTICE ON HOW TO

PROCEED

14 JEFF LYNCH, et al.,

15 Defendants.

16

17 Check one:

18 _____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on his claims Eighth Amendment claims against

19 defendants Enriquez, Sawaya, Rivera, Howard, Klein, and Prasad. Plaintiff understands

20 that by going forward without amending the complaint he is voluntarily dismissing all

21 other claims.

22

23 _____ Plaintiff wants to amend the complaint.

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25 DATED:_______________________

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27 Maurice Watkins

Plaintiff pro se

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