referring to Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)
How later courts described this case
- referring to Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)
- explaining that a lawyer in private practice does not 19 act under color of state law
- “[a]ction taken by private individuals may be ‘under color of state law’ 7 where there is ‘significant’ state involvement in the action.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 RAVON LOVOWE RAMSEY, No. 2:20-CV-0327-DMC-P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS, et al.,
15
Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to
18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1).
19 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief
20 against a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C.
21 § 1915A(a). The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if it: (1) is frivolous or
22 malicious; (2) fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; or (3) seeks monetary relief
23 from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Moreover,
24 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that complaints contain a “. . . short and plain
25 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This
26 means that claims must be stated simply, concisely, and directly. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d
27 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 1996) (referring to Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)(1)). These rules are satisfied if the
28 complaint gives the defendant fair notice of the plaintiff’s claim and the grounds upon which it
1 rests. See Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). Because plaintiff must allege
2 with at least some degree of particularity overt acts by specific defendants which support the
3 claims, vague and conclusory allegations fail to satisfy this standard. Additionally, it is
4 impossible for the Court to conduct the screening required by law when the allegations are vague
5 and conclusory.
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7 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS
8 Plaintiff, Ravon Lovowe Ramsey, is an inmate at California Health Care Facility.
9 Plaintiff names the following defendants: (1) California Department of Corrections and
10 Rehabilitation Sacramento, (2) Salinas Valley State Prison, (3) Chief Medical Officer at Salinas
11 Valley State Prison, and (4) Dr. Rasheed, Optometrist at City of Las Tables. Plaintiff seeks
12 injunctive relief mandating proper treatment for his eye surgery and three million dollars in
13 punitive damages.
14 Plaintiff claims that defendants violated his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment
15 rights to medical care. Plaintiff alleges that defendants denied plaintiff access to emergency
16 surgery necessary to save his eyesight. Plaintiff claims that he was being prepared for emergency
17 surgery when a CDCR officer received a phone call from Salinas Valley State Prison informing
18 them that plaintiff was not approved to go through with the surgery. Plaintiff claims the
19 emergency room surgeon stated that plaintiff’s best chance of recovering eyesight was to see an
20 eye specialist very soon. Plaintiff also claims that he had difficulty recounting the precise
21 interaction because he was highly sedated during the encounter. See ECF No. 1, pg. 3.
22 Plaintiff alleges that the Chief Medical Officer at Salinas Valley State Prison
23 violated his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights by refusing to approve plaintiff’s
24 emergency eye surgery. Plaintiff claims that he will now have to undergo numerous eye surgeries
25 to correct the damage that occurred due to the lack of emergency surgery. Plaintiff also claims
26 that defendant Rasheed should have stepped in to challenge the CMO’s orders.
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1 II. DISCUSSION
2 Plaintiff states a cognizable Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim
3 against the Chief Medical Officer of Salinas Valley State Prison. The Court otherwise finds that
4 plaintiff’s claim suffers two defects. First, plaintiff cannot state a cognizable claim against
5 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation or Salinas Valley State Prison because
6 the Eleventh Amendment bars such suits. Second, plaintiff has failed to allege a sufficient
7 specific causal connection between defendant Rasheed and the alleged constitutional violations.
8 A. Eleventh Amendment Immunity from Suit
9 The Eleventh Amendment prohibits federal courts from hearing suits brought
10 against a state both by its own citizens, as well as by citizens of other states. See Brooks v.
11 Sulphur Springs Valley Elec. Coop., 951 F.2d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 1991). This prohibition
12 extends to suits against states themselves, and to suits against state agencies. See Lucas v. Dep’t
13 of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th
14 Cir. 1989). A state’s agency responsible for incarceration and correction of prisoners is a state
15 agency for purposes of the Eleventh Amendment. See Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 782
16 (1978) (per curiam); Hale v. Arizona, 993 F.2d 1387, 1398-99 (9th Cir. 1993) (en banc).
17 To determine whether a governmental agency is an arm of the state, the court
18 should “look to state law and examine ‘whether a money judgment would be satisfied out of state
19 funds, whether the entity performs central governmental functions, whether the entity may sue or
20 be sued, whether the entity has the power to take property in its own name or only in the name of
21 the state, and the corporate status of the entity.’” Hale, 993 F.2d at 1399 (quoting Mitchell v. L.A.
22 Cmty. Coll. Dist., 861 F.2d 198, 201 (9th Cir. 1988)); see also Del Campo v. Kennedy, 517 F.3d
23 1070, 1077 (9th Cir. 2008); Beentjes v. Placer Cty. Air Pollution Control Dist., 397 F.3d 775, 778
24 (9th Cir. 2005); Holz v. Nenana City Pub. Sch. Dist., 347 F.3d 1176, 1180 (9th Cir. 2003); Aguon
25 v. Commonwealth Ports Auth., 316 F.3d 899, 901 (9th Cir. 2003); Streit v. Cty. of Los Angeles,
26 236 F.3d 552, 566 (9th Cir. 2001); Eaglesmith v. Ward, 73 F.3d 857, 860 (9th Cir. 1996).
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1 1. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
2 The Eleventh Amendment bars plaintiff from suing the California Department of
3 Corrections and Rehabilitation. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is a
4 state agency responsible for the incarceration and correction of prisoners in the State of California
5 and is therefore entitled to the same Eleventh Amendment protections as the State of California.
6 Thus, plaintiff cannot state a cognizable claim against the California Department of Corrections
7 and Rehabilitation and any further amendment would be futile.
8 2. Salinas Valley State Prison
9 The Eleventh Amendment also bars plaintiff from suing Salinas Valley State
10 Prison. Salinas Valley State Prison is a branch of the California Department of Corrections and
11 Rehabilitation and performs the central government function of incarcerating and correcting
12 prisoners in the State of California. Thus, Salinas Valley State Prison is entitled to the same
13 Eleventh Amendment protections as California. Plaintiff cannot state a cognizable claim against
14 Salinas Valley State Prison and any further amendment would be futile.
15 B. Claims Against Defendant Rasheed
16 Generally, private parties are not acting under color of state law. See Price v.
17 Hawaii, 939 F.2d 702, 707-08 (9th Cir. 1991); see also Simmons v. Sacramento Cty. Superior
18 Court, 318 F.3d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 2003) (explaining that a lawyer in private practice does not
19 act under color of state law). Where a private party conspires with state officials to deprive others
20 of constitutional rights, however, the private party is acting under color of state law. See Tower v.
21 Glover, 467 U.S. 914, 920 (1984); Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27-28 (1980); Crowe v. Cty. of
22 San Diego, 608 F.3d 406, 440 (9th Cir. 2010); Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 441 (9th Cir. 2002);
23 DeGrassi v. City of Glendora, 207 F.3d 636, 647 (9th Cir. 2000); George v. Pacific-CSC Work
24 Furlough, 91 F.3d 1227, 1231 (9th Cir. 1996) (per curiam); Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1126
25 (9th Cir. 1996); Howerton v. Gabica, 708 F.2d 380, 383 (9th Cir. 1983).
26 / / /
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1 It is not clear from plaintiff’s allegations whether Rasheed was an employee at the
2 privately-owned hospital or a medical professional employed by the prison or the state.
3 Distinguishing between a private party and a government employee is crucial towards
4 establishing liability under § 1983. See Howerton v. Gabica, 708 F.2d 380, 382 (9th Cir. 1983)
5 (“in order to state a claim . . . [plaintiff] must show . . . that the defendants acted under color of
6 state law . . .”); also id. (“[a]ction taken by private individuals may be ‘under color of state law’
7 where there is ‘significant’ state involvement in the action.”)(citations omitted). Because plaintiff
8 has not clearly alleged whether Rasheed was a hospital employee or an optometrist employed by
9 the prison, the Court cannot properly analyze plaintiff’s complaint against Rasheed. Thus,
10 plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable claim against Rasheed.
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12 III. CONCLUSION
13 Because it is possible that some of the deficiencies identified in this order may be
14 cured by amending the complaint, plaintiff is entitled to leave to amend prior to dismissal of the
15 entire action. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). Plaintiff
16 is informed that, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See
17 Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). Thus, following dismissal with leave to
18 amend, all claims alleged in the original complaint which are not alleged in the amended
19 complaint are waived. See King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 567 (9th Cir. 1987). Therefore, if
20 plaintiff amends the complaint, the Court cannot refer to the prior pleading in order to make
21 plaintiff's amended complaint complete. See Local Rule 220. An amended complaint must be
22 complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. See id.
23 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, plaintiff must demonstrate how the
24 conditions complained of have resulted in a deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See
25 Ellis v. Cassidy, 625 F.2d 227 (9th Cir. 1980). The complaint must allege in specific terms how
26 each named defendant is involved, and must set forth some affirmative link or connection
27 between each defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation. See May v. Enomoto, 633 F.2d
28 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
wOAOe 2 CUVEE OMNIS MUU OI ee TAY VI
1 Because some of the defects identified in this order cannot be cured by
2 | amendment, plaintiff is not entitled to leave to amend as to such claims. Plaintiff, therefore, now
3 | has the following choices: (1) plaintiff may file an amended complaint which does not allege the
4 || claims identified herein as incurable, in which case such claims will be deemed abandoned and
5 | the court will address the remaining claims; or (2) plaintiff may file an amended complaint which
6 | continues to allege claims identified as incurable, in which case the Court will issue findings and
7 || recommendations that such claims be dismissed from this action, as well as such other orders
8 | and/or findings and recommendations as may be necessary to address the remaining claims.
9 Finally, plaintiff is warned that failure to file an amended complaint within the
10 | time provided in this order may be grounds for dismissal of this action. See Ferdik, 963 F.2d at
11 1260-61; see also Local Rule 110. Plaintiff is also warned that a complaint which fails to comply
12 | with Rule 8 may, in the Court’s discretion, be dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Rule 41(b).
13 | See Nevijel v. North Coast Life Ins. Co., 651 F.2d 671, 673 (9th Cir. 1981).
14 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
15 1. Plaintiff's complaint is dismissed with leave to amend; and
16 2. Plaintiff shall file an amended complaint within 30 days of the date of
17 || service of this order.
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19 | Dated: July 21, 2020
20 DENNIS M. COTA
21 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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