(PC) Harris v. California Forensic Medical Group

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 ANTOINE W. HARRIS, No. 2:19-cv-2020 DB P

12 Plaintiff,

13 v. ORDER

14 CALIFORNIA FORENSIC MEDICAL

GROUP, et al.,

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Defendants.

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Plaintiff, a county jail inmate1 proceeding pro se, seeks relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §

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1983 and has requested authority pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 to proceed in forma pauperis.

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(ECF Nos. 1, 3). This proceeding was referred to this court by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28

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U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B).

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For the reasons stated below, plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis shall be

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granted. Plaintiff will also be given an opportunity to amend the complaint.

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27 1 Plaintiff is currently housed at Washoe County Detention Facility in Reno, Nevada. (See

generally ECF No. 1 at 1). However, it appears that the claims raised in his complaint arise from

28 events that occurred while he was an inmate at SCJ. (See ECF No. 1 at 2-3, 5-10).

1 I. IN FORMA PAUPERIS APPLICATION

2 Plaintiff has submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. §

3 1915(a). (See ECF Nos. 2, 5). Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis will be

4 granted.

5 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C. §§

6 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in

7 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct

8 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and

9 forward it to the Clerk of Court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments of

10 twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account.

11 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of Court each time the

12 amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. §

13 1915(b)(2).

14 II. SCREENING REQUIREMENT

15 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a

16 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The

17 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally

18 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek

19 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1)-(2).

20 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.

21 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th

22 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an

23 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,

24 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully

25 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th

26 Cir. 1989); Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227.

27 A complaint, or portion thereof, should only be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon

28 which relief may be granted if it appears beyond doubt that plaintiff can prove no set of facts in

1 support of the claim or claims that would entitle him to relief. Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467

2 U.S. 69, 73 (1984) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)); Palmer v. Roosevelt

3 Lake Log Owners Ass’n, 651 F.2d 1289, 1294 (9th Cir. 1981). In reviewing a complaint under

4 this standard, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Hosp.

5 Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light

6 most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor, Jenkins v.

7 McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969).

8 III. PLEADING STANDARD

9 A. Generally

10 Section 1983 “provides a cause of action for the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or

11 immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States.” Wilder v. Virginia Hosp.

12 Ass'n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Section 1983 is not itself a source

13 of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights conferred

14 elsewhere. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989).

15 To state a claim under Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1)

16 that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated and (2) that the

17 alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. See West v.

18 Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Ketchum v. Alameda Cty., 811 F.2d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 1987).

19 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the

20 pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not

21 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

22 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell

23 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual

24 matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. Facial

25 plausibility demands more than the mere possibility that a defendant committed misconduct and,

26 while factual allegations are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id. at 677-78.

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1 B. Linkage Requirement

2 Under Section 1983, a plaintiff bringing an individual capacity claim must demonstrate

3 that each defendant personally participated in the deprivation of his rights. See Jones v.

4 Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). There must be an actual connection or link between

5 the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See

6 Ortez v. Washington County, State of Oregon, 88 F.3d 804, 809 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Taylor

7 v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989).

8 Government officials may not be held liable for the actions of their subordinates under a

9 theory of respondeat superior. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (stating vicarious liability is inapplicable in

10 Section 1983 suits). Since a government official cannot be held liable under a theory of vicarious

11 liability in Section 1983 actions, plaintiff must plead sufficient facts showing that the official has

12 violated the Constitution through his own individual actions by linking each named defendant

13 with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff's federal rights.

14 Id. at 676.

15 IV. PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT

16 A. General Facts Alleged

17 Plaintiff’s complaint names California Forensic Medical Group (“CFMG”), the Solano

18 County Sheriff’s Office (“SCSO”), the Solano County Jail (“SCJ”), Solano County,2 and Dr.

19 William Douglas,3 who provided medical treatment to plaintiff during his detention at SCJ as

20 defendants. (See ECF No. 1 at 1-2, 10). He alleges that defendants were negligent and

21 committed malpractice in violation of his rights, when between August and December of 2012,

22 they repeatedly misdiagnosed and improperly treated what would ultimately be properly

23 diagnosed in October 2018 as advanced-stage relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Plaintiff

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2 Solano County is not listed as a litigant in the case caption of the docket. Therefore, the Clerk

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of Court will be directed to add it as a defendant.

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3 The court presumes that the “physician at Solano County Jail” of whom plaintiff speaks

throughout the complaint is defendant Douglas, M.D. and thus, refers to him accordingly herein.

27 (Compare ECF No. 1 at 2 (naming defendant Douglas of Solano County Jail as the only physician

defendant), with ECF No. 1 at 7 (“physician at the Solano County Jail” reference)). If this is not

28 the case, plaintiff must inform the court of this fact in any amended complaint he may file.

1 states that relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis is a life-threatening illness that has no cure. (See

2 id. at 3, 5-8).

3 B. Harm Caused

4 Plaintiff asserts that as a result of the misdiagnosis in 2012, for years he experienced

5 repeated bouts of his upper body “dropp[ing] dead” for several minutes, debilitating headaches,

6 pain, numbness and tingling in his hands and arms which has never gone away, as well as what

7 defendant Douglas believed were seizures. (See ECF No. 1 at 3, 6-8). He states that treatments

8 he received based upon the misdiagnosis of his illness in 2012 only offered him temporary relief,

9 if any. (See generally id. at 3, 6-7) (plaintiff alleging recurrent pain and symptoms despite

10 various treatments). He argues that his illness should have been caught in 2012 while he was in

11 the care of defendant Douglas. (See id. at 7). He further asserts that “physician failure and

12 neglect” contributed to his illness worsening and to its spread to his brain and down his spine.

13 (See id. at 7-8). Because of the negligence, plaintiff argues, it is unknown how much of his life

14 has been taken from him. (See id. at 8).

15 C. Remedies Sought

16 Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages against each defendant in the amount of $7.5

17 million dollars. He also seeks punitive damages against each defendant in the amount of $7.5

18 million dollars. (See ECF No. 1 at 5).

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1 V. DISCUSSION

2 A. Defendant William Douglas, M.D.4

3 1. Facts Alleged

4 In the complaint, plaintiff repeatedly alleges that the harm and pain he has experienced to

5 date has been due to defendant Douglas negligently misdiagnosing him with muscle spasms in

6 2012.5 (See ECF No. 1 at 5, 7-8) (plaintiff using terms “neglect of the physician,” “physician

7 failure and neglect,” and “physician was clearly negligent” to describe defendant Douglas’

8 treatment of him). Plaintiff further asserts that because defendant Douglas did not physically

9 examine him and he denied plaintiff an MRI when he requested one, his symptoms persisted and

10 worsened. (See id. at 6). Plaintiff writes, “The physician abused his power and a[u]thority by

11 refusing to provide me with the necessary medical treatment he knew I needed and had to rely on

12 him for.” (See id. at 5) (brackets added). This, plaintiff argues, constituted malpractice on

13 defendant Douglas’ part and makes him liable.6 (See generally id. at 6).

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4 In one section of the complaint, plaintiff states that defendant Douglas is an employee of the

16 SCJ. (See ECF No. 1 at 2). In another part of the complaint, he states that he is an employee of

CFMG. CFMG appears to be a private company which contracted out employees to work at the

17 SCJ. (See generally id. at 10). Plaintiff will need to clarify which statement is correct in any

amended complaint he may file. For purposes of this screening, however, the court will assume

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that defendant Douglas is a proper, actionable defendant even if he is directly employed by a

19 private company. See Manhattan Cmty. Access Corp. v. Halleck, 139 S. Ct. 1921, 1929 n.1

(2019) (noting private entity may be deemed state actor if government outsources constitutional

20 obligation to it) (citation omitted).

5 Plaintiff notes that his claims may be untimely, given the fact that the initial harm he alleges

21 occurred in 2012. (See ECF No. 1 at 8). Despite this possibility, he asks that the court consider

them given that he did not become aware of defendants’ violations until 2018 when he was finally

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properly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. (See id. at 8).

23 Questions related to statutes of limitations are typically matters raised as affirmative

defenses in responses to pleadings. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1). Therefore, the court declines to

24 address the issue herein.

6 Plaintiff also contends that he was misdiagnosed again in 2014. (See ECF No. 1 at 8).

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Although the record is unclear, it appears that at that time, he was misdiagnosed by a neurologist

26 at California City State Prison as having cervical transverse myelitis. (See id. at 6). He states that

he would later learn that his multiple sclerosis was in advanced stages at the time of that

27 misdiagnosis. (See id. at 7). Plaintiff states that eventually, in 2018, he was properly diagnosed

while housed at Washoe County Jail by Dr. Kimberly Pope, a neurologist at St. Mary’s Medical

28 Center. (See id. at 7).

1 2. Relevant Law

2 “[E]mployees of a private entity hired by a county to provide medical care to jail inmates

3 thereby act under color of state law, subject to liability under Section 1983. Castillo v. Solano

4 County Jail, No. 2:08-cv-3080 GEB KJN P, 2011 WL 3584318, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Aug 12, 2011)

5 (brackets added) (citing Ancata v. Prison Health Services, Inc., 769 F.2d 700, 704-706 (11th Cir.

6 1985)).

7 To state an actionable claim against defendant Douglas that is related to his medical

8 treatment of plaintiff, plaintiff must show that defendant Douglas was deliberately indifferent to

9 his serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment. “[A] prison official violates the

10 Eighth Amendment only when two requirements are met. First, the deprivation alleged must be,

11 objectively, sufficiently serious; a prison official’s act or omission must result in the denial of the

12 minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994)

13 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Second, the prison official must subjectively

14 have a sufficiently culpable state of mind, “one of deliberate indifference to inmate health or

15 safety.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). This second prong... “is satisfied by

16 showing (a) a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need

17 and (b) harm caused by the indifference.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006)

18 (internal citations, punctuation and quotation marks omitted); accord, Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680

19 F.3d 1113, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012); Lemire v. CDCR, 726 F.3d 1062, 1081 (9th Cir. 2013).

20 3. Analysis

21 Without more, this argument raised against defendant Douglas fails to state a claim upon

22 which relief may be granted. First, plaintiff does not claim that defendant Douglas’ alleged

23 failure to properly treat him was deliberate. Specifically, plaintiff does not state that defendant

24 Douglas knew he was in pain and that he was suffering from intermittent physical paralysis, yet

25 he refused to treat him. (See generally ECF No. 1). On the contrary, plaintiff clearly states that

26 in August 2012, upon learning of plaintiff’s ailments as plaintiff described them to him, defendant

27 Douglas diagnosed plaintiff with muscle spasms and prescribed him two-weeks-worth of muscle

28 relaxants and medication to reduce swelling. (See id. at 3). Thereafter, when plaintiff told

1 defendant Douglas that the medication was not working, defendant Douglas prescribed plaintiff

2 different muscle relaxants. (See id. at 3, 6). According to plaintiff, “[t]his process went on every

3 (2) weeks till [sic] the end of December 2012 . . . when [he] was transfered [sic] to D.V.I.

4 Reception Center.”). (See id. at 6) (brackets added).

5 Given these facts, it cannot be said that defendant Douglas’ treatment of plaintiff rose to a

6 level that is actionable under Section 1983. In other words, it cannot be said that it constituted

7 deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s serious medical needs in violation of plaintiff’s Eighth

8 Amendment rights. Defendant Douglas treated plaintiff consistently for four months and made

9 timely adjustments to plaintiff’s treatment protocol when plaintiff reported to him that particular

10 treatments were not working. (See id. at 3, 5-6). The fact that the treatment was based upon an

11 improper diagnosis or that it was ineffective is not actionable under federal law.

12 In addition, it is well-settled that negligence or medical malpractice will not support a

13 deliberate indifference claim. See Broughton v. Cutter Labs, 622 F.2d 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980)

14 (citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-106 (1976)). “[A] complaint that a physician has

15 been negligent in diagnosing or treating a medical condition,” which is what plaintiff clearly

16 alleges throughout his complaint (see ECF No. 1 at 5, 7-8), “does not state a valid claim of

17 medical mistreatment under the Eighth Amendment.” See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106. Indeed, even

18 gross negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. See

19 Lemire, 726 F.3d at 1081-82 (citing Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990).

20 “In order to state a cognizable claim, a prisoner must allege acts or omissions sufficiently harmful

21 to evidence deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106.

22 Finally, even if defendant Douglas’ treatment of plaintiff was not what plaintiff thought it

23 should have been7 or what other physicians did who treated plaintiff thereafter, these facts still

24 fail to state a claim. “A difference of opinion between a physician and [a] prisoner – or between

25 medical professionals – concerning what medical care is appropriate does not amount to

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7 For example, plaintiff states that defendant Douglas, “never not one time physically examined

27 [him],” and that when he asked defendant Douglas for an MRI, defendant Douglas refused to give

him one. (See ECF No. 1 at 6). He also alleges that defendant Douglas “felt [he] was making all

28 this up and [that he was] suffering from a panic disorder.” (See id. at 8) (brackets added).

1 deliberate indifference.” Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 1060, 1068 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations

2 omitted) (brackets added).

3 In light of the above, plaintiff has failed to state a claim against defendant Douglas.

4 However, on the off chance that there are additional facts related to this claim which enable

5 plaintiff to establish that other treatment protocols defendant Douglas implemented constituted

6 deliberate indifference, plaintiff will be permitted to amend this claim.

7 B. Remaining Defendants

8 1. Solano County Sheriff’s Office and Solano County

9 a. Facts Alleged

10 With respect to the Solano County Sheriff’s Office, plaintiff argues that it is “responsible

11 for promulgating policies and procedures for the operation of its jail facilities” and that it “retains

12 the ultimate authority and responsibility for the health care, treatment, well-being and safekeeping

13 of prisoners in jail.” (ECF No. 1 at 10). Plaintiff appears to imply that for these reasons, SCSO is

14 liable for his misdiagnosis and resulting pain and suffering. (See generally id. at 10).

15 As for Solano County, plaintiff contends that it “is responsible for the actions, inactions,

16 policies, procedures, and practices of the Solano County Sheriff’s Office and its respective

17 employees and[/]or agents.” (See ECF No. 1 at 9) (brackets added). He contends that because

18 the County approved the contract between the Solano County Sheriff’s Office and health care

19 provider California Forensic Medical Group, “by law, the County retains ultimate authority and

20 responsibility for the health care, treatment, well-being, and safekeeping of prisoners in the jail.”

21 (Id. at 10). For these reasons, plaintiff generally argues, SCJ is also liable for his misdiagnosis by

22 defendant Douglas and the resulting harm. (See id. at 10).

23 b. Relevant Law

24 To prevail on his claims against the SCSO and Solano County, plaintiff must assert that:

25 (1) he was deprived of a constitutional right; (2) the municipality or entity had a policy or custom;

26 (3) the policy or custom amounted to deliberate indifference to his constitutional right, and (4) the

27 policy or custom was the moving force behind the constitutional violation. Mabe v. San

28 Bernardino Cty., Dep’t of Pub. Soc. Servs., 237 F.3d 1101, 1110-11 (9th Cir. 2001).

1 “[A]n act performed pursuant to a ‘custom’ that has not been formally approved by an

2 appropriate decisionmaker may fairly subject a municipality to liability on the theory that the

3 relevant practice is so widespread as to have the force of law.” Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown,

4 520 U.S. 397, 404 (1997) (brackets added) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Social Services, 436 U.S.

5 658, 690-91 (1978)). “[A] local governmental body may [also] be liable if it has a policy of

6 inaction and such inaction amounts to a failure to protect constitutional rights.” Oviatt v. Pearce,

7 954 F.2d 1470, 1474 (9th Cir. 1992) (brackets added) (citing City of Canton, 489 U.S. 378, 388

8 (1989)). “[A] policy is ‘a deliberate choice to follow a course of action . . . made from among

9 various alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final policy with

10 respect to the subject matter in question.’” Oviatt, 954 F.2d at 1477 (brackets added) (omission in

11 original) (quoting Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 483-84 (1986)).

12 c. Analysis

13 Plaintiff’s claims against these two entities generally allege that the SCSO and Solano

14 County have their own policies and procedures and that each of them is responsible for prisoners’

15 health care treatment and well-being. (See ECF No. 1 at 10). However, plaintiff fails to identify

16 specific policies or customs of each which, when implemented, amounted to deliberate

17 indifference to his serious medical needs. (See id. at 9-10).

18 For these reasons, plaintiff’s claims against Solano County and the Solano County

19 Sheriff’s Office fail to state claims upon which relief may be granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1).

20 Plaintiff will, however, be given an opportunity to remedy the problems with these claims in any

21 amended complaint he may file.

22 2. California Forensic Medical Group

23 a. Facts Alleged

24 Plaintiff argues that CFMG is responsible “for the acts [and] treatment that [its] staff

25 members provide” and is “responsible for the negligent acts of their [sic] staff.” (ECF No. 1 at

26 10) (brackets added). Specifically, he asserts that because defendant Douglas was CFMG’s

27 employee, it is liable for his negligent acts. (See id. at 10). According to plaintiff, CFMG refused

28 to step in to help him, despite being aware of defendant Douglas’ actions. (See id. at 5). He

1 claims that CFMG was aware of defendant Douglas’ actions because he filed grievances about

2 the treatment, and CFMG denied them through the third level of appeal.8 (See generally id. at 5).

3 b. Relevant Law and Analysis

4 This claim as presented is not actionable. This is because even if in an amended

5 complaint plaintiff were to raise an actionable deliberate indifference claim against defendant

6 Douglas as a CFMG employee, CFMG cannot be held liable for defendant Douglas’ actions on a

7 theory of respondeat superior. See generally Monell, 436 U.S. at 691; Howell v. Evans, 922 F.2d

8 712, 724 (11th Cir. 1991) (stating private corporation providing medical services under contract

9 with state cannot be held liable on theory of respondeat superior); see also Hickey By and

10 Through Timalu v. County of Stanislaus, No. 94-15151, 1996 WL 73371, at *3 (9th Cir. Feb. 20,

11 1996) (stating CFMG cannot be held liable on theory of respondeat superior).

12 To the extent plaintiff also alleges that CFMG is directly liable because it was actively

13 aware of the difficulty plaintiff was having receiving an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment,

14 yet it did nothing to facilitate plaintiff receiving these things (see ECF No. 1 at 10),9 this claim, as

15 currently presented, is also not actionable. This is because as a private entity that has contracted

16 with the state to provide health care, CFMG is the functional equivalent of a municipality. See

17 Buckner v. Toro, 116 F.3d 450, 452 (11th Cir. 1997); see also Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698

18 F.3d 1128, 1139 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Buckner and finding no need to distinguish between

19 municipalities and private entities acting under color of state law). Accordingly, because plaintiff

20 does not argue that CFMG had an official policy or custom that led to a violation of his rights (see

21 generally ECF No. 1), plaintiff has not made a threshold showing that CFMG violated his rights

22 under Section 1983. See Buckner, 116 F.3d at 453 (“[T]he requirement of a municipal policy or

23 custom constitutes an essential element of a [Section] 1983 claim that a plaintiff must prove in

24 order to establish municipal liability.”).

25 8 As an aside, it is unclear what plaintiff means when he claims that CFMG, a private

26 organization, denied what are presumed to be his administrative appeals. To the extent that it is

relevant to any claims he may file in an amended complaint, plaintiff must clarify this statement.

27 9 Plaintiff asserts that CFMG was aware of defendant Douglas’ actions because plaintiff filed

grievances about the treatment, and CFMG denied them through the third level of appeal. (See

28 generally ECF No. 1 at 5).

1 For these reasons, the claims plaintiff has raised against CFMG are not cognizable. Here

2 again, however, plaintiff will be given an opportunity to amend them in a first amended

3 complaint.

4 VI. OPTIONAL LEAVE TO AMEND

5 Plaintiff is being given the opportunity to amend the complaint. If plaintiff chooses to file

6 an amended complaint, it will take the place of the original complaint. See Lacey v. Maricopa

7 Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 925 (9th Cir. 2012) (amended complaint supersedes original). Any amended

8 complaint should observe the following:

9 An amended complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally

10 participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right. Johnson v.

11 Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a

12 constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another's act or omits to perform an act he is

13 legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation).

14 An amended complaint must also contain a caption including the names of all

15 defendants. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by alleging

16 new, unrelated claims. See George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007).

17 Any amended complaint must be written or typed so that it is complete in itself without

18 reference to any earlier filed complaint. See L.R. 220 (E.D. Cal. 2009). This is because an

19 amended complaint supersedes any earlier filed complaint, and once an amended complaint is

20 filed, the earlier filed complaint no longer serves any function in the case. See Loux v. Rhay, 375

21 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967) (“The amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter being

22 treated thereafter as non-existent.”), overruled on other grounds by Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693

23 F.3d 896 (2012). Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

24 1. The Clerk of Court shall add Solano County to the case caption of the docket as a

25 defendant;

26 2. Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 3) is GRANTED;

27 3. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff

28 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. §

1 | 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the

2 || appropriate agency filed concurrently herewith;

3 4. Plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1) is DISMISSED with leave to amend, and

4 5. Within sixty days of the date of this order, plaintiff shall file an amended complaint.

5 || Failure to comply with this order within the time allotted may result in the dismissal of this action

6 | for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1).

7 || Dated: October 14, 2020

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10 ORAH BARNES

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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